Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, November, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2006 / Typescript (photocopy)

Orientador: Salatiér Buzetti / Resumo: Os solos de Cerrado apresentam baixos teores de matéria orgânica e, sendo esta a principal fonte primária de boro (B), torna-se necessário o suprimento deste nutriente via adubação. Portanto, em plantios comerciais de eucalipto, é comum a adubação no sulco de plantio e até mesmo via foliar, durante a fase de implantação da cultura. Sendo assim, é importante verificar se a aplicação de B realizada inicialmente por meio de fontes com diferentes solubilidades é suficiente para atender as exigências da cultura ao longo do ciclo, ou se é necessária a reaplicação do elemento em cobertura. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho comparar o efeito residual das fontes de B aplicadas no sulco de plantio, assim como também a aplicação foliar e a reaplicação de B em cobertura na cultura do eucalipto (clone I144), tendo em vista o alto índice de bifurcação das árvores sem aplicação de B. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Renascença, localizada no município de Três Lagoas/MS, com latitude 20o 34’ S e longitude 51o 50’ O e altitude de aproximadamente 305 m. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial, onde as parcelas foram subdivididas, perfazendo um 3 x 2 x 2, sendo o primeiro fator: 0 kg ha-1 de B; 1 kg ha-1 de B utilizando o fertilizante borogran (baixa solubilidade, 10% B), aplicado manualmente em filete contínuo no sulco de plantio; 1 kg ha-1 de B utilizando o fertilizante ácido bórico (alta solubilidade, 17% B), aplicado manualmente em f... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cerrado soils have low organic matter content, and this being the main primary source of boron (B), it is necessary to supply this element through fertilization. Therefore, in commercial eucalyptus plantations, it is common to fertilize in the planting groove and even via the foliar, during the implantation phase of the crop. Therefore, it is important to verify if the application of B carried out initially is sufficient to meet the crop requirements during the cycle, or if it is necessary to reapply the element under cover. The objective of this work was to compare the residual effect of the B sources applied to the planting groove, as well as the foliar application of the element and the reapplication of B in cover in the eucalyptus crop (clone I144), considering the high index of bifurcation in the treatments that did not receive the application of B. The experiment was conducted at Fazenda Renascença, located in the municipality of Três Lagoas/MS. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five replications, in a factorial scheme, where the plots were subdivided, making a 3 x 2 x 2, being the first factor: 0 kg ha-1 of B; 1 kg ha-1 of B using borogran fertilizer (low solubility, 10% B), manually applied in continuous fillet in the planting groove; 1 kg ha-1 of B using boric acid fertilizer (high solubility, 17% B), manually applied in continuous fillet in the planting groove. Factorial 2 refers to the application or not of B via foliage. Two foliar applications o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

La précipitation est largement utilisée dans la chimie, l’hydrométallurgie, l’industrie pharmaceutique, le nucléaire ou de nombreuses autres activités industrielles. Les réactions de précipitation sont très sensibles à de nombreux paramètres de fonctionnement, tels que les concentrations de réactifs, la température, la sursaturation, l’hydrodynamique ou l'intensité du mélange. Ces paramètres jouent un rôle majeur pour contrôler la qualité physique du précipité. Dans l'industrie nucléaire, la précipitation est une opération très répandue, que ce soient dans l'extraction de l'uranium à partir de minerais d'uranium, dans le retraitement du combustible nucléaire irradié ou pour la gestion des effluents radioactifs. