Abstract of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1933. / By Clarence B. Weiss and Alfred H. White. "Presented before the Division of gas and fuel chemistry at the 86th meeting of the American chemical society, Chicago, Ill., September 10 to 15, 1933." "Reprinted from Industrial and engineering chemistry, vol. 26, no. 1 ... January, 1934." "Literature cited": p. 13.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1931. / Cover title. Reprinted from an article, by David A. Fox and Alfred H. White, published in the Industrial and engineering chemistry, v. 23, March, 1931. "Literature cited": p. 19.

Thesis (B.S.)--University of Missouri, School of Mines and Metallurgy, 1904. / The entire thesis text is included in file. Typescript. Illustrated by authors. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed December 28, 2009)

The objective of this work was to evaluate chemical interactions in phase behavior experiments that make surfactant-polymer formulations with alkali complex to design. This experimental study of sodium carbonate shows improvement of microemulsion phase behavior with many crude oils in addition to its classical use to produce soap in-situ and raise pH to reduce potential for surfactant adsorption. Soap is generally not sufficient by itself for chemical flooding because it has low tolerance to calcium ions and low optimal salinity. The blending of synthetic surfactant with sodium carbonate is needed to increase the optimum salinity, increase the tolerance to calcium, and reduce the sensitivity to changes in salinity by broadening the active salinity window. Sodium carbonate can also be added to the surfactant formulation to adjust electrolyte concentration for optimal salinity. Evidence suggests that additional consideration should be given to sodium carbonate in enhanced oil recovery applications because of benefits that extend beyond the traditional application. The research presented in this work discusses experiments that were conducted for the purpose of studying the benefits of sodium carbonate on surfactant phase behavior. After phase behavior screening, the formulations were tested to demonstrate their performance in porous media. Core floods were conducted to test the potential use of chemical flooding for a field application with several low acid crude oils. Two of the core flood experiments with Berea sandstone reduced the residual oil below 1% with chemical injection. An acceptable pressure gradient was maintained and good sweep was obtained using an AMPS polymer at high temperature. Polymer was needed to make the slug and drive sufficiently viscous to recover the mobilized oil and reduce surfactant retention through good sweep efficiency. The experiments reported in this research have contributed to an ongoing effort to design a suitable alkali-surfactant-polymer chemical formulation for the application in a high permeability, high temperature (85 ºC) sandstone reservoir located in Indonesia. / text

Abstract of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1936. / Cover title. By Alfred W. Fleer and Alfred H. White. "Reprinted from Industrial and engineering chemistry, vol. 28, no. 11 ... November, 1936." "Literature cited": p. 1309.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Nebraska, 1930. / Description based on print version record. Bibliography: p. 20.

No description available.

Autocausticizing, a new method to regenerate sodium hydroxide from the sodium carbonate, is intended to replace the conventional Kraft Recovery System which uses calcium hydroxide produced in a lime kiln for this purpose. It is defined as the self-induced expulsion of carbon dioxide bound in the smelt by using certain amphoteric oxides. Thus autocausticizing can eliminate the need for a lime cycle and hence reduce the Kraft process capital and operating costs. The reactions between sodium carbonate and a number of amphoteric oxides have been reported in the literature. Patents have been issued on the use of titanium dioxide, iron oxide and sodium borates for this purpose. The sodium borates have the advantage of a high reaction rate, but are totally soluble and must be carried throughout the whole Kraft cycle. In this research colemanite (calcium borate) which is mined as a cheap mineral in California and in Turkey was studied as an autocausticizing agent. Since it is partially soluble and most likely can be recycled, it would eliminate the problems associated with the use of soluble borates. Experiments were performed both isothermally and under constant heating rate conditions. Isothermal studies were made with Ti0₂, alumina and colemanite to compare their performances as autocausticizing agents at 900°C and 1000°C for various reaction times in an electric furnace. The second group of experiments was made using a differential Chermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. In these experiments mixtures with 20 to 80 weight percent colemanite in sodium carbonate were heated at a constant heating rate of 10°K/min in the range of 190-1000°C. The results indicate that two reaction were involved. Above the stoichiometric colemanite concentration the colemanite and sodium carbonate had reacted completely by a temperature of about 700°C. Above that temperature the impurities in the colemanite appeared to catalyze the decomposition of sodium carbonate if the colemanite concentration was less than the stoichiometric amount needed. TG data were analyzed for the first and second reactions between the temperature ranges of 190-700°C and 700-1000°C respectively. Kinetic models were developed In terms of the reaction order, activation energy and frequency factor. The first reaction was found to be zero order on sodium carbonate concentration. The results also showed that the activation energy and frequency factor were functions of the colemanite concentration in the mixtures. As a result the rate was affected by the amount of colemanite used. The same was true for the second reaction except the reaction was first order. The concentrations predicted for the isothermal tests by the model were compared with the results of the isothermal study for various colemanite concentrations. Reasonable agreement was found except for the values at lower conversions, which might be due to the Increased importance of the diffusion of CO₂ from the mixtures in the case of Isothermal runs. It was also found that it is possible to obtain conversions as high as 85 percent with 40 percent colemanite in 20 minutes. Promising results were obtained from the recycle tests as well. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

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