In the chapters that follow, the porous boundary between the public and the private in Jeremy Cronin’s poetry is investigated in his three collections, Inside (1983), Even the Dead: Poems, Parables and a Jeremiad (1996) and More Than a Casual Contact (2006). I argue two particular Marxist theorists are central to reading Cronin’s poetry: Bertolt Brecht, and his notion of the Verfremdungseffekt, and Walter Benjamin and his work on historical materialism, primarily the essay On the Concept of History / Theses on the Philosophy of History (1940). Both theorists focus on the work of art in a historically contextualized manner, which extends the challenge to the boundary between the public and the private. Their work is underpinned by the desire to draw out hidden narratives occluded under the grand narratives of history and capitalist ideas of progress. I argue that these are the major preoccupations in Cronin’s oeuvre as well. As such Cronin’s poetry may be seen to write against a perspective that proposes a linear conceptualisation of history. The poetry therefore challenges the notion that art speaks of ‘universal truths.’ Such ideas of History and Truth, if viewed uncritically, allow for a tendency to conceive of the past as unchanging, which subconsciously promotes the idea that social and political realities are merely logical evolutionary steps. I argue that Cronin’s poetry is thus purposefully interruptive in the way that it confronts the damaging consequences of the linear conceptualisation of history and the universal truth it promotes. His work attempts to find new ways of connection and expression through learning from South Africa’s violent past. The significance of understanding each other and the historical environment as opposed to imposing perspectives that underwrite the symbolic order requires the transformation rather than the simple transferral of power, and is a central focus throughout Cronin’s oeuvre. This position suggests that while the struggle for political freedom may be over, the necessity to rethink how South Africans relate to each other is only beginning. Chapter One will focus on positioning Cronin, the poet and public figure, in South African literature and literary criticism. In this regard, two general trends have operated as critical paradigms in the study of South African poetry, namely Formalism (or ‘prac crit’) and a Marxist inflected materialism, which have in many ways perpetuated the division between the private and the public. This has resulted in poetry being read with an exclusive focus on either one of these two aspects, overlooking the possibilities of dialogue that may take place between them. Cronin’s perspective on these polarised responses will be discussed, which will illustrate the similarity of his position to Ndebele’s notion of the ‘ordinary’ which suggests a way beyond these binaries. This will lead to a discussion of how South African poets responded to the transition phase, suggesting that the elements of the polarisation still remained. Considering the major influences and paradigms when reading Cronin’s oeuvre provides a foundation for the following three chapters. These include Cronin’s use of Romanticism, Bertolt Brecht and the V-Effekt and Walter Benjamin’s perspectives on historical materialism. In addition to these three theoretical paradigms, the relevance of Pablo Neruda’s poetry to Cronin’s work is also foregrounded. In Chapter Two, the focus will be on Cronin’s first collection of poetry, Inside, concentrating on Cronin’s use of language as a way of constructing poetry in the sparseness of the prison experience. This will show an abiding preoccupation of learning to speak in a language that considers the material context out of which it emerges. In this regard, the poems “Poem-Shrike” “Prologue” and “Cave-site” are analysed. In addition, one of the central poems in Cronin’s oeuvre, “To learn how to speak […],” will be examined in order to illustrate how the poet extends this project on a meta-poetic level, asking for South African poets to ‘learn how to speak’ in the voices of South African experience and histories. I will show how this is linked to Cronin’s “Walking on Air” which illustrates how the V-Effeckt recovers the small private histories through re-telling the life story of James Matthews, a fellow prisoner incarcerated for his anti-apartheid activism, revealing how this story is intimately connected to the public sphere. In Chapter Three, Cronin’s second collection: Even the Dead: Poems, Parables and a Jeremiad will be examined. In the poem “Three Reasons for a Mixed, Umrabulo, Round-the-Corner Poetry” Cronin resists inherited Western poetic conventions by incorporating and subverting versions of the Romantic aesthetic, arguing for poetry to be immersed in South African multi-lingual and multi-cultural experiences. “Even the Dead” reveals how Cronin uses Walter Benjamin’s perspectives on historical materialism to confront amnesia. In terms of the themes established in “To learn how to speak […]”, the poem “Moorage” demonstrates how the public and private can never be separated in Cronin’s work. The final section of this chapter will examine how Cronin responds to Pablo Neruda’s poems “I am explaining a few things” and “The Education of a Chieftain,” and how these poems challenge narratives that privilege the ‘great leader’ instead of the so-called smaller individuals’ stories. Chapter Four examines selections from Cronin’s third collection, focusing on Cronin’s use of the automobile, charting an ambiguous trajectory through the ‘new’ South Africa. The examination of the poems “Where to begin?”, “Switchback” and “End of the century - which is why wipers,” all attempt to include individuals left on the margins of the narrative of global freeways and neo-liberal capitalist progress. The poems present an interrogation of how ‘vision’ is constructed. This will show that the poetry responds to the experiences of the marginalised under these grand narratives in a primarily fragmentary and interruptive manner. This in effect constitutes the culmination of Cronin’s poetic journey and the search for new ways of envisaging South Africa’s future and finding a new language with which to speak it.