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la précipitation de l'oxalate d’uranium IV. Seules quelques références bibliographiques liées à la précipitation de l'oxalate d'uranium tétravalent sont disponibles dans la littérature, elles concernent les fortes sursaturations (jusqu’à 2000). La présente étude a permis de proposer un modèle thermodynamique et des lois des cinétiques de précipitation à basse sursaturation à partir d’acquisitions expérimentales. De nouvelles mesures de solubilité de l’oxalate d’uranium à différentes acidités et différents excès oxaliques ont conduit à l’identification des constantes de complexation et du produit de solubilité. Les sursaturations sont calculées à partir des concentrations des ions libres. La comparaison avec l’approche basée sur les ions constitutifs montre que les deux concepts conduisent à des valeurs de sursaturations équivalentes. En ce qui concerne l’identification des cinétiques, de nombreux essais de précipitation de l’oxalate d’uranium IV en continu ont permis d’analyser l’influence des paramètres opératoires à la fois sur le rendement et les distributions de taille de particules. Les paramètres cinétiques sont obtenus par résolution du bilan de population selon la méthode des moments. Les lois de nucléation et d’agglomération sont exprimées à partir de la croissance cristalline. Le mécanisme de nucléation est de type secondaire et dépend de la puissance dissipée ainsi que de la concentration des cristaux. Quant au noyau d’agglomération, il a été identifié de type orthocinétique / Precipitation is widely used in many other industrial activities. Precipitation reactions are very sensitive to many operating parameters that play a major role in controlling the precipitate quality. In the nuclear industry, precipitation is a common operation, either in uranium extraction from uranium ore, nuclear fuel reprocessing or radioactive waste management. In this study we are interested in uranium IV oxalate precipitation. This study proposes a thermodynamic model and precipitation kinetics at low supersaturations on the basis of experimental acquisitions. New measures of uranium IV oxalate solubility at different acidities and oxalic excess led to the identification of the complexation constants and the solubility product. The supersaturation is calculated from free ions concentrations. The comparison with a constituent ions approach shows that the two concepts lead to equivalent supersaturation values. Regarding the identification of kinetics, many uranium IV oxalate precipitation continuous tests allowed the analysis of the influence of the operating parameters on efficiency and particle size distribution. Kinetic parameters are obtained by solving the population balance equation by the method of moments. Nucleation kinetics and agglomeration kernel are expressed from crystal growth kinetics. The nucleation mechanism corresponds to a secondary type and depends on the power dissipation and crystal concentration. As for the agglomeration kernel, it is identified of orthokinetic type

Fundando-se em argumentos de equilíbrio e estabilidade termodinâmica, a solubilidade de soluto em um solvente é definida pelo limiar de existência da mistura como sistema homogêneo. De fato, entende-se tal grandeza sobre a coexistência de fases. A noção de solubilidade apresentada é desenvolvida através de modelos simples, que incluem resultados na rede bem como a extensão do modelo de van der Waals ao caso de duas componentes. Desta extrai-se uma condição genérica à observação de mínimos na solubilidade incidente sobre a topologia de seu diagrama de fases e de evidente correspondência física. / Concerning the equilibrium and stability in thermodynamics, the solubility of solute in a solvent is defined as the threshold of the mixture existing as a homogeneous system. Indeed, such quantity meets its meaning when understood on the coexistence surface. The idea of solubility presented is developed following the discussion of simple models, including results on the lattice as well as the van der Waals model extended to include two components. From these results we extract a general condition which connects the occurence of a minimum in solubility to the topological structure of the phase diagram.

