La gazéification est un procédé de conversion thermochimique permettant de convertir un combustible solide en gaz de synthèse (syngaz), composé notamment de H2 et CO. L’utilisation de déchets non-dangereux sous forme de CSR doit, en plus de fournir une énergie avec de bons rendements, respecter les normes environnementales. Nos travaux évaluent les performances énergétiques et environnementales de la gazéification à l’air de CSR (bois, pneus, plastiques, boues de STEP) en réacteurs en lit fixe co-courant à l’échelle pilote et industrielle. Les méthodes d’analyse utilisées permettent un suivi de la composition du syngaz, ainsi que des polluants (soufrés, azotés, goudrons, métaux lourds) dans les effluents du procédé, par rapport à une ressource propre (bois brut). Les performances de gazéification du CSR Bois sont identiques au Bois. Cependant un ajout de 20%m de CSR Pneus, Plastique ou Boues de STEP à du CSR Bois conduit à une diminution de H2 et CO compensée par une augmentation d’hydrocarbures légers (CH4, C2), conduisant à un pouvoir calorifique similaire, compris entre 4,9 et 5,4 MJ/Nm3. Les performances de gazéification sont légèrement plus fiables avec les mélanges de CSR, entre 35 et 49% alors qu’elles atteignent 48 à 52% pour le Bois et le CSR Bois. Par rapport au Bois, seuls les composés azotés sont en plus grand nombre pour le CSR Bois. Pour les mélanges de CSR, les teneurs en goudrons, composés soufrés et azotés sont plus élevées. De plus, les teneurs en métaux lourds sont plus élevées dans les fines particules que dans les charbons, demandant probablement un traitement particulier. / Gasification is a thermochemical conversion process converting solid fuel into synthetic gas (syngas), containing H2 and CO. Sorting waste to produce SRF aims to allow a better energy recovery of waste, while satisfying environmental regulations. This study focuses on energetic and environmental performances of the air gasification of SRF (wood, tire, plastics, sewage sludge) using downdraft fixed bed reactors at pilot and industrial scale. Analytical procedures allow quantification of syngas composition as well as pollutant contents (sulfur, nitrogen, tars, heavy metals) in gasification outlet streams, considering raw wood as a reference. SRF Wood gasification performances are identical to Raw Wood. However adding 20%w of SRF Tire, Plastics or Sewage Sludge to SRF Wood leads to a decrease in H2 and CO contents, balanced by an increase in light hydrocarbons (CH4, C2), resulting in a similar syngas calorific value, ranging between 4.9 and 5.4 MJ/Nm3. Gasification performances are slightly lower with SRF mixes, ranging between 35 and 49%, while reaching 48 to 52% for Raw Wood and SRF Wood. Compared to Wood, only nitrogen containing pollutants are in higher concentrations with SRF Wood. In the case of SRF mixes, tars, sulfur and nitrogen containing pollutants are in higher concentrations. Moreover, heavy metals contents are higher in fine particles than in chars, resulting in a particular post-treatment.

For 2010 the European Union has a goal to increase the share of renewable energyware to 12%. For 2020 the goal is 20%. One of visions to reach this is to raise the share of solid biofuels. Politicans all over ideologycal spectrum collectively propagate, that farming and waste management sector industry has developed ways to produce solid recovered fuels with reliable qualities, which are used successfully regarding economic and environmental aspects. One of prerequisites to reach this will be to achieve the standardization of solid biofuels. This leads to a need for flexible market, which is attainable only by common understanding concerning terminology, sampling and test methods. European energetically non-intensive industries and settlements are looking for ecologically friendly alternative fuels in order to save fossil fuels. And by doing so, enforce the development of fitting technical norms to facilitate the meeting of offer and demand for the product. Pressed biofuels like pellets are today playing the key role for the small house market as well as for large scale coal substitution in local power plants. The thesis is a part of scientific contemplation MSM 06/2/4a solved by professors S.Kužel and L.Kolář and is trying to answer the question: ``Is combustion of solid biofuels ecologically friendly?{\crqq}