A pesquisa apresenta uma análise sobre as Políticas Públicas de Inclusão em Diadema, focalizadas nas pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais, que estão incluídas nas escolas regulares. Para analisar as ações implantadas nas três Gestões estudadas, abrangendo o período de 1993 a 2004, a atuação dos professores especializados do Centro de Atenção à Inclusão Social foi relevante. Nos procedimentos metodológicos, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, envolvendo a análise dos documentos oficiais e as entrevistas dos professores especializados, embasadas nos marcos teóricos da gestão democrática, da inclusão, da formação docente e do projeto político-pedagógico emancipador. Uma das hipóteses do trabalho era que a opção por uma escola inclusiva impõe desafios na superação da dicotomia entre a Educação Especial e Comum, não limitada à implantação de serviços de apoio, necessários, porém insuficientes. Diante das desigualdades sociais, ocultadas sob o discurso da igualdade e da diferença, a educação para todos revela-se de forma multifacetada. Abordar os avanços e os impasses na construção da escola de todos e para todos possibilitou rever o papel dos serviços de apoio especializado na construção dos parceiros necessários para atender à demanda dos alunos com NEE. Essa articulação efetivamente é sustentada na democratização da gestão, na ruptura das barreiras do trabalho coletivo, que precisa garantir a superação das práticas fragmentadas e descontextualizadas, resultantes do modelo clínico, historicamente presente na Educação Especial, mesmo numa cidade de vanguarda como Diadema. / The research shows an analysis about the Political Policies of Inclusion in Diadema, focused on the people with special educational needs who are included in the regular schools. In order to analyze the actions implemented in the three studied administrations, from 1993 to 2004, the action of specialized teachers from the Social Inclusion Attention Center was relevant. In the methodological procedures, the qualitative research was chosen and the official documents analysis and specialized teacher interviews were also taken into account. The research was based on theoretical basis of the democratic administration, the inclusion, the teaching staff training and the emancipative pedagogic political project. One of the hypotheses was that the option for an inclusive school imposes challenges in the overcome of the dichotomy between Special and Regular Education, not limited to the needed but insufficient support service implementation. As the social inequalities are hidden behind the speech of the equality and difference, the education for everybody appears in multifaceted ways. Approaching the improvements and impasses in the construction of a school of everybody and for everybody enabled to review the specialized support service role in the construction of the needed partnership to attend the special educational need student demand. This articulation is effectively sustained within the democratization of the administration, the break of barriers to the collective work that need to guarantee the overcoming of fragmented and discontextualized practices, consequence of a clinic model, historically presented in the Special Education, even in a vanguard city like Diadema.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Elisabete Bernardes Fonseca.pdf: 220475 bytes, checksum: ac455d04f8e2d148bc035a987745c62f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / A fruição artística por meio da música é um modo privilegiado de conhecimento e aproximação entre indivíduos de culturas distintas. A música pode enriquecer o trabalho pedagógico, facilitando a compreensão dos fatos históricos e atuando na formação de sujeitos críticos e conscientes, agentes de seu próprio conhecimento, em um plano que vai além do discurso verbal. A área de música tem uma função importante a cumprir. A música situa o fazer artístico do homem histórico brasileiro, que conhece suas características tanto particulares, tal como se mostram na criação de uma arte brasileira, quanto universais, tal como se revelam no ponto de encontro do fazer dos artistas de todos os tempos, que sempre inauguram formas de tornar o presente explicável. Pode-se concluir da importância da música na prática escolar, que deve ter espaço garantido nas políticas educacionais. O objetivo desta pesquisa, nessa perspectiva, é verificar as recomendações dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN-Arte) fazem quanto ao estudo da música e em que medida tais recomendações se expressam na prática educacional de escolas de Ensino Fundamental. Para tanto, explora-se, como referencial teórico escolhido, os estudos de Montanari (1988) e Barbosa (1983). É uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e se desenvolve por meio de estudos bibliográficos relacionados à temática, incluindo o PCN-Arte, e também da coleta de dados entre professores polivalentes. Os dados obtidos são objeto de análise de conteúdo, de acordo com as orientações de Szymanski, Almeida & Prandini (2004), sendo que as categorias examinadas emergiram dos depoimentos dos entrevistados. O estudo enfatiza o quanto é preciso avançar nas políticas educacionais em nosso País.

