<p>This thesis focuses on dwelling sites with hearths dating from the period 600-1900 AD, located in the coniferous forest areas of Northern Sweden. The term dwelling sites with hearths refers to sites where stone-lined hearths occur. These hearths are of a type that became very common in Northern Sweden during the first millennium after the birth of Christ.</p><p>The main aim of this study is to apply environmental archaeological methods to the investigation of dwelling sites with hearths in order to attain new information on the organisation and use of these sites, as well as to discuss and evaluate earlier strategies of settlement and subsistence. For this study, soil chemical survey and pollen analysis methods are used. Soil chemical surveys have been conducted at a total of 13 sites from the period 1000/1100-1900 AD at locations in the inland areas of the counties of Norrbotten, Västerbotten and Jämtland, while pollen analyses have been conducted at 4 sites located in the county of Norrbotten.</p><p>Interpretations of the results are related to previous archaeological research, surveys and excavations. In addition, historical and ethnographical documentation as well as historical research concerning the conditions in the area during later periods are considered.</p><p>The results show that environmental archaeological methods can provide information about settlements with hearths that is not normally possible to discern through archaeological surveys or excavations. Regarding the environmental impact at the settlement areas, there are clear differences between different dwelling sites with hearths. These differences seem to be independent of the number of hearths at the sites. Thus, it is not possible to make interpretations regarding these dwelling sites based purely on the number of hearths at the sites. The results also imply that these sites have been part of a settlement system where different types of dwelling sites were in use for shorter periods of time, for different purposes, and by a limited number of people. With the exception of the 17th century church and market place in Arvidsjaur, none of the examined dwelling sites could be interpreted as being a gathering site for a large number of people. Compared to descriptions of the conditions in the Sami area (Sa. Sápmi) during historical periods, this type of settlement pattern is comparable to the Forest Sami settlement pattern of late historical times. Moreover, soil chemical surveys conducted in areas adjacent to a number of hearths show similarities to the Sami hut (Sw. kåta). </p><p>To sum up, the use of dwelling sites with hearths shows continuity from the 7th century settlements to Sami settlements of the 20th century, with respect to the environmental impact at the dwelling sites. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a settlement pattern and subsistence similar to that of the Forest Sami economy and settlement of late historical times are characteristic for settlements with hearths and may have occurred as early as 600 AD.</p>

This thesis focuses on dwelling sites with hearths dating from the period 600-1900 AD, located in the coniferous forest areas of Northern Sweden. The term dwelling sites with hearths refers to sites where stone-lined hearths occur. These hearths are of a type that became very common in Northern Sweden during the first millennium after the birth of Christ. The main aim of this study is to apply environmental archaeological methods to the investigation of dwelling sites with hearths in order to attain new information on the organisation and use of these sites, as well as to discuss and evaluate earlier strategies of settlement and subsistence. For this study, soil chemical survey and pollen analysis methods are used. Soil chemical surveys have been conducted at a total of 13 sites from the period 1000/1100-1900 AD at locations in the inland areas of the counties of Norrbotten, Västerbotten and Jämtland, while pollen analyses have been conducted at 4 sites located in the county of Norrbotten. Interpretations of the results are related to previous archaeological research, surveys and excavations. In addition, historical and ethnographical documentation as well as historical research concerning the conditions in the area during later periods are considered. The results show that environmental archaeological methods can provide information about settlements with hearths that is not normally possible to discern through archaeological surveys or excavations. Regarding the environmental impact at the settlement areas, there are clear differences between different dwelling sites with hearths. These differences seem to be independent of the number of hearths at the sites. Thus, it is not possible to make interpretations regarding these dwelling sites based purely on the number of hearths at the sites. The results also imply that these sites have been part of a settlement system where different types of dwelling sites were in use for shorter periods of time, for different purposes, and by a limited number of people. With the exception of the 17th century church and market place in Arvidsjaur, none of the examined dwelling sites could be interpreted as being a gathering site for a large number of people. Compared to descriptions of the conditions in the Sami area (Sa. Sápmi) during historical periods, this type of settlement pattern is comparable to the Forest Sami settlement pattern of late historical times. Moreover, soil chemical surveys conducted in areas adjacent to a number of hearths show similarities to the Sami hut (Sw. kåta). To sum up, the use of dwelling sites with hearths shows continuity from the 7th century settlements to Sami settlements of the 20th century, with respect to the environmental impact at the dwelling sites. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a settlement pattern and subsistence similar to that of the Forest Sami economy and settlement of late historical times are characteristic for settlements with hearths and may have occurred as early as 600 AD.

