This study is part of the second phase of the Solaris project, where the aim is to develop a solar powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). The second phase involves the design and optimization of the aircraft. One of the important focuses in this phase is the determination of the airfoils shape. This report sole objective is to determine which airfoil that is best suited for the aircraft, as well as presenting the airfoils characteristic properties, in comparison to other similarly airfoils.This analysis has been carried out using XFOIL, an airfoil analysis tool developed by the MIT professor Mark Drela. What has been done in this report: Comparison between a number of potential airfoils. Determination of the winner airfoil. Comparison between the winner airfoil and a conventional (non-reflexed trailing edge) airfoil. Calculation of the hinge moments on the winner airfoil for different flap settings. Winner airfoil: The Phoenix (Phönix) turned out to be the best airfoil in the comparison, closely followed by the S5020 and the S5010. Phoenix had the highest value of the parameter sought to optimize, which is endurance (CL 3/2/ CD). Phoenix maximum endurance (CL 3/2/ CD) for five different Reynold numbers:            Re       Endurance  400.000     85,64   300.000     78,26   200.000     67,74   100.000     49,47   50.000       25,52  Phoenix geometry: Maximum thickness (in percentage of chord): 8,194% Maximum camber (in percentage of chord): 2,774% / Den här rapporten är en del i den andra fasen av Solaris-projektet, där målet är att utveckla en solcellsdriven obemannad flygande farkost (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV). Den andra fasen omfattar konstruktionen och optimeringen av farkosten (flygplanet). En av de viktigaste byggstenarna i den här fasen är fastställandet av vingprofilens form och design, det vill säga valet av vingprofil. Målet med den här rapporten är att helt och hållet bestämma vilken vingprofil som ska användas på flygplanet, samt en presentation av dess karakteristiska egenskaper. Detta har gjorts i jämförelse med andra liknande vingprofiler. Verktyget som använts för denna jämförelse heter XFOIL. Programmet är utvecklat av professor Mark Drela på MIT i USA, och är gjort för analysering av vingprofiler. Det här har gjorts i rapporten: Jämförelse mellan en mängd olika potentiella vingprofiler. En vinnarprofil har valts ut. Jämförelse mellan vinnarprofilen och en vanlig (non-reflexed trailing edge) vingprofil. Beräkning av de moment som krävs för att styra klaffar och roder. Vinnarprofilen: I jämförelsen visade det sig att Phoenix var den bästa vingprofilen, tätt följt av S5020 och S5010. Phoenix hade det högsta och bäst värdet i den eftersökta parametern ”endurance” (CL 3/2/ CD). Phoenix maximum endurance (CL 3/2/ CD) för fem olika Reynoldstal:           Re       Endurance 400.000    85,64 300.000    78,26 200.000    67,74 100.000    49,47 50.000      25,52 Phoenix geometri: Maximal tjocklek (i procent av kordan): 8,194% Maximal välvning (i procent av kordan): 2,774% / Solaris