A pesquisa apresenta uma análise sobre as Políticas Públicas de Inclusão em Diadema, focalizadas nas pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais, que estão incluídas nas escolas regulares. Para analisar as ações implantadas nas três Gestões estudadas, abrangendo o período de 1993 a 2004, a atuação dos professores especializados do Centro de Atenção à Inclusão Social foi relevante. Nos procedimentos metodológicos, optou-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, envolvendo a análise dos documentos oficiais e as entrevistas dos professores especializados, embasadas nos marcos teóricos da gestão democrática, da inclusão, da formação docente e do projeto político-pedagógico emancipador. Uma das hipóteses do trabalho era que a opção por uma escola inclusiva impõe desafios na superação da dicotomia entre a Educação Especial e Comum, não limitada à implantação de serviços de apoio, necessários, porém insuficientes. Diante das desigualdades sociais, ocultadas sob o discurso da igualdade e da diferença, a educação para todos revela-se de forma multifacetada. Abordar os avanços e os impasses na construção da escola de todos e para todos possibilitou rever o papel dos serviços de apoio especializado na construção dos parceiros necessários para atender à demanda dos alunos com NEE. Essa articulação efetivamente é sustentada na democratização da gestão, na ruptura das barreiras do trabalho coletivo, que precisa garantir a superação das práticas fragmentadas e descontextualizadas, resultantes do modelo clínico, historicamente presente na Educação Especial, mesmo numa cidade de vanguarda como Diadema. / The research shows an analysis about the Political Policies of Inclusion in Diadema, focused on the people with special educational needs who are included in the regular schools. In order to analyze the actions implemented in the three studied administrations, from 1993 to 2004, the action of specialized teachers from the Social Inclusion Attention Center was relevant. In the methodological procedures, the qualitative research was chosen and the official documents analysis and specialized teacher interviews were also taken into account. The research was based on theoretical basis of the democratic administration, the inclusion, the teaching staff training and the emancipative pedagogic political project. One of the hypotheses was that the option for an inclusive school imposes challenges in the overcome of the dichotomy between Special and Regular Education, not limited to the needed but insufficient support service implementation. As the social inequalities are hidden behind the speech of the equality and difference, the education for everybody appears in multifaceted ways. Approaching the improvements and impasses in the construction of a school of everybody and for everybody enabled to review the specialized support service role in the construction of the needed partnership to attend the special educational need student demand. This articulation is effectively sustained within the democratization of the administration, the break of barriers to the collective work that need to guarantee the overcoming of fragmented and discontextualized practices, consequence of a clinic model, historically presented in the Special Education, even in a vanguard city like Diadema.

Le contexte social actuel se modifie du fait de la prise en compte de la « situation de handicap » qui implique des aménagements pour développer l’accessibilité, des diversités culturelles et linguistiques liées à l’immigration importante et des technologies de la communication et de l’information. Ces transformations sociales exercent une influence sur l’école et, de ce fait, sur le métier d’enseignant pour lequel de nouveaux référentiels de compétences sont élaborés. Ces référentiels appellent les enseignants à adapter leur pédagogie, à travailler en partenariat et à adapter leur posture pour répondre aux situations singulières qu’ils peuvent rencontrer et développer une éducation inclusive. L’éducation inclusive définie comme un « processus en mouvement » (Bélanger et Duchesne, 2011; Booth et al., 2000) pointe le caractère incontournable de la formation continue pour sa mise en œuvre actualisée et concrète (P. Tremblay, 2012). La formation continue est un des leviers reconnus pour développer cette dynamique et ces nouveaux contextes impliquent une refonte de la formation initiale et de la formation continue des enseignants (Baillat et al., 2010; Maulini et al., 2017). Dans ces formations, c’est la compétence qui est visée, c’est-à-dire l’action des enseignants dans leurs établissements scolaires. Dans cette étude, l’accent est mis sur la formation continue des enseignants missionnés pour mettre en œuvre l’éducation inclusive. En France, ces enseignants sont appelés « enseignants spécialisés ». Ces enseignants ont une formation initiale en enseignement ordinaire et une formation continue certificative spécifique à l’inclusion qui complète cette formation. Or, en France, les offres de formation continue peinent à créer les conditions favorables au développement de l’éducation inclusive (Lair, 2013). Plusieurs facteurs peuvent contribuer à expliquer ce problème, dont ceux liés aux enseignants eux-mêmes tels que leurs postures face à la diversité des élèves (P. Tremblay, 2020), ou ceux liés à l’organisation du plan de formation et par exemple le manque de possibilité d’être remplacé sur leur poste durant le temps de la formation (Guibert et Troger, 2012; Leblanc, 2007; Paris, 2021), ou encore ceux liés au contexte de formation par