The battle of wheat against pests and pathogens can be strengthened by genetically engineering the wheat plant for disease tolerance, e.g. by enhancing the expression of chitinase and â-1,3-glucanase genes. In order to obtain this long-term goal, an efficient tissue culture system, as well .as an optimal transformation procedure, was produced. Fourteen spring and winter hard-red South African wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were compared for their regeneration and transient anthocyanin expression efficiencies. Embryonic and non-embryonic callus, as well as plantlets were obtained from all the cultivars using a modified MS basal medium supplied with 5 mg/L BAP. The modified ML3 medium could not sustain callus or plantlet development from any of the cultivars. The cultivars exhibiting the most vigorous growth were 'Betta' Dn2 and 'Gamtoos' (spring wheat), and 'Palmiet' Lr29 and 'Tugela' (winter wheat). These cultivars are, therefore, the most suitable for tissue culture establishment. The particle bombardment system was efficiently optimised using the anthocyanin reporter gene cloned into the pHP 687 vector. It was found that the optimal distance between the micro-carrier assembly and target material should not exceed 13 cm. A helium pressure of 1 400 kPa produced the highest percentage of anthocyanin expression, the most foci per embryo/callus and the least amount of tissue damage. The age of the target material was found to be an important determining factor during bombardment and, thus, the age of target material should not exceed 3 weeks. The cultivars most suitable for transformation were 'Palmiet', 'Palmiet' Dn1, 'Palmiet' Dn2 and 'Palmiet' Dn5. Bombardment with small particles, namely 1 µm tungsten and 1 µm gold, resulted in efficient penetration of the target cells and relatively little tissue damage. This, in tum, enabled the bombarded tissue to express a high percentage of anthocyanin. If was further found that the cultivar bombarded is receptive towards the particles used. The material subjected to selection after bombardment should contain a large amount of cells transiently expressing anthocyanin. Plantlets could not be recovered from the material bombarded with anthocyanin since the applied selection procedure was too strict. Material bombarded with chitinase and J3-1,3¬glucanase are differentiating more efficiently and appears to survive the strict selection pressure. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Genetics / unrestricted

Bibliography: p. 165-171. / South African Airways, the National Airline of the Republic of South Africa, is but one of the five transport services owned by the State, and operated and controlled by the South African Railways and Harbours Administration, a division of the Ministry of Transport. This thesis, traces the administrative and organizational development of the Railways and Harbours Administration, and particularly the establishment of South African Airways, as a departmental undertaking within the Railways and Harbours Administration; examines other airline ownership possibilities, and submits that the government department as an administrative unit is unsuitable for the entrepreneurial activities of an airline organisation; that consequently, South African Airways should extricate itself from the Railways and Harbours Administration, which is primarily concerned with surface modes of transportation within the Republic; and that ownership and control thereof, vest rather in a public corporation, an organizational device of some importance in South Africa, even for major public enterprises, and enjoying significant advantages.

