Culture industry may strengthen a nation's soft power, elevate its economic structures, and promote social development. It is also a more environment-friendly industry. Therefore, almost all developed nations have established policies geared towards cultivating their own culture industry. Mainland China is no exception. It drew up the ¡§National "11th Five-Year Plan¡¨ Period Cultural Development Plan¡¨ in 2006 and the ¡§Plan on Reinvigoration of the Cultural Industry¡¨ in 2009, both signifying the official effort to include culture industry as one of the key focuses in national development. Mainland China cultural industry¡¦s production, raw materials and subject matter had been destroyed in Cultural Revolution. Government of Mainland China started to give an impetus in changing state-operated Culture industry into with a fixed percentage During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, China's culture industry suffered great loss in production, material, and content. However, when Deng took over, his reform towards market economy led to a more liberal attitude in the Chinese government. Today, many previously state-owned culture-related businesses are partially private-owned, traditional culture industries see possibilities in new technologies such as mobile devices and tablets, and the balance between developments in eastern and western China is valued. All these changes serves a same goal, which is to promote the Chinese culture industry internationally. For China, the development of culture industry not only improves its consumer structure and increase domestic jobs, but also proceeds with environment protection in synergy by shifting the internal economy and industry structures. It is undoubtedly that China's enormous size is impactful among the world's cultural market, especially iii when supported by its government. Thus this paper adopts the "Chinese socialism" model of development and analyzes the Chinese culture industry policies.

This study examines how political-economic and socio-cultural influences had impacted the institutional development of HVE in China by investigating the historical development process of HVE between 1980 and 2007, when the country was undergoing tremendous political, economic, and social transitions toward building Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. With the research method of document content analysis, the study reveals causes, effects, and trends of HVE development through comparisons between HVE-related policy contents concerning major HVE institutional realities including contexts, missions, structures, access, tuition, curricula, teaching staff, graduate employment, funding and governance, and social status. Within a theoretical framework utilizing vocationalism, Confucianism, and neoinstitutionalism, analysis and discussion resulted in a number of findings. First, the development of HVE in China embodied a trend of vocationalism, which has led and is leading to higher education expansion, higher education restructuring, and a positive change of Chinese peoples views on careers. Second, in addition to its discrimination against skills/skilled workers, the mechanism of upward mobility entailed in Confucianism was another major reason causing resistance to HVE. Third, given the increasingly competitive Civil Service Examination, Chinese peoples views on careers were not synchronized to the mass higher education system that was underway in China. Fourth, while supporting HVE, vocationalism itself created problems for HVE. A new vocationalist view was needed for future HVE development. Confucianism may contribute to such a new vocationalist view drawing on humanities education and the mechanism of upward mobility, though its notion of scholar-officials was critiqued for impeding the development of HVE. Fifth, HVE students had been treated unequally in the whole process of studying in HVE from admission to participation to graduation. Sixth, from a neoinstitutionalist perspective, the development of HVE represented the process of its instutionalization, in which HVE needed to obtain legitimacy. Absence of legitimacy was the major reason causing various challenges facing the development of HVE. Seventh, the development of HVE indicated institutional isomorphic changes in Chinese higher education. Eighth, biased policy causing stratification of Chinese higher education was another major factor leading to various challenges facing HVE. / Adult Education

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