exemple la situation paradoxale que constitue développer l’éducation inclusive, mais dans le même temps constituer des dossiers qui, implicitement, excluent ces élèves (Trépanier, 2019). Dans un tel contexte, la question de recherche qui a été posée est la suivante : quels types de formation continue permettraient aux enseignants spécialisés de développer leurs compétences pour mettre en œuvre une éducation inclusive en France? Les recherches dans le domaine montrent une variété de types de formation qui sont mis en œuvre en formation continue, dont les ateliers, l’autoformation, la co-formation, la formation par la recherche. Or, les recherches actuelles ne répondent que partiellement à la question de la recherche en ne donnant pas le point de vue des enseignants. Le point de vue des enseignants est important, car ils expriment ainsi, de façon concrète, leur façon de mettre en œuvre leurs pratiques professionnelles inclusives (Barth, 2008; Beckers, 2008; Gilham et Tompkins, 2016; Maubant, 2004; Vergnaud, 2011; Vidal-Gomel et Rogalski, 2007). Afin de répondre à cette question, deux objectifs ont été poursuivis. À partir des dires des enseignants, 1) identifier des catégories d’attributs de situations-exemples réussies d’éducation inclusive ; 2) identifier des catégories d’attributs de formation continue pour développer leurs compétences à mettre en œuvre une éducation inclusive. L’« éducation inclusive » et la « formation continue pour développer leurs compétences à mettre en œuvre une éducation inclusive» sont considérées comme des concepts dont il faut rechercher les attributs. Sur le plan méthodologique, la présente recherche est qualitative. Elle s’intéresse à l’expérience vécue par les participants dans leur contexte d’enseignement réel (Van Der Maren, 2006). Pour cela, nous avons eu recours au questionnaire socio-démographique qui a permis de mieux prendre en compte le contexte professionnel des participants pour mener l’entretien semi-dirigé. Les participants à cette étude ont été huit enseignants spécialisés réputés performants par leur direction. Ces enseignants travaillaient dans un contexte de scolarisation d’élèves rencontrant des difficultés scolaires graves et durables ou persistantes, ou d’élèves en situation de handicap ou d’élèves en milieu carcéral. Les données ont été collectées par l’intermédiaire de questionnaires socio-démographiques et d’entretiens semi-dirigés. La démarche de collecte et d’analyse des données des entretiens semi-dirigés mise en œuvre pour répondre aux objectifs repose sur l’approche de la conceptualisation issue des travaux de recherche de Barth (1993, 2005, 2013, 2015). L’atteinte de ces objectifs a été rendue possible par le recueil et l’analyse d’exemples et de contre-exemples des deux concepts de « éducation inclusive » et de « formation continue pour développer leurs compétences pour œuvrer une éducation inclusive ». Ainsi, à partir d’expériences vécues des huit enseignants, celles-ci ont été comparées pour chercher ce qu’elles ont en commun afin de déterminer les attributs essentiels des deux concepts en construction (Barth, 1993, 2005, 2013). Les résultats de recherche sont cohérents entre les sous-groupes de participants. En réponse au premier objectif de l’étude, les résultats ont montré à propos du concept de l’éducation inclusive que les huit enseignants ont traité des trois attributs, « analyser et ajuster des lieux de scolarisation » (attribut 1), « analyser et ajuster l’enseignement et le soutien » (attribut 2) et « favoriser le plein épanouissement de chaque individu » (attribut 3). Ils constituent donc une base de ce que les enseignants ont désigné comme situation réussie d’éducation inclusive. Des distinctions apparaissent entre les trois contextes de scolarisation des élèves, par exemple en ce qui concerne « le soutien aux équipes/enseignants » qui est relevé comme essentiel pour deux groupes sur trois, ou encore « l’opportunité de se faire des amis en classe/à l’école » qui est relevé non essentiel pour deux groupes et absent pour le troisième groupe. En réponse au deuxième objectif de l’étude, les résultats concernant le concept de la formation continue ont montré que tous les participants ont eu recours à des « moyens » divers (attribut 1) tels que les ateliers, la co-formation, l’autoformation, la formation par la recherche. Ces « moyens » avaient pour but de « favoriser la capacité à acquérir des connaissances à analyser et à ajuster des pratiques » (attribut 2) et à « adapter sa posture » (attribut 3). L’ensemble prend en compte le « caractère évolutif de la compétence » (attribut 4). Des distinctions apparaissent entre les trois contextes de scolarisation des élèves, par exemple en ce qui concerne « se co-former » ou encore « partager une vision ambitieuse de l’éducation inclusive » qui sont tous les deux relevés comme essentiels pour un groupe, non essentiels pour un deuxième groupe et absents pour le troisième groupe. La discussion permet de faire ressortir la cohérence entre les réponses des participants concernant les concepts « éducation inclusive » et « formation continue pertinente pour développer l’éducation inclusive », mais aussi le paradoxe, la contradiction entre leur posture « spécialisée », les prescriptions et les difficultés d’acculturation à l’éducation inclusive relevée lorsque les participants expliquent que l’inclusion se fait sur la base du volontariat des enseignants réguliers. En conclusion, cette thèse qualitative a comme apports principaux d’avoir donné la parole à des enseignants mandatés pour mettre en œuvre