This dissertation explores the notion of decolonial reconstruction to promote the decolonising process in South Africa. Decolonial reconstruction entails the creation of a new South African society through a clear paradigmatic shift from a Eurocentric one to a decolonising paradigm. Decolonising is required in South Africa due to its colonial past, as well as the fact that contemporary South African society is neocolonial. In order to change the neocolonial status quo, it is necessary to create a decolonising framework. For the purposes of this dissertation the framework will be applied to South African universities. Universities are the focus because they exist as microcosms of the broader South African society. A tetralogy of books by Kenyan author Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o provide the blueprint for the four aspects of the decolonising framework. These four aspects are: decolonising the mind; moving the centre; re-membering Africa; and globalectics. Decolonising the mind addresses the fact that in order to begin decolonising one must start with the minds of the coloniser and colonised and begin to shift their minds away from a colonial or neocolonial paradigm. In terms of the second aspect of the decolonising framework, it is necessary to move the centre away from Eurocentrism towards a multiplicity of centres. Another aspect of the decolonising framework is re-membering Africa, this is pertinent as Africa underwent dismemberment through colonialism which brought about epistemicide. As a result, it is necessary to put African cultures and epistemologies back together by re-membering them. The final aspect of the decolonising framework is to enter into global dialectics so that cultures and epistemologies can learn from each other and come to coexist in a pluraversal world. Through applying this framework to South African universities, they can undertake a decolonising process of decolonial reconstruction that will make them into pluriversities which promote harmony and coexistence. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Jurisprudence / LLM / Unrestricted

In this study the origins and originality of the South African milk tart (melktert) are investigated and used as an artefact of food culture to enable a better understanding of food as a vehicle for identity, food as memory as well as communication through food. Although the milk tart has many roots and was introduced to South Africa by way of different influences, it is the general perception that the milk tart derived from Afrikaner tradition and culture. This is however not entirely founded. Moreover, milk tart has been adopted, adapted, and subsumed by women of different cultures and backgrounds into South African heritage. It has been indigenized to such an extent that it is now considered a national treasure regardless of background and even commemorated with ‘National Milk Tart Day’. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the South African milk tart through a model that includes three sequential stages – introduction, adaptation and subsuming – in the process of indigenization of food identities when different cultures meet. This model, borrowed from the Philippines, interprets the term “indigenization” as food being the product of having been influenced by that of many others. Like the Philippines, South Africa was also exposed to many other culinary traditions and influences and thus this approach is appropriate in tracking the journey of the milk tart over time and continents until it became a household name and was subsumed as part of everyday life in South Africa. At the crux of the matter lie questions of identity, belonging and heritage which arise at the intersection of food culture and history. Food has the power to shape place, time and social interaction if one analyses the complex and dynamic ways that gender is expressed in food and cooking. In this dissertation recipe books and food writings are used as primary sources to investigate the origin and originality of milk tart, and the trans-cultural role it played for women across the cultural divide. Given the reservations that exist regarding record keeping and in particular where household matters are concerned, this study has adopted a wider and “more generous and more inclusive archival lens.” In researching this history, the local recipe books, compiled predominantly by women, are used as “the archive” that reflects on the context, ingredients and methods germane to them along with the silenced voices that partook in the process. The milk tart recipe books are thus the diaries, the memory bank, and in effect a gendered food archive that reflects as a particular identity marker within the South African context along with the “other” within this domain. / Dissertation (MSocSci (History))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation / Historical and Heritage Studies / MSocSci (History) / Unrestricted

Abusive head trauma from shaking is a recognised common cause of fatal head injury in young children globally, although there is little evidence of its occurrence in South Africa. This is perplexing given that the country has amongst the highest reported under-five child mortality and infanticide rates worldwide. To determine whether infants under one-year are violently shaken, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 385 mothers and other primary female caregivers (ages 18 to 60 years; mean age = 27 years) from three high-risk communities in Cape Town. Semi-structured interviews were used to examine: (1) the incidence of shaking, (2) the triggers for shaking, (3) the risk factors for shaking, thoughts of shaking, and knowledge of the dangers of shaking, and (4) the methods used to console crying infants. Results showed that 13.2% (n = 51) of all participants self-reported violent shaking, and 20% (n = 77) had thoughts of shaking their infants. Following a content analysis, three primary triggers for shaking were identified, these were: inconsolable infant crying, feeling angry or frustrated, and being stressed. Findings from a thematic analysis also showed that shaking occurred during a momentary loss of control, and participants seemed to have limited support at the time. The results from three hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that (1) alcohol use, infant age, a lower knowledge of the dangers of shaking, inconsolable crying, and having thoughts of shaking, predicted shaking, (2) caregiver age, infant age, knowledge of the dangers of shaking, and caregiver responses to infant crying, predicted having thoughts of shaking, and (3) social support, caregiver history of childhood abuse, and having thoughts of shaking, predicted knowledge of the dangers of shaking. Finally, a content analysis revealed three protective factors for infant crying, these were: (1) having easy, contented children, (2) not feeling stressed in response to infant crying, and (3) leaving an infant alone to self-soothe. Taken together, the current findings have programmatic implications that may help prevent the violent shaking of young children in South Africa.