<p> </p><p>Den här rapporten är en del av första fasen i Solaris projektet där en solcellsdriven UAS skall utvecklas.  Den här delen av projektet berör hur lagar och bestämmelser samt den fortsatta luftvärdigheten för UAS:er ser ut internationellt samt nationellt. Rapporten är till största del anpassad och riktad till Solarisverksamheten men kan även användas för annan UAS-verksamhet.</p><p>I Europa är det EASA som reglerar all UAS -verksamhet med flygfarkoster med en vikt över 150 kg. Reglerna för verksamhet med UAS:er under 150 kg har EASA lagt på nationell nivå där Transportstyrelsens luftfartsavdelning står för regelverket samt tillståndsgivning. Transportstyrelsen arbetar just nu med att ta fram ett nytt regelverk som berör verksamhet med UAS:er.</p><p><strong>Vad har gjorts</strong></p><ul><li><p>Utvärdering av nationella och internationella lagar och bestämmesler rörande UAS aktiviteter.</p></li><li><p>Kontakt med Transportstyrelsen och Svenska operatörer för samråd rörande regler och drifterfarenhet.</p></li></ul><ul></ul><p><strong>Slutsatser</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Lagarna kommer inte sätta stopp för projektet eller kommande flygningar.</strong> De nya lagarna som är under utveckling kommer underlätta UAS verksamheten i framtiden.</p></li><li><p>Solaris projektet regleras nationellt av Transportstyrelsen.</p></li><li><p>Regelverket delar in UAS:er i 3 kategorier där kategori 3 ställer högst krav på flygplanet och organisationen.</p></li><li><p>Eftersom det är ett forskningsprojekt kommer Solaris troligtvis inte betungas av alla de krav som ställs på en UAS organisation utan ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd ska kunna tas fram som gäller för Solaris och den verksamhet som är tänkt.</p></li><li><p>Transportstyrelsen bör hållas uppdaterade under projektets gång för att lättare få ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd.</p></li><li><p>I nuläget kan Solaris enbart flygas i avskilda luftrum. I framtiden kommer dock UAS intergreras med övrig luftfart.</p></li></ul><ul></ul><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>This report is a part of the first phase of the Solaris project, where a solar-powered UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) will be developed. This part of the project concerns laws and regulations, both internationally and nationally. The report is largely adapted and targeted on the Solaris project but is also relevant for other UAS applications.</p><p>In Europe, all UAS - activities of aircrafts with a weight over 150 kg is regulated by EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency). For UAS with a weight below 150 kg, the responsibility has been delegated to a national level. The SBT (Swedish Board of Transportation) is currently working to develop a new regulatory framework affecting UAS - activities.</p><p><strong>What has been done</strong></p><ul><li><p>Evaluation of international and national UAS- regulations.</p></li><li><p>Consultation with the SBT and other Swedish operators.</p></li></ul><ul></ul><p><strong>Conclusions</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Neither the development of the project nor the forthcoming flights are threatened by regulations.</strong> The new regulations are encouraging UAS activities in the future.</p></li><li><p>Solaris is regulated at a national level by the SBT.</p></li><li><p>UAS-aircrafts in Sweden are cathegorized into 3 categories where category 3 has the most demanding requirements on the aircraft and organisation.</p></li><li><p>Solaris is a research project and will be issued an adapted permit from the SBT, hence it will be easier for the project to be able to perform flights without strictly having comply with regulations eg. category 3.</p></li><li><p>A dialogue with the SBT should be cept during the development of the project to make sure Solaris is developed and constructed in a way to be able to receive a permit.</p></li><li><p>As for now, Solaris can only be flown in segregated areas. In the future, UAS in civil air traffic will become reality.</p></li></ul><ul></ul><p> </p> / Project Solaris

<p>Project Solaris is a student research project with the goal to build a solar powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. This study is one in a set of studies that make up the initial phase of project Solaris. The main objective of this report is to investigate earlier solar powered airplanes as well as evaluate (or explore) potential future niche markets where solar powered UAVs could excel.A presentation of earlier solar powered airplanes will give an overall understanding of how solar powered airplanes have evolved and also provide information about the goals and ambitions behind the projects.Potential applications such as power line inspection and algal bloom observation will be described and a list of specifications for each application will be presented.</p> / Solaris

Project Solaris is a student research project with the goal to build a solar powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. This study is one in a set of studies that make up the initial phase of project Solaris. The main objective of this report is to investigate earlier solar powered airplanes as well as evaluate (or explore) potential future niche markets where solar powered UAVs could excel.A presentation of earlier solar powered airplanes will give an overall understanding of how solar powered airplanes have evolved and also provide information about the goals and ambitions behind the projects.Potential applications such as power line inspection and algal bloom observation will be described and a list of specifications for each application will be presented. / Solaris

Den här rapporten är en del av första fasen i Solaris projektet där en solcellsdriven UAS skall utvecklas.  Den här delen av projektet berör hur lagar och bestämmelser samt den fortsatta luftvärdigheten för UAS:er ser ut internationellt samt nationellt. Rapporten är till största del anpassad och riktad till Solarisverksamheten men kan även användas för annan UAS-verksamhet. I Europa är det EASA som reglerar all UAS -verksamhet med flygfarkoster med en vikt över 150 kg. Reglerna för verksamhet med UAS:er under 150 kg har EASA lagt på nationell nivå där Transportstyrelsens luftfartsavdelning står för regelverket samt tillståndsgivning. Transportstyrelsen arbetar just nu med att ta fram ett nytt regelverk som berör verksamhet med UAS:er. Vad har gjorts Utvärdering av nationella och internationella lagar och bestämmesler rörande UAS aktiviteter. Kontakt med Transportstyrelsen och Svenska operatörer för samråd rörande regler och drifterfarenhet. Slutsatser Lagarna kommer inte sätta stopp för projektet eller kommande flygningar. De nya lagarna som är under utveckling kommer underlätta UAS verksamheten i framtiden. Solaris projektet regleras nationellt av Transportstyrelsen. Regelverket delar in UAS:er i 3 kategorier där kategori 3 ställer högst krav på flygplanet och organisationen. Eftersom det är ett forskningsprojekt kommer Solaris troligtvis inte betungas av alla de krav som ställs på en UAS organisation utan ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd ska kunna tas fram som gäller för Solaris och den verksamhet som är tänkt. Transportstyrelsen bör hållas uppdaterade under projektets gång för att lättare få ett individuellt anpassat tillstånd. I nuläget kan Solaris enbart flygas i avskilda luftrum. I framtiden kommer dock UAS intergreras med övrig luftfart. / This report is a part of the first phase of the Solaris project, where a solar-powered UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) will be developed. This part of the project concerns laws and regulations, both internationally and nationally. The report is largely adapted and targeted on the Solaris project but is also relevant for other UAS applications. In Europe, all UAS - activities of aircrafts with a weight over 150 kg is regulated by EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency). For UAS with a weight below 150 kg, the responsibility has been delegated to a national level. The SBT (Swedish Board of Transportation) is currently working to develop a new regulatory framework affecting UAS - activities. What has been done Evaluation of international and national UAS- regulations. Consultation with the SBT and other Swedish operators. Conclusions Neither the development of the project nor the forthcoming flights are threatened by regulations. The new regulations are encouraging UAS activities in the future. Solaris is regulated at a national level by the SBT. UAS-aircrafts in Sweden are cathegorized into 3 categories where category 3 has the most demanding requirements on the aircraft and organisation. Solaris is a research project and will be issued an adapted permit from the SBT, hence it will be easier for the project to be able to perform flights without strictly having comply with regulations eg. category 3. A dialogue with the SBT should be cept during the development of the project to make sure Solaris is developed and constructed in a way to be able to receive a permit. As for now, Solaris can only be flown in segregated areas. In the future, UAS in civil air traffic will become reality. / Project Solaris

