Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2004. / Advisor: Zhi-Quan (Tom) Luo. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-97). Also available via World Wide Web.

A year-long study was conducted in Pinal County, Arizona to characterize fine and coarse particulate matter as a means of furthering our understanding of ambient concentrations and composition in rural, arid environments. Detailed measurement of ambient fine and coarse mass, ion, metal, and carbon concentrations at one-in-six day resolution was conducted at three sites from February 2009 to February 2010. Detailed organic carbon speciation was collected at 5-week resolution. A series of samples representing native soil, agricultural soil, road dust, and cattle feed lot material was collected, resuspended in the laboratory, and analyzed to provide a chemical source profile for each soil type yielding insights into unique source signatures. Observations within the chemical speciation data and subsequent modeling analysis show a strong impact from local sources at the Cowtown site where mass concentrations are highest. Source apportionment results confirm the significant impact from the cattle feedlot adjacent to the site. Chemical analysis of ambient particles and local feedlot material shows the presence of chemical marker species including phosphate which is unique to this source. Fugitive dust is a significant contributor to ambient particulate matter concentrations at all monitoring locations. Seasonal observations show higher concentrations during tilling and harvesting indicating the large role agricultural sources play on particle concentrations in this area. Chemical characterization and modeling show that re-entrained road dust is a significant factor. Fine particle modeling results indicate that concentrations are influenced significantly by motor vehicles including impacts from direct emissions including brake wear and indirect emissions including resuspended road dust. A significant fraction is also associated with crustal sources while about 5 g/m3 appears to be transported into the region from beyond the air shed. Detailed analysis of the local monsoon season indicates that monsoon rains serve to clean the atmosphere resulting in a marked decrease in ambient coarse mass and resulted in a period where local coarse PM concentrations measured at all sites became more uniform. The monsoon season also featured localized high wind events which severely increased coarse PM concentrations and often caused exceedences of the PM National Ambient Air Quality Standard.

A year-long study was conducted in Pinal County, Arizona to characterize fine and coarse particulate matter as a means of furthering our understanding of ambient concentrations and composition in rural, arid environments. Detailed measurement of ambient fine and coarse mass, ion, metal, and carbon concentrations at one-in-six day resolution was conducted at three sites from February 2009 to February 2010. Detailed organic carbon speciation was collected at 5-week resolution. A series of samples representing native soil, agricultural soil, road dust, and cattle feed lot material was collected, resuspended in the laboratory, and analyzed to provide a chemical source profile for each soil type yielding insights into unique source signatures. Observations within the chemical speciation data and subsequent modeling analysis show a strong impact from local sources at the Cowtown site where mass concentrations are highest. Source apportionment results confirm the significant impact from the cattle feedlot adjacent to the site. Chemical analysis of ambient particles and local feedlot material shows the presence of chemical marker species including phosphate which is unique to this source. Fugitive dust is a significant contributor to ambient particulate matter concentrations at all monitoring locations. Seasonal observations show higher concentrations during tilling and harvesting indicating the large role agricultural sources play on particle concentrations in this area. Chemical characterization and modeling show that re-entrained road dust is a significant factor. Fine particle modeling results indicate that concentrations are influenced significantly by motor vehicles including impacts from direct emissions including brake wear and indirect emissions including resuspended road dust. A significant fraction is also associated with crustal sources while about 5 g/m3 appears to be transported into the region from beyond the air shed. Detailed analysis of the local monsoon season indicates that monsoon rains serve to clean the atmosphere resulting in a marked decrease in ambient coarse mass and resulted in a period where local coarse PM concentrations measured at all sites became more uniform. The monsoon season also featured localized high wind events which severely increased coarse PM concentrations and often caused exceedences of the PM National Ambient Air Quality Standard.

Le but est de développer d'un cadriciel permettant de définir les transformations de code source que nous jugeons judicieuses et sur la base de métriques dynamiques.Ce cadriciel sera ensuite intégré à la suite d'outil MAQAO, développée à l'UVSQ/ECR.Nous présentons des transformations source-à-source automatique guidées par l'utilisateur ansi que par les métriques dynamiques qui proviennent des différents outils d'analyse de MAQAO, afin de pouvoir travailler à la fois sur des objets sources et binaires.Ce cadriciel peut aussi servir de pré-processeur pour simplifier le développement en permettant d'effectuer certaines transformations simples mais chronophage et sources d'erreurs (i.e.: spécialisation de boucle ou fonction). / Our goal is to develop a framework allowing the definition of source code transformations based on dynamic metrics.This framework be integrated to the MAQAO tool suite developed at the UVSQ / ECR.We present a set of source-to-source transformations guidable by the end user and by the dynamic metrics coming from the various MAQAO tools in order to work at source and binary levels.This framework can also be used as a pre-processor to simplify the development by enabling to perform cleanly and automatically some simple but time-consuming and error-prone transformations (i.e .: loop/function specialization, ...).

