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Individuals with stigmatized identities have been shown to have more negative health outcomes and shorter life expectancy than individuals who don’t carry a stigmatized label. One factor that acts as a buffer to protect stigmatized individuals against negative outcomes is support. However, how an individual seeks support can have an impact on whether they receive it. This study attempted to discover if the anticipation of either acceptance or rejection affected the type of support-seeking present in letters written by college students with either concealable or visible stigmatized identities. Results indicated stigmatized individuals displayed significantly more indirect support seeking in their letters when they were in the rejection condition compared to those in the acceptance condition. No significant condition or stigma type differences were found when examining seeking behaviors with a quantitative survey. However, a posthoc analysis revealed a significant interaction between stigma type and condition for indirect support-seeking. Those with a visible stigma reported more indirect seeking in the acceptance condition.

abstract: As immigrants in the United States, Chinese small business entrepreneurs often encountered social and cultural barriers in the areas of finance, language, and employment in their new environment. This dissertation investigated how they utilized social capital to surmount the embedded disadvantages of an unequal market in their adopted country. The findings presented in this qualitative descriptive multi-case analysis, conducted in the greater metropolitan regions of Phoenix and Los Angeles, demonstrated the importance of social and transnational ties created in the United States within the local Chinese community as well as their social connections brought from China. Drawing upon the data from in-depth interviews and informal observations, this dissertation was guided by three research questions: (a) What barriers do immigrant small business owners encounter? (b) What social connections provide help for immigrant small business owners to overcome those barriers or intensify their disadvantaged situations? (c) How do social networks influence immigrant small business development? The findings revealed many provocative facts on how social capital stimulated Chinese immigrant small business owners. The influence of local and strong ties especially provided essential start-up funds, an affordable labor force. Those ties also provided authentication for business information provided by weak ties. Although the governments’ Small Business Administration empowers small business by various programs because it is an important social and economic element in the U.S. market, the Chinese community rarely utilized this support. Transnational connections played an important role in the relatively mature market found in Los Angeles, but indeed all respondents in both case studies exhibited great interest in utilizing transnational connections to explore business opportunities. Regional connections provided a powerful resource for Chinese small business to create business alliance and increase their market competitiveness. Social capital embeds in a complexity of political, economic, social and personal backgrounds. In summary, social capital was an essential resource for Chinese small business when they encountered the barriers in the local market. From the findings, this dissertation’s scholarly contribution adds to the field of social capital studies by combining the investigation of social capital, embeddedness, intersectionality and transnational connections in respect to study immigrant entrepreneurship. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2019

Several writers have suggested a similarity between the loss process experienced by the dying person and the loss process experienced by individuals making changes in their lives. This concept has been incorporated into several areas of therapy yet little research has been done to substantiate the idea. A sense of well-being has also been suggested as important within the Existential concept that death resolution enhances mental health and functioning. This study explores the possible relationship between death attitudes and both openness to change and sense of well-being. Three hypotheses were investigated: (1) there is an inverse relationship between death anxiety and measures of openness to change, (2) there is an inverse relationship between death anxiety and measures of a sense of well-being and (3) there is a positive inter-relationship between measures of openness to change and measures of a sense of well-being.;To test these hypotheses, a variety of scales considered representative of openness to change and a sense of well-being were extracted from three instruments; the California Psychological Inventory, the Adjective Check List and the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The Templer Death Anxiety Scale was used to measure death attitudes.;The scales were randomly combined into a single instrument and administered to 191 adult individuals from five diverse occupational and age groups. These groups were chosen for the purpose of gaining heterogeneity within the total sample measured. Participation was voluntary and subjects were naive as to the specific variables being measured. Statistical analysis consisted of subjecting the hypotheses to a Pearson Product-Moment correlation.;Results for the total sample (N = 191) indicated that: (1) There was no relationship between death anxiety and measure of openness to change except for the n Change Scale from the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. Significance was obtained between this scale and death anxiety in an inverse direction. (2) There was a significant inverse relationship between death anxiety and measures of a sense of well-being. (3) There was a significant positive interrelationship between 14 of the 15 scales used to measure openness to change and sense of well-being.;Results for each of the five groups were also evaluated and included in the discussion. Directions for future research were suggested.

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