<p>This thesis presents a quantitative evaluation of an operating system virtualization technology known as Solaris Containers or Solaris Zones, with a special emphasis on measuring the influence of a security technology known as Solaris Trusted Extensions. Solaris Zones is an operating system-level (OS-level) virtualization technology embedded in the Solaris OS that primarily provides containment of processes within the abstraction of a complete operating system environment. Solaris Trusted Extensions presents a specific configuration of the Solaris operating system that is designed to offer multi-level security functionality.</p><p>Firstly, we examine the scalability of the OS with respect to an increasing number of zones. Secondly, we evaluate the performance of zones in three scenarios. In the first scenario we measure - as a baseline - the performance of Solaris Zones on a 2-CPU core machine in the standard configuration that is distributed as part of the Solaris OS. In the second scenario we investigate the influence of the number of CPU cores. In the third scenario we evaluate the performance in the presence of a security configuration known as Solaris Trusted Extensions. To evaluate performance, we calculate a number of metrics using the AIM benchmark. We calculate these benchmarks for the global zone, a non-global zone, and increasing numbers of concurrently running non-global zones. We aggregate the results of the latter to compare aggregate system performance against single zone performance.</p><p>The results of this study demonstrate the scalability and performance impact of Solaris Zones in the Solaris OS. On our chosen hardware platform, Solaris Zones scales to about 110 zones within a short creation time (i.e., less than 13 minutes per zone for installation, configuration, and boot.) As the number of zones increases, the measured overhead of virtualization shows less than 2% of performance decrease for most measured benchmarks, with one exception: the benchmarks for memory and process management show that performance decreases of 5-12% (depending on the sub-benchmark) are typical. When evaluating the Trusted Extensions-based security configuration, additional small performance penalties were measured in the areas of Disk/Filesystem I/O and Inter Process Communication. Most benchmarks show that aggregate system performance is higher when distributing system load across multiple zones compared to running the same load in a single zone.</p>

This thesis presents a quantitative evaluation of an operating system virtualization technology known as Solaris Containers or Solaris Zones, with a special emphasis on measuring the influence of a security technology known as Solaris Trusted Extensions. Solaris Zones is an operating system-level (OS-level) virtualization technology embedded in the Solaris OS that primarily provides containment of processes within the abstraction of a complete operating system environment. Solaris Trusted Extensions presents a specific configuration of the Solaris operating system that is designed to offer multi-level security functionality. Firstly, we examine the scalability of the OS with respect to an increasing number of zones. Secondly, we evaluate the performance of zones in three scenarios. In the first scenario we measure - as a baseline - the performance of Solaris Zones on a 2-CPU core machine in the standard configuration that is distributed as part of the Solaris OS. In the second scenario we investigate the influence of the number of CPU cores. In the third scenario we evaluate the performance in the presence of a security configuration known as Solaris Trusted Extensions. To evaluate performance, we calculate a number of metrics using the AIM benchmark. We calculate these benchmarks for the global zone, a non-global zone, and increasing numbers of concurrently running non-global zones. We aggregate the results of the latter to compare aggregate system performance against single zone performance. The results of this study demonstrate the scalability and performance impact of Solaris Zones in the Solaris OS. On our chosen hardware platform, Solaris Zones scales to about 110 zones within a short creation time (i.e., less than 13 minutes per zone for installation, configuration, and boot.) As the number of zones increases, the measured overhead of virtualization shows less than 2% of performance decrease for most measured benchmarks, with one exception: the benchmarks for memory and process management show that performance decreases of 5-12% (depending on the sub-benchmark) are typical. When evaluating the Trusted Extensions-based security configuration, additional small performance penalties were measured in the areas of Disk/Filesystem I/O and Inter Process Communication. Most benchmarks show that aggregate system performance is higher when distributing system load across multiple zones compared to running the same load in a single zone.

