Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).

by Lee Cheung-lun, Catus, So Wai-piu, Raymond. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM --- p.1 / Motivation For This Study --- p.1 / Study Objectives --- p.2 / What Is Chinese Soup? --- p.3 / What Kind Of Chinese Soup To Prepare --- p.5 / Research Output --- p.7 / Hong Kong Canned Soup Market --- p.8 / Vancouver --- p.11 / Canada: An Introduction --- p.11 / British Columbia --- p.12 / Demographics Of Chinese In Vancouver --- p.13 / Lifestyles Of Chinese In Vancouver --- p.16 / The Chinese Diet --- p.18 / Food Availability In Vancouver --- p.18 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.22 / The Role Of Soup In The Chinese Family Meal --- p.22 / Traditional Chinese Food Concepts --- p.23 / Cold-Hot Classification --- p.24 / All Foods Are Medicinal --- p.24 / Body Base --- p.25 / The Principles Of Soup Preparation And The Importance of Soup To Hong Kong People --- p.26 / Acceptance Of Traditional Food Concepts In Overseas Chinese Communities --- p.27 / Bibliography --- p.30 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.31 / Chapter IV. --- SURVEY FINDINGS --- p.34 / Demographics --- p.34 / Survey Findings : Hong Kong --- p.37 / Summary Of Findings : Hong Kong --- p.64 / Survey Findings : Vancouver --- p.66 / Summary Of Findings : Vancouver --- p.92 / Comparison Of Findings In Hong Kong And Vancouver --- p.94 / Chapter V. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.96 / Hong Kong And Vancouver --- p.96 / Product --- p.98 / Price --- p.99 / Place --- p.100 / Packaging --- p.101 / Promotion --- p.101 / Advertising --- p.103 / APPENDIX --- p.105

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Delores H. Chambers / The challenge with reduced sodium foods is finding a suitable sodium replacement that delivers a salty flavor without extraneous off flavors. Potassium chloride (KCl), a commonly used salt replacer, when used in conjunction with sodium chloride, can be perceived as salty; however to some people, KCl tastes bitter or metallic. The hypothesis for this research was the belief that a majority of people do not describe the flavors associated with KCl as bitter, metallic, or other possible negative terms. The objectives were 1) To determine the impact of KCl addition on the saltiness, bitterness, and other sensory characteristics in model soup systems using a trained descriptive analysis panel and 2) To determine what words are most frequently chosen by consumers to describe flavors associated with KCl. There were two studies conducted; 1) The first study examined the basic taste intensities in samples with varying levels (19%-41%) of total sodium ions and samples with a set total sodium ion level (19%) and varying levels of KCl (0%-0.75%) in model soup systems in order to understand the potential interaction of KCl on the perceived saltiness of NaCl. The degree to which KCl can be used in reducing total sodium ion levels without adversely affecting the basic taste sensory properties was also examined. Panelists evaluated the samples using the Sensory Spectrum® method. Salt, sour, bitter, umami, and metallic attributes were rated for chicken broth. Salt, sweet, sour, and bitter attributes were rated for tomato soup. 2) The second study examined the consumer language used to describe the flavors associated with KCl when used in a reduced sodium model soup system. Focus group participants generated the initial list of flavor descriptors for high (0.75%) KCl levels in chicken broth. A larger consumer study was conducted with subjects pre-screened for sensitivity to KCl Consumers were given reduced sodium chicken broth or tomato soup without KCl and another sample with 0.45% KCl, labelled Flavor A. Subjects then chose all of the descriptors from a pre-selected list that describe Flavor A, the flavors associated with KCl. Comparisons in language descriptor selection were made among ethnic groups (African American, Hispanic, Caucasian, and Asian), gender, and age groups. As an example, among ethnic groups, for chicken broth, Hispanics chose the salty descriptor less frequently than the other ethnic groups, whereas Asians chose the salty descriptor more frequently than the other ethnic groups. The trained descriptive analysis panel did not find an increase in bitterness perception as KCl levels increased. Consumers frequently selected characterizing flavor terms to describe flavors associated with KCl and rarely selected bitterness, metallic or other potentially negative terms to describe KCl flavor. The significance of these findings is that there may be a higher potential for sodium reduction in the food industry using KCl as a sodium ion replacer.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a concentração de Phe em 22 amostras de sopas desidratadas instantâneas, por serem úteis na diversificação do cardápio de fenilcetonúricos. Foi analisada a concentração de glutamato monossódico (GMS) por ser uma provável fonte de N não protéico (NNP) que pode resultar em concentrações protéicas superestimadas. A concentração de proteína real estimada foi realizada após precipitação da proteína com TCA 10%, seguida da análise do N pelo método de Kjeldahl, o qual foi convertido para proteína por um fator de conversão (Fc) adequado. A legislação Brasileira estabelece um Fc de 5,75 para proteínas vegetais, 6,25 para proteínas da carne e misturas de proteínas e 6,38 para proteínas lácteas. A concentração de GMS foi determinada por método enzimático com eletrodo sensível a amônia. A concentração de proteína bruta (N totalxFc) variou entre 6,05 e 21,51%, tendo sido estes valores, na maioria das vezes, similares aos declarados no rótulo, indicando que os fabricantes utilizam o N totalxFc para expressar o conteúdo protéico. A concentração protéica real estimada foi baixa, variando entre 1,28 e 16,31%. A concentração de NNP teve uma variação de 0,33 a 1,27g/100g de amostra, representando de 11,10 a 81,33% do NT