Submitted by Aline Michelle da Silva Barbosa (aline.m.barbosa@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T12:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AlineBarbosa.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O reúso de esgoto tratado é uma alternativa promissora para a agricultura irrigada por suprir a alta demanda hídrica e nutricional dos cultivos, além de reduzir o impacto ambiental ao evitar o lançamento do efluente nos corpos hídricos. Porém, pode haver contaminação tóxica e patogênica do solo, da planta e das águas subterrâneas. Objetivou-se, avaliar o impacto da aplicação de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), via fertirrigação, no solo e na solução do solo de uma área experimental cultivada com Brachiaria, em Jaboticabal, SP. O EETE foi aplicado durante 4 anos (2013 a 2017) em dois experimentos com delineamento em faixas, com quatro repetições. Nos experimentos, utilizou-se um sistema de aspersão em linha tripla para aplicar lâmina uniforme de irrigação, mas gradual de EETE, estabelecendo-se cinco tratamentos com as seguintes frações do efluente em água: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% e E0 = 0. O tratamento E0, em que se aplicou apenas água, recebeu fertilizante a base de ureia, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de potássio, equivalente à aplicada no tratamento E3 via efluente. A aplicação do EETE no solo cultivado com Brachiaria durante 4 anos não resultou em risco de salinização, sodificação e contaminação por elementos potencialmente tóxicos do solo. A aplicação do efluente aumentou a fertilidade do solo, em consequência do aumento das concentrações de macro e micronutrientes. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de EETE em Latossolo de região úmida, como em Jaboticabal, SP, apresenta baixo risco de degradação ambiental, uma vez que não contamina o solo e a solução do solo. / The reuse of treated sewage is a promising alternative for irrigated agriculture by supplying the high water and nutritional demand of the crops, besides reducing the environmental impact by avoiding the discharge of the effluent in the water bodies. However, there may be toxic and pathogenic contamination of soil, plant and groundwater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of application of treated sewage effluent (TSE) via fertigation on soil and soil solution of an experimental area cultivated with Brachiaria in Southeastern Brazil. The TSE was applied for 4 years (2013 to 2017) in two experiments conducted in a strip design, with four replications. In the experiments, a triple line source sprinkler system applied uniform but gradual irrigation depth of TSE, establishing five treatments with the following fractions of the effluent in water: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% and E0 = 0. The E0 treatment, in which only water was applied, received fertilizer based on urea, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride in a dose equivalent to that applied to E3 treatment via effluent. TSE application increased soil fertility as a result of increased macro and micronutrient concentrations. The indices of salinization and sodification, as well as the concentration of potentially toxic elements, were not increased with TSE doses. It was concluded that the application of SET in Wetland Latosol, as in Jaboticabal, SP, presents low risk of environmental degradation, since it does not contaminate soil and soil solution.

Characterization of phosphorus (P) in organic amendments is essential for environmentally sustainable fertilization of agricultural soils. The sequential chemical extraction (SCE) technique commonly used for P characterization does not provide any direct molecular information about P species. Studies were conducted to characterize P species in organic amendments and amended soils at a molecular level. The SCE was used to fractionate P in organic amendments including biosolids, hog, dairy and beef cattle manures, and poultry litter. The extracts were analyzed for total P and P species using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The relative proportions of P species in intact organic amendments and residues after each extraction, and calcareous soils amended with organic amendments and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) were estimated using the synchrotron-based P 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The solution 31P NMR provided a detailed characterization of organic P in the non-labile NaOH and HCl fractions of organic amendments, but was limited in characterizing the labile fractions of most of these organic amendments due to their proneness to alkaline hydrolysis. The XANES analysis, however, identified the actual chemical species constituting the labile P that was only characterized as inorganic P or orthophosphates by sequential extraction and solution 31P NMR. In the amended Vertisolic and Chernozemic soils, XANES analysis estimated ‘soluble and adsorbed P’ as the dominant P species. For the Vertisolic soil, both the unamended and soil amended with biosolids and MAP contained hydroxyapatite (HAP). In addition, soil amended with biosolids, hog and dairy manures contained β-tricalcium phosphate (TRICAL), a more soluble CaP than HAP. TRICAL was found in all amended soils except in that amended with hog manure, while HAP was present in appreciable amount only in the control. Overall, the combination of techniques used in these studies improved the understanding of P species in organic amendments and amended soils that would not have been possible with any individual technique. Technological advances in P analysis should therefore be combined with conventional chemical extraction techniques to determine the fate of P in the environment.

Characterization of phosphorus (P) in organic amendments is essential for environmentally sustainable fertilization of agricultural soils. The sequential chemical extraction (SCE) technique commonly used for P characterization does not provide any direct molecular information about P species. Studies were conducted to characterize P species in organic amendments and amended soils at a molecular level. The SCE was used to fractionate P in organic amendments including biosolids, hog, dairy and beef cattle manures, and poultry litter. The extracts were analyzed for total P and P species using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The relative proportions of P species in intact organic amendments and residues after each extraction, and calcareous soils amended with organic amendments and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) were estimated using the synchrotron-based P 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The solution 31P NMR provided a detailed characterization of organic P in the non-labile NaOH and HCl fractions of organic amendments, but was limited in characterizing the labile fractions of most of these organic amendments due to their proneness to alkaline hydrolysis. The XANES analysis, however, identified the actual chemical species constituting the labile P that was only characterized as inorganic P or orthophosphates by sequential extraction and solution 31P NMR. In the amended Vertisolic and Chernozemic soils, XANES analysis estimated ‘soluble and adsorbed P’ as the dominant P species. For the Vertisolic soil, both the unamended and soil amended with biosolids and MAP contained hydroxyapatite (HAP). In addition, soil amended with biosolids, hog and dairy manures contained β-tricalcium phosphate (TRICAL), a more soluble CaP than HAP. TRICAL was found in all amended soils except in that amended with hog manure, while HAP was present in appreciable amount only in the control. Overall, the combination of techniques used in these studies improved the understanding of P species in organic amendments and amended soils that would not have been possible with any individual technique. Technological advances in P analysis should therefore be combined with conventional chemical extraction techniques to determine the fate of P in the environment.