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Introduction Anthrax is a disease caused by the spores of Bacillus anthracis and can have a high fatality rate. It is a zoonosis and mostly affecting animals. In this study I want to find out risk factors on population scale for anthrax cases and deaths in humans and animals, and look at the relation of anthrax with weather patterns. Methods I searched for anthrax outbreaks in different countries, mainly yearly reports. I looked at human cases, human deaths, livestock deaths and wildlife deaths. Different risk factors were considered: country size, population characteristics, Human Development Index (HDI), total cattle number, cattle per human ratio, mean annual temperature, mean temperature of the warmest 1 and 3 months, annual precipitation and minimum and maximum precipitation in 1 month and 3 months. Linear regression was used. Statistics were repeated without China because it was often the single outlier in the figures. Statistics were also repeated with the countries aggregated in continents because of the modifiable area unit problem. Results Data was found for 28 countries resulting in 36 data points. There was a significant relation between human cases and cattle number, human deaths, country size and population size. There were also significant relations between wildlife deaths and population size, country size and mean temperature of the warmest month. Without China relations between human cases and maximum precipitation in 1 and 3 months, and between livestock deaths and country size were significant. For continents a significant relation between human cases and cattle ratio, cattle deaths and HDI. Conclusion This study mainly shows that high cattle numbers and cattle deaths due to anthrax are risk factors for human cases. Also seasonal precipitation is a risk factor. Bigger country size and population size may be indirect risk factors as these usually accompany higher cattle numbers.

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Children in out-of-home care (OHC) experience poor outcomes in almost every dimension of life. However, much less attention has been given to their birth parents who also face several co-existing challenges. This study examines the association between OHC placement of a child and changes in mental health disorders (MHD) in their parents. Data from two generations of the Stockholm Birth Cohort Multigenerational (SBC Multigen) study including 11,338 parents (Generation 1; G1) and their children (Generation 2; G2) was used and associations between OHC placement in G2 and changes in MHD in G1 were examined using multinomial regression analysis. Stratified analysis by sex in G1 was performed to explore variations in patterns of associations. Results not only showed associations between OHC and worsening of MHD (RRR=6.57), but also improvement in MHD (RRR=7.71) compared to parents that did not have a child in care. Sex stratified analysis in G1 showed that OHC placement was associated with almost twice the relative risk of worsening of MHD in mothers (RRR=7.62) as compared to fathers (RRR=4.58). The study concluded that OHC placement of a child may not only be associated with worsening but may also be associated with improvement in MHD for some parents.

Syftet för denna uppsats är att undersöka centrala aspekter av socialmedicinens professionaliseringsprocess i Sverige under 1900-talets mitt – när socialmedicin under 1950-talet gick från att vara ett kunskapsområde till att bli en medicinsk etablerad ämnesvetenskap hela perioden upp till att det upphöjdes till statusen av en medicinsk specialitet 1974. Materialet som undersöks i denna studie är Socialmedicinsk tidskrift vilken grundades som ett forum för läkare och andra intresserade att diskutera socialmedicinska frågor. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien baserad på begreppet ”gränsdragningsarbete” enligt Thomas F. Gieryns definition, vilket innebär att studera hur gränserna för ett vetenskapligt ämne etableras mot andra vetenskapsfält, hur den särskiljer sig från det ovetenskapliga, samt hur en vetenskap avgränsas mot politiska. Resultaten från undersökningen visar bland annat på att syftet med etablerandet av en vetenskaplig socialmedicin var att skapa klarhet gällande ämnets definition. Men definitionsfrågan kom att omgärdats av oklarhet och delade meningar. Socialmedicinen handlade om de sociala aspekterna i förhållande till hälsa vilket kom att inkludera hela den svenska sjukvården och det svenska välfärdssamhället som studieobjekt för socialmedicinska studier. Detta hade också en inverkan på dels socialmedicinarnas intresse av att utbilda läkarstudenterna i ett socialmedicinskt perspektiv, dels hur socialmedicinens gränser drogs gentemot den politiska sfären med socialmedicinarnas engagemang i formandet av socialpolitiska beslut och det nära samarbetet med det sociala arbetet i Sverige.

The aim of this study was to investigate how high school teachers in physical education (PE) apply stress management during the school sports classes to prevent stress- related illness among high school students. The purpose was also trying to clarify which factors influence if and how PE teachers include stress management in teaching, and if they experience any obstacles or difficulties in preventing the subject from being included in a operative way. In the chosen method, qualitative semi- structured interviews were conducted by purposeful sampling of six PE teachers employed at six different high schools. A content analysis was used to identify codes and categories in the transcribed data. The main findings showed that PE teachers included activities that can be related to stress management, but in a small and varied proportion. The most common practical tools incorporated in their classes were yoga and relaxation techniques, as well as theoretical lessons related to the topic. Obstacles included insufficient knowledge, lack of description in the syllabus as well as time constraints. The PE teachers perceived students’ need to handle stress, but sometimes it was difficult to determine when the need really existed. All PE teachers had a positive attitude towards including stress management in sports classes and perceived mainly advantages. However, reduction in time for physical activity was seen as a disadvantage. The clearest conclusion drawn from this study was that the PE teachers felt that there were shortcomings in both the curriculum description and the PE teacher education that could constitute an obstacle to including stress management in the lessons in a well- functioning way. More research as well as development and implementation of evidence- based stress management programs in syllabus at schools and the education program for teachers are needed.     Keywords: Health promotion, public health, stress management, physical education teachers, high school / Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur idrottslärare på gymnasieskolor inkluderar stresshantering i undervisningen inom kursen idrott och hälsa. Syftet var även att försöka klargöra vilka faktorer som påverkar om och hur mycket idrottslärare berör stresshantering, och om de upplever några hinder eller svårigheter med att lära ut stresshantering i undervisningen på ett välfungerande sätt. Metoden för datainsamlingen var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet bestod av sex yrkesverksamma idrottslärare i gymnasieskolan. En innehållsanalys genomfördes för att identifiera koder och kategorier utifrån det transkriberade materialet. Huvudresultatet visade att idrottslärarna inkluderar moment i undervisningen som kan relateras till stresshantering, men i en liten och varierad omfattning. De vanligaste aktiviteterna var yoga och avslappningsövningar, men även teoretiska moment där relaterade ämnen berördes. Faktorer som kunde utgöra hinder var bland annat otillräcklig kunskap, bristande beskrivning i kursplanen samt begränsat tidsutrymme. Idrottslärarna uppfattade att elever har behov av att lära sig att hantera stress, men samtidigt upplevdes det ibland vara svårt att avgöra när behovet verkligen fanns. Samtliga idrottslärare hade en positiv attityd till att inkludera stresshantering i undervisningen och såg främst fördelar, men en nackdel ansågs vara att det kunde minska tiden för fysisk aktivitet. Den tydligaste slutsatsen av studiens resultat var att idrottslärarna upplevde att det fanns brister i både kursplanens beskrivning och idrottslärarutbildningen vilket kunde utgöra hinder för att inkludera stresshantering i undervisningen på ett välfungerande sätt. Mer forskning samt utveckling och implementering av evidensbaserade stresshanteringsprogram i skolans kursplan och i lärarutbildningen behövs.     Nyckelord: Hälsofrämjande arbete, folkhälsa, stresshantering, idrottslärare, gymnasieskolan