presente. A concentração de GMS variou entre 1,01 e 7,86g/100g de amostra, sendo que o N proveniente deste realçador de sabor contribuiu com 2,53 a 47,71% na quantidade total de N. A diferença entre a concentração de proteína bruta e real estimada se deve à presença de NNP, na forma de GMS. Com base nos valores protéicos reais estimados, foram calculados os teores de Phe que variaram entre 51,16 e 652,24mg de Phe/100g de amostra. Assim, recomenda-se que todos os alimentos adicionados de realçadores de sabor sejam analisados quanto à concentração de proteína real para que a Phe seja corretamente estimada. / The aim of this work was to estimate the concentration of Phe in 22 samples of commercially available dehydrated soups, as they are useful to add variety to the diet for phenilketonurics. The monosodium glutamate (MSG) contents had been analyzed as it is a likely source of non protein N (NPN) that might result in overestimated protein contents. The true protein content was accomplished after protein precipitation with 10% TCA and followed by N analysis according to the Kjeldahl method, which was converted to protein by a suitable conversion factor (Fc). The Brazilian legislation establishes a Fc of 5,75 for vegetables proteins, 6,25 for meat and blended proteins and 6,38 for milk proteins. The MSG concentration was determined by an enzymatic method employing an ammonia gas-sensitive electrode. The crude protein content (total NxFc) varied from 6,05 to 21,51% and were similar, in most cases, to those stated on the label, showing that manufacturers use total NxFc to express the protein content. Nevertheless, the true protein content was low, varying from 1,28 to 16,31%. The NPN concentration varied from 0,33 to 1,27g/100g of sample, which represents from 11,10 to 81,33% of the existing total N. The MSG concentration varied from 1,01 to 7,86g/100g of sample; the N arose from this flavor enhancer gives about 2,53 to 47,71% of the total quantity of N. The difference between the crude protein and true protein contents is due to the presence of MSG-like NPN. The Phe concentrations were calculated in accordance with the true protein values and varied from 51,16 to 652,24 mg/100g of sample. Thus, we recommend the analysis of all flavor-enhancer-added foods, in order to get reliable results for Phe estimation from the protein contents.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a concentração de Phe em 22 amostras de sopas desidratadas instantâneas, por serem úteis na diversificação do cardápio de fenilcetonúricos. Foi analisada a concentração de glutamato monossódico (GMS) por ser uma provável fonte de N não protéico (NNP) que pode resultar em concentrações protéicas superestimadas. A concentração de proteína real estimada foi realizada após precipitação da proteína com TCA 10%, seguida da análise do N pelo método de Kjeldahl, o qual foi convertido para proteína por um fator de conversão (Fc) adequado. A legislação Brasileira estabelece um Fc de 5,75 para proteínas vegetais, 6,25 para proteínas da carne e misturas de proteínas e 6,38 para proteínas lácteas. A concentração de GMS foi determinada por método enzimático com eletrodo sensível a amônia. A concentração de proteína bruta (N totalxFc) variou entre 6,05 e 21,51%, tendo sido estes valores, na maioria das vezes, similares aos declarados no rótulo, indicando que os fabricantes utilizam o N totalxFc para expressar o conteúdo protéico. A concentração protéica real estimada foi baixa, variando entre 1,28 e 16,31%. A concentração de NNP teve uma variação de 0,33 a 1,27g/100g de amostra, representando de 11,10 a 81,33% do NT presente. A concentração de GMS variou entre 1,01 e 7,86g/100g de amostra, sendo que o N proveniente deste realçador de sabor contribuiu com 2,53 a 47,71% na quantidade total de N. A diferença entre a concentração de proteína bruta e real estimada se deve à presença de NNP, na forma de GMS. Com base nos valores protéicos reais estimados, foram calculados os teores de Phe que variaram entre 51,16 e 652,24mg de Phe/100g de amostra. Assim, recomenda-se que todos os alimentos adicionados de realçadores de sabor sejam analisados quanto à concentração de proteína real para que a Phe seja corretamente estimada. / The aim of this work was to estimate the concentration of Phe in 22 samples of commercially available dehydrated soups, as they are useful to add variety to the diet for phenilketonurics. The monosodium glutamate (MSG) contents had been analyzed as it is a likely source of non protein N (NPN) that might result in overestimated protein contents. The true protein content was accomplished after protein precipitation with 10% TCA and followed by N analysis according to the Kjeldahl method, which was converted to protein by a suitable conversion factor (Fc). The Brazilian legislation establishes a Fc of 5,75 for vegetables proteins, 6,25 for meat and blended proteins and 6,38 for milk proteins. The MSG concentration was determined by an enzymatic method employing an ammonia gas-sensitive electrode. The crude protein content (total NxFc) varied from 6,05 to 21,51% and were similar, in most cases, to those stated on the label, showing that manufacturers use total NxFc to express the protein content. Nevertheless, the true protein content was low, varying from 1,28 to 16,31%. The NPN concentration varied from 0,33 to 1,27g/100g of sample, which represents from 11,10 to 81,33% of the existing total N. The MSG concentration varied from 1,01 to 7,86g/100g of sample; the N arose from this flavor enhancer gives about 2,53 to 47,71% of the total quantity of N. The difference between the crude protein and true protein contents is due to the presence of MSG-like NPN. The Phe concentrations were calculated in accordance with the true protein values and varied from 51,16 to 652,24 mg/100g of sample. Thus, we recommend the analysis of all flavor-enhancer-added foods, in order to get reliable results for Phe estimation from the protein contents.