Good soil condition belongs to the basic requirements of well-ballanced environment. That is why the soil has to correspond to hygienic requirements and be protected against substances harmful to human health, e.g. toxic materials, germs of transmissible illnesses and parasites. The most common cause of soil contamination is anthropogenic incidence. Contaminated soil belongs to waste and has to be removed in a proper way. is A special way of waste removal is soil decontamination. Its goal is to remove harmful substances and regain the original use of the soil.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Constantly it s identified new areas contaminated by heavy metals. Among these metals, the copper, when it s in high concentrations in the soil can cause toxicity to the environment, being necessary the study of alternatives for the decontamination of contaminated areas. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the initial development and tolerance of Senna multijuga and Erythrina crista-galli associated with the use of peat in soil contaminated with copper. To attend the objectives were conducted three experiments. The first involved the evaluation of growth, tolerance and accumulation of copper in plants of Senna multijuga and Erythrina crista-galli. In the second study evaluated the use of peat (200 mL of peat L-1 of soil) and Erythrina crista-galli in phytoremediation of soil contaminated with copper and the third evaluated the peat (200 mL of peat L-1 of soil) as ameliorating of copper in the soil and the potential of Senna multijuga as phytoremediation species. The results indicate that the copper doses reduced the morphological parameters of the plants of the species studied. The copper absorbed by plants was predominantly accumulated in the root system, being small its translocation to the shoot. Erythrina crista-galli and Senna multijuga don t presented as tolerant species to copper and had low potential metal fitoextrator the soil. The use of 200 ml of peat L-1 of soil is not as efficient as ameliorating of contamination with copper, but enabled increase in morphological parameters. / Constantemente são identificadas novas áreas contaminadas por metais pesados. Dentre estes, o cobre, quando em altas concentrações no solo, pode causar toxicidade ao meio ambiente, sendo necessário o estudo de alternativas para descontaminação de áreas contaminadas. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial e a tolerância de Senna multijuga e Erythrina crista-galli associada à utilização de turfa em solo contaminado com cobre. Para atender aos objetivos foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro envolveu a avaliação do crescimento, tolerância e acúmulo de cobre em mudas de Senna multijuga e Erythrina crista-galli. No segundo trabalho avaliou-se o uso de turfa (200 mL de turfa L-1 de solo) e Erythrina crista-galli na fitorremediação de solo contaminado com cobre e, o terceiro avaliou-se a turfa (200 mL de turfa L-1 de solo) como amenizante de cobre no solo e o potencial da Senna multijuga como espécie fitorremediadora. Os resultados indicam que as doses de cobre reduziram os parâmetros morfológicos das mudas das espécies estudadas. O cobre absorvido pelas mudas foi acumulado predominantemente no sistema radicular, sendo pequena a sua translocação para a parte aérea. Erythrina crista-galli e Senna multijuga não se apresentaram como espécies tolerantes ao cobre e apresentaram baixo potencial fitoextrator do metal no solo. A utilização de 200 mL de turfa L-1 de solo não é eficiente como amenizante da contaminação com cobre, porém possibilitou aumento dos parâmetros morfológicos.

Aujourd’hui, plus de 65% des sites pollués en France le sont par des COVs (BASOL), considérés comme étant très dangereux et toxiques pour l’homme et l’environnement. Cela nécessite d’utiliser des techniques de traitement pour restaurer les sites et limiter les risques de propagation vers les eaux souterraines. L’extraction multiphasique MPE est une méthode physique de traitement des COVs. Elle a plusieurs avantages : essentiellement économique, le fait de pouvoir être utilisée in-situ et le fait de permettre la remédiation simultanée de deux zones saturée et non saturée du sous-sol. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier cette technique en développant un modèle mathématique qui permet de décrire l’écoulement multiphasiques des différentes phases, le transport et le transfert de masse entre ces phases. Deux sols sableux et un polluant modèles sont choisis et caractérisés. Des dispositifs expérimentaux sont utilisés pour l’étude de l’écoulement diphasique et multiphasique ainsi que l’étude de transfert de masse. Un modèle numérique est développé, il se compose de trois EDPs pour l’écoulement (gazeuse, aqueuse et PLNA) et quatre EDPs pour le transport/transfert de masse pour chaque composé. La validation du modèle MPE est réalisée par la vérification de différentes parties qui le constituent séparément. La partie de l’écoulement diphasique est vérifiée à travers les résultats d’expérience de drainage sur colonne 1D et sur des résultats issus de la littérature d’une cellule type Hele-show 2D. L’importance du choix des conditions aux limites est mise en évidence. La partie de l’écoulement triphasique est vérifiée à travers les résultats d’expériences d’infiltration sur cellule 2D, l’une réalisée au laboratoire et l’autre issue de la littérature. L’étude porte sur l’effet du choix des dimensions d’expériences de laboratoire sur l’extrapolation des résultats à l’échelle du terrain. La partie transport/transfert de polluant est vérifiée à travers des expériences d’extraction sous vide/Venting. Le coefficient de transfert est déterminé avec une meilleure précision que celle des modèles issus de la littérature. Enfin une simulation à l’échelle de terrain est effectuée avec le modèle MPE pour simuler la dépollution d’un site pollué selon un scénario supposé et développé par la MPE. Les limites de la méthode pour la dépollution de la frange capillaire sont mises en évidence. / Today, over 65% of polluted sites in France are by VOCs (BASOL), considered to be very dangerous and toxic to humans and the environment. This requires using treatment techniques to restore the sites and limit the risk of spread to groundwater. The multiphase extraction MPE is a physical method of soil VOCs treatment. It has several advantages: essentially economic, being able to be used in site and permitting the simultaneous remediation of both saturated and unsaturated zones. The objective of this thesis is to study this technique by developing a mathematical model to describe the multiphase flow of different phases, transport and mass transfer between these phases. Two sandy soils and a pollutant models are selected and characterized. Experimental devices are used to study the two-phase, multiphase flow and mass transfer. A numerical model is developed; it consists of three PDEs for the flow (gas, water and NAPL) and four PDEs to pollution transport/mass transfer for each compound. MPE Model validation is performed by the verification of different constituent parts separately. The two-phase flow is confirmed by the drainage experiment results of 1D column and of the results of the literature of a 2D Hele-show tank. The importance of the choice of boundary conditions is highlighted. The part of the three-phase flow is verified through the results of infiltration experiments on 2D tank, one conducted in the laboratory and the other of the literature. The study focuses on the effect of the choice of laboratory experiments dimensions on the extrapolation of results across the field. The transport/mass transfer part is verified by SVE/Venting experiments. The transfer coefficient is determined with a precision better than models from the literature. Finally a simulation at the field scale is carried out with the MPE model to simulate the remediation of polluted sites by MPE for a supposed scenario. The limitations of the method for remedying the capillary fringe are highlighted.