La formation de gels de silice dans les procédés hydrométallurgiques est très souvent problématique pour la performance des étapes de séparation solide-liquide, en raison du colmatage des filtres. Ces étapes interviennent en aval des étapes de lixiviation visant à mettre en solution les éléments d'intérêts, notamment dans des milieux à forte acidité. Egalement mis en solution au cours de ces attaques acides, le silicium précipite alors sous forme d'oxyde de silicium et forme des gels extrêmement préjudiciables à la filtration. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec ERAMET Research, centre de recherche d'ERAMET, groupe minier français qui conçoit des procédés hydrométallurgiques, nous avons étudié l'influence des conditions de lixiviation d'un minerai spécifique sur la cinétique de dissolution du silicium ainsi que sur les mécanismes de précipitation de la silice en milieu acide. Nous avons montré qu'en-dessous d'une valeur de pH égale à 2, la silice polymérise pour former des gels suivant des mécanismes indépendants de la composition ionique de la solution. L'étude structurale des gels obtenus, réalisée par diffusion de rayonnement aux petits angles (SAXS) nous a conduit à proposer un modèle pour la mésostructure qui permet de comprendre leur impact sur les vitesses de filtration. Par la suite, des stratégies consistant à modifier la mésostructure des gels par des approches physiques ou physico-chimiques ont été considérées. Les résultats obtenus ont montré la possibilité d'utiliser à court terme ces stratégies pour améliorer la filtrabilité des gels de silice dans un procédé hydrométallurgique. / The formation of silica gels in hydrometallurgical processes is very often problematic for the performance of the solid-liquid separation steps, due to clogging of the filters. These steps are carried out downstream of leaching aiming to solubilize the elements of interests, in particular in solutions with strong acidity. Also dissolved during acidic leaching, the silicon then precipitates in the form of silicon oxide and forms gels extremely detrimental to filtration. In collaboration with ERAMET Research, a research center of ERAMET, a french mining group that designs hydrometallurgical processes, we studied the influence of the leaching conditions of a specific ore on the dissolution kinetics of silicon as well as on the mechanisms of precipitation of silica in an acidic solution. We have shown that below a pH value of 2, silica polymerizes to form gels following mechanisms independent of the ionic composition of the solution. Based, on the structural study of the gels, carried out by small angle radiation scattering (SAXS) we proposed a model for the mesotructure, which explain the impact on filtration rates. Subsequently, strategies to modify the mesostructure of the gels by physical or physicochemical approaches were considered. The results have shown the potentialities of these strategies in the short term to improve the filterability of precipitated silica gels in a hydrométallurgical process.

The synthesis method for PEG/alkyl-based imidazolium/pyridinium ionic liquids was studied. Four steps were used to fabricate the membranes: polymerization, chloromethylation, linkage of the polymers with the pendent groups and membrane cast. Permeabilities and CO2/N2 selectivity of two membranes were examined and each showed remarkable CO2/N2 selectivity. CO2 permeability of the [PSM-MIM][Cl] membrane is better than that of the [PSM-MEIM][Cl] membrane, which is due to the steric hindrance of the methoxyethyl group. The syntheses of PEG/alkyl-based imidazolium/pyridinium ionic liquids (IL) were studied. PEG-based ILs were demonstrated to have better H2S solubilities than the alkyl-based ILs. H2S solubilities of the imidazolium ILs and pyridinium ILs were compared. The anion effects on H2S solubilities have been investigated, while the temperature effects on H2S solubilities will need to be studied in the near future.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_ac_dr_arafcf.pdf: 901788 bytes, checksum: 13bcfcf5ec140760a159cf464fadf2e4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo avalia as propriedades físico-químicas do praziquantel (PZQ) em dispersões sólidas (DS) preparadas através de tecnologia de fluido supercrítico (FSC). As DS de PZQ com polivinilpirrolidona K30 (PZQ: PVP K30) foram preparadas em condições supercríticas de temperatura e pressão que variaram de a 60 a 140 bars e 37 a 80ºC utilizando a técnica do Gás Antissolvente (GAS). Equilíbrio de solubilidade, perfil de dissolução, propriedades térmicas (DSC, TGA e TG), difração de raios X (DRX), infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (IV), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e taxa de transporte, utilizando método do saco intestinal invertido, foram utilizados para caracterizar as DS em comparação com as misturas físicas (MF) e o PZQ. A solubilidade do PZQ nas DS aumentou significativamente com a diminuição da taxa PZQ: PVP K30. O estudo de dissolução mostrou aumento significativo da taxa de dissolução do PZQ nas DS. A DRX mostrou redução da cristalinidade do PZQ em todas as DS. O DSC e a TG mostraram que não houve alteração no ponto de fusão do PZQ e confirmaram o resultado da DRX em relação à redução da cristalinidade do PZQ. O DTA apresentou apenas uma temperatura de degradação revelando um composto organicamente puro e uma interação PZQ: PVP. O IV não mostrou nenhuma alteração significativa dos grupos funcionais do PZQ ou da PVP, o que sugere boa estabilidade para o composto. A MEV mostrou diferenças entre a interação física do PZQ com PVP K30 nas MF e DS. Estas interações foram evidenciadas no estudo de DRX. Um aumento significativo de cinco vezes na taxa de transporte do PZQ, através da membrana intestinal de ratos, foi observado para as DS. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram o potencial das DS para alterar propriedades físico-químicas importantes relacionadas à solubilidade do PZQ. A tecnologia de FSC utilizando o método GAS... / In this study, the physicochemical properties of praziquantel (PZQ) in solid dispersions (SD), prepared by supercritical fluid (SCF) methodology, were investigated. The SD of PZQ with polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PZQ: PVP K30) were prepared under supercritical conditions of pressure and temperature, ranging from 60 to 140 bars and 37 to 80 ºC, by the gas antisolvent process (GAS). Equilibrium solubility, dissolution profile, thermal properties (DSC, TGA and TG), powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gut transport rate, assessed in the everted gut-sac model, were used to characterize PZQ in SDs, in comparison with physical mixtures (PM) and PZQ alone. The solubility of PZQ in the SD increased significantly with decreasing PZQ: PVP K30 ratio. The rate of dissolution of the PZQ was significantly greater in the SD. The XRD patterns showed a reduction of the crystallinity of PZQ in all SD. DSC and TG showed that there was no change in the melting point of PZQ and confirmed the reduction in the crystallinity of PZQ detected by XRD. DTA showed only one degradation temperature, revealing an organically pure compound and a PZQ: PVP interaction. FTIR did not detect any significant changes in the functional groups of PZQ or PVP, suggesting that the compound has a good stability. SEM indicated differences between the PZQ-PVP physical interactions in the PM and SD. These interactions were evident in the XRD data. A significant 5-fold rise in the rate of transport of PZQ across the rat gut membrane was observed with the SDs. The results obtained confirmed the potential capacity of SDs to alter important physicochemical properties related to the solubility of PZQ. SCF technology, used in the GAS process, proved effective in the preparation of SDs of PZQ: PVP K30. These results and the insights gained in this study imply that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

abstract: Particulate trace metals can enter the atmosphere as mineral dust, sea spray, anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, etc. Once in the atmosphere they can undergo a variety of transformations including aqueous phase (cloud) processing, photochemical reactions, interact with gases, and ultimately deposit. Metals in aerosols are of particular interest because of their natural and anthropogenic sources as well as their effects on local (human health) and global (climate change) scales. This work investigates the metal component of atmospheric particles and how it changes during physical and chemical processes at local, regional and global scales, through laboratory and field studies. In the first part of this work, the impact of local dust storms (haboobs) on ambient metal concentrations and speciation is investigated in Tempe, AZ. It was found that metal concentrations substantially increase (> 10 times) during these events before returning to pre-storm levels. In a second part of this work, the impact of fog processing on metal concentrations, solubility and speciation is examined through field observations in California’s Central Valley. The observations show that fog processing has a profound effect on local metal concentrations but the trends are not consistent between sites or even between events, indicating complex processes that need further investigation. For example, fogs have an effect on scavenging and solubility of iron in Davis, while in Fresno soluble iron content is indicative of the source of the aerosol. The last part of the thesis investigates the role of particle size on the solubilization of iron from mineral dust aerosols during global atmospheric transport through laboratory experiments. The experiments showed that mineralogy and pH have the greatest effect on iron solubility in atmospheric aerosols in general while particle size and photochemistry impact mainly the solubility of iron oxides. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2015