This dissertation introduces a novel approach for exposing the internal, source-level expressions of circuits generated by high-level synthesis (HLS) for in-circuit debug. The approach uses source-to-source transformations to instrument specific source-level expressions with debug ports. These debug ports allow a user to connect a debugging instrument (e.g. an embedded logic analyzer) to record the activity of the expression corresponding to the debug port. This dissertation demonstrates that a debugging solution based on these source-to-source transformations is feasible and that individual debug ports can be added for a cost of a 1-2% increase in circuit area on average. It also introduces another transformation that permits pointer-valued expressions to be instrumented for debug. It is demonstrated that all pointers in the CHStone benchmarks can be instrumented for an average 4% increase in circuit area. The debug port transformations are demonstrated on two HLS tools – Vivado HLS and Legup. The architecture of the source-to-source compiler allowed the necessary adaptations for the second tool (Legup) to be implemented using a minimal amount of additional code. Due to limitations in the Legup compiler an additional optimization was added to reduce the latency overhead incurred by the debug ports. User manuals and other documentation from 10 additional C-based HLS tools is examined to determine whether they are amenable to debug instrumentation using the source-to-source transformations. Of the 10 additional HLS tools examined, 6 were amenable to the transformations, 3 were likely to be amenable, and 1 was not. This dissertation estimates the cost of a complete debugging solution (i.e. one with debug ports and a debugging instrument) and identifies a possible worst case bound for adding debug ports. Finally, this dissertation analyzes two different debugging instruments and determines which instrument would be best for most HLS circuit mapped to FPGAs. It then estimates the overhead of this debugging solution.

<p>The goal of this project is to create a source-to-source compiler which will translate NestStep code to C code. The compiler's job is to replace NestStep constructs with a series of function calls to the NestStep runtime system. NestStep is a parallel programming language extension based on the BSP model. It adds constructs for parallel programming on top of an imperative programming language. For this project, only constructs extending the C language are relevant. The output code will compile to form an executable program that runs on the multicore processor Cell Broadband Engine (Cell BE). The NestStep runtime system has been ported to the Cell BE and is available from start of this project.</p>

One of the most important parameters affecting hydrogen production in photofermentation process is the type of carbon and nitrogen sources. For this reason in this research, the effect of different nitrogen sources (5mM ammonium chloride and 2mM glutamate) and acetate concentrations (40

In this report we evaluate different techniques for increasing the performance of an interpreted processing language in a telecommunication system, called Billing Gateway R8. We have implemented a prototype in which we first translate the language into C++ code, and then compile it using a C++ compiler. In our prototype we experienced a threefold increase in processing throughput, compared to the original system, when running on a Symmetric Multi Processor with four CPU:s that were under full load. The prototype also showed better scalability than Billing Gateway R8, due to less use of dynamic memory management.

The goal of this project is to create a source-to-source compiler which will translate NestStep code to C code. The compiler's job is to replace NestStep constructs with a series of function calls to the NestStep runtime system. NestStep is a parallel programming language extension based on the BSP model. It adds constructs for parallel programming on top of an imperative programming language. For this project, only constructs extending the C language are relevant. The output code will compile to form an executable program that runs on the multicore processor Cell Broadband Engine (Cell BE). The NestStep runtime system has been ported to the Cell BE and is available from start of this project.

The design of high-performance computing architectures requires performance analysis of largescale parallel applications to derive various parameters concerning hardware design and software development. The process of performance analysis and benchmarking an application can be done in several ways with varying degrees of fidelity. One of the most cost-effective ways is to do a coarse-grained study of large-scale parallel applications through the use of program skeletons. The concept of a “program skeleton” that we discuss in this paper is an abstracted program that is derived from a larger program where source code that is determined to be irrelevant is removed for the purposes of the skeleton. In this work, we develop a semi-automatic approach for extracting program skeletons based on compiler program analysis. We demonstrate correctness of our skeleton extraction process by comparing details from communication traces, as well as show the performance speedup of using skeletons by running simulations in the SST/macro simulator. Extracting such a program skeleton from a large-scale parallel program requires a substantial amount of manual effort and often introduces human errors. We outline a semi-automatic approach for extracting program skeletons from large-scale parallel applications that reduces cost and eliminates errors inherent in manual approaches. Our skeleton generation approach is based on the use of the extensible and open-source ROSE compiler infrastructure that allows us to perform flow and dependency analysis on larger programs in order to determine what code can be removed from the program to generate a skeleton.