Abstract To control an un-swept flying wing is problematic in some ways. One of the problems is that when the wing experiences a disturbance in yaw, it does not, since it has no tail, generate any torque in the opposite direction as a plane with a vertical stabilizer does. This thesis is foremost aimed at exploring one particular solution to this problem. One approach to this problem is to place the motors out on the wing and differentiate the thrust, to achieve the same torque as splitted elevons or a vertical stabilizer does. This is what NASA used on the flying unmanned wing HELIOS. Reducing the thrust on the right set of engines, and increasing the thrust on the left side can mean that the combined thrust is unchanged. And thus more fuel efficient, and increases endurance. This project’s main goal has been to construct a half scale model of the school project flying wing Solaris, and to configure a control system for the differentiated thrust as used on Helios. Thereafter conduct flight testing and evaluate the controllability of the wing in a number of flight conditions, this to get a sense of the wings characteristics and which parameters one should adjust to get the best controllability as possible. After numerous adjustments and test flights it was concluded that it is possible to construct and fly a wing in this configuration, with relatively simple means, with satisfactory results. That the torsional rigidity has great influence on the controllability were evident after the test flights. After redistribution of the components on the wing the conclusion could be made that the dihedral could be held within the structural limit of the wing. The results of this thesis will contribute to the project Solaris at Mälardalens University in Västerås, Sweden. The project was carried out at Mälardalens University. The test flights were conducted at the former Air Force base F-15 Flygstaden and Mohed in Söderhamn, Hälsingland. / Solaris

<p>To minimize the damage in the event of a security breach it is desirable to limit the privileges of remotely available services to the bare minimum and to isolate the individual services from the rest of the operating system. To achieve this there is a number of different containment strategies and process privilege security models that may be used. Two of these mechanisms are Solaris Containers (a.k.a. Solaris Zones) and Type Enforcement, as implemented in the Fedora distribution of Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux). This thesis compares how these technologies can be used to isolate a single service in the operating system.</p><p>As these two technologies differ significantly we have examined how the isolation effect can be achieved in two separate experiments. In the Solaris experiments we show how the footprint of the installed zone can be reduced and how to minimize the runtime overhead associated with the zone. To demonstrate SELinux we create a deliberately flawed network daemon and show how this can be isolated by writing a SELinux policy.</p><p>We demonstrate how both technologies can be used to achieve isolation for a single service. Differences between the two technologies become apparent when trying to run multiple instances of the same service where the SELinux implementation suffers from lack of namespace isolation. When using zones the administration work is the same regardless of the services running in the zone whereas SELinux requires a separate policy for each service. If a policy is not available from the operating system vendor the administrator needs to be familiar with the SELinux policy framework and create the policy from scratch. The overhead of the technologies is small and is not a critical factor for the scalability of a system using them.</p>

To minimize the damage in the event of a security breach it is desirable to limit the privileges of remotely available services to the bare minimum and to isolate the individual services from the rest of the operating system. To achieve this there is a number of different containment strategies and process privilege security models that may be used. Two of these mechanisms are Solaris Containers (a.k.a. Solaris Zones) and Type Enforcement, as implemented in the Fedora distribution of Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux). This thesis compares how these technologies can be used to isolate a single service in the operating system. As these two technologies differ significantly we have examined how the isolation effect can be achieved in two separate experiments. In the Solaris experiments we show how the footprint of the installed zone can be reduced and how to minimize the runtime overhead associated with the zone. To demonstrate SELinux we create a deliberately flawed network daemon and show how this can be isolated by writing a SELinux policy. We demonstrate how both technologies can be used to achieve isolation for a single service. Differences between the two technologies become apparent when trying to run multiple instances of the same service where the SELinux implementation suffers from lack of namespace isolation. When using zones the administration work is the same regardless of the services running in the zone whereas SELinux requires a separate policy for each service. If a policy is not available from the operating system vendor the administrator needs to be familiar with the SELinux policy framework and create the policy from scratch. The overhead of the technologies is small and is not a critical factor for the scalability of a system using them.