This dissertation is animated by an interest in the investigation required to establish whether a specific work, be it a literary work, artistic work or published edition, created prior to the enactment of the current South African Copyright Act 98 of 1978, is eligible for copyright protection today. The main objective is to outline the historical development of the transitional provisions provided in South African copyright legislation and the approach adopted by our courts when applying them. This study aims to re-interrogate the application of the transitional provisions to pre-1979 works with a specific focus on the re-evaluation of the opinion and approach set forth by O.H. Dean in the year 1988, regarding the application of the transitional provisions and how the courts should go about implementing these provisions. This re-interrogation requires investigating which provisions should be considered in establishing whether pre-1979 works are presently eligible for copyright protection, in what context and manner those provisions are applicable and how our courts have, in reported case law, gone about implementing them. In order to conduct the aforementioned investigation, the provisions should first be placed in their historical context, which requires tracing the historical development and impact of the copyright transitional provisions first provided in the 1916 Act, to those presently provided in the 1978 Act. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Private Law / LLM / Unrestricted

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters (Criminology) in the Department of Criminal Justice, at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014 / South Africa is currently a country in crisis. A strike of around 1.3 million public-sector employees, which started on the 18 the August 2011, was and still is causing chaos in the country. Government institutions such as hospitals and schools are closed due to strikes (The Wall Street Journal. 2011). Due to the frustration of the communities because of lack of service deliveries most of these strikes and gatherings becomes violent and destructive. The researcher has identified a major gap with the current curriculum utilized for the basic training of trainees in the South African Police Service. The curriculum mostly consists of theoretical presentations, especially with regard to crowd management. There is no practical training presented on how to manage crowds, and there is no presentation of the equipment that can be utilized and how it can be used to handle crowd management and unrest related incidents. All police officials are ultimately responsible for maintaining law and order and therefore the researcher believes that it is extremely important that trainees should be introduced to crowd management and unrest incidents during basic training. This will enable them to have the necessary skills to handle unrest situation should they be faced with it at station levels. This will enhance service delivery for the whole SAPS, as all police officials will know how to manage crowds.

Abstract not available

Faculty of Humanities School of Human and Community Development 9505866y bowmab@unisa.ac.za / Through an analysis informed by the genealogical method as derived from Foucault (1980a), this study examines the discourses and material conditions that have produced the South African paedophile. Archival texts and contemporary discursive matter are critically analysed against the backdrop of the material conditions of political possibility with which they intersected to construct the paedophile of the South African present. The study traces constructions of the paedophile as a relatively innocuous nuisance in a selected sequence of past historical periods through to the recidivism, sexual malice and aggression that define its contemporary characterisations. In South Africa, practices such as surveillance and disciplines the likes of demography and psychology became integral to the effective management and regulation of a distinctly racialised population. It was precisely through these forms of apartheid governance and power that the conditions for the emergence of the paedophile in South Africa were produced. This early paedophilia threatened the future purity of South African whiteness and therefore the integrity of the apartheid state. The racialised constructions of sexuality of the time precluded the assimilation of blackness into the discursive matrix of paedophiliac desire. The impending collapse of apartheid signalled the reconstitution of black children. While apartheid constructed black children as posing a fundamental threat to white hegemony, discourses beginning in the mid 1980s repositioned them as vulnerable victims of apartheid itself. It was from within these discourses that child sexual abuse (CSA) as a public health concern began to crystallise. Paedophilia however, remained a powerful component of this burgeoning discourse. Locating blackness within the fields of discipline and desire, in turn produced the material conditions for an everexpanding net of paedophiliac suspicion. This new biopolitical dispensation affixes the paedophiliac crime to all in its scope, such that the symptomatic desire of the once peripherally pathological paedophile can now be insinuated into the fantasies and practices of all of the citizens of a recently “liberated” and democratic South Africa.