l’éducation inclusive en France et d’avoir mis en œuvre une démarche de conceptualisation en tant que méthode de recherche qui permet de recueillir des données et de les analyser en prenant en compte la représentation que des participants ont de certaines situations, en analysant leur parole. En effet, derrière les mots qui définissent une éducation inclusive et une formation continue pertinente, cette approche a permis d’identifier la compétence en action et de ce fait ce qui est en mouvement dans le processus d’éducation inclusive. Elle a par ailleurs permis d’envisager des critères de formation continue pour développer les compétences à mettre en œuvre une éducation inclusive en se basant sur les compétences en action. Au moment où les systèmes éducatifs orientent leur mission vers l’éducation inclusive, cette étude ouvre la porte à d’autres recherches qui pourront approfondir les représentations que les enseignants missionnés (spécialisés ou non) entretiennent au regard de l’éducation inclusive et des types de formation qui les soutiennent dans leur mission. Les trois contextes étudiés montrent aussi l’importance d’approfondir leurs spécificités dans des recherches lorsqu’il est question d’aborder les questions d’éducation inclusive et de formation continue des enseignants. / The current social context is changing due to the consideration of the “disability situation” which involves arrangements to develop accessibility, cultural and linguistic diversity linked to significant immigration and communication and information technologies. These social transformations have an influence on the school and, therefore, on the teaching profession for which new skills repositories are developed. These repositories call on teachers to adapt their pedagogy, to work in partnership and to adapt their posture to respond to the unique situations they may encounter and to develop inclusive education. Inclusive education defined as a “moving process” (Bélanger and Duchesne, 2011; Booth et al., 2000) highlights the essential nature of continuing education for its updated and concrete implementation (P. Tremblay, 2012). Continuing training is one of the levers recognized for developing this dynamic and these new contexts imply an overhaul of the initial training and continuing training of teachers (Baillat et al., 2010; Maulini et al., 2017). In these training courses, it is competence that is targeted, that is to say the action of teachers in their schools. In this study, the emphasis is placed on the continuing training of teachers assigned to implement inclusive education. In France, these teachers are called “specialized teachers”. These teachers have initial training in mainstream education and continuing certification training specific to inclusion which completes this training. However, in France, continuing education offerings struggle to create favorable conditions for the development of inclusive education (Lair, 2013). Several factors can contribute to explaining this problem, including those linked to the teachers themselves such as their attitudes towards the diversity of students (P. Tremblay, 2020), or those linked to the organization of the training plan and for example the lack of a possibility to be replaced in their position during the training period (Guibert and Troger, 2012; Leblanc, 2007; Paris, 2021), or even those linked to the training context for example the paradoxical situation that constitutes developing inclusive education but at the same time create files which, implicitly, exclude these students (Trépanier, 2019). In such a context, the research question that was asked is the following: what types of continuing training would allow specialist teachers to develop their skills to implement inclusive education in France? Research in the field shows a variety of types of training that are implemented in continuing education, including workshops, self-study, co-training, and research training. However, current research only partially answers the research question by not giving the teachers' point of view. The point of view of teachers is important because they express, in a concrete way, their way of implementing their inclusive professional practices (Barth, 2008; Beckers, 2008; Gilham and Tompkins, 2016; Maubant, 2004; Vergnaud, 2011; Vidal-Gomel and Rogalski, 2007) In order to answer this question, two objectives were pursued. Based on what teachers say, 1) identify categories of attributes of successful example situations of inclusive education; 2) identify categories of continuing training attributes to develop their skills in implementing inclusive education. “Inclusive education” and “continuing training to develop their skills to implement inclusive education” are considered concepts whose attributes must be sought. Methodologically, this research is qualitative. It is interested in the experience lived by the participants in their real teaching context (Van Der Maren, 2006). To do this, we used the socio-demographic questionnaire which made it possible to better take into account the professional context of the participants to conduct the semi-structured interview. The participants in this study were eight specialist teachers deemed successful by their management. These teachers worked in a context of educating students experiencing serious and lasting or persistent academic difficulties, or students with disabilities or students in a prison environment. Data were collected via socio-demographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The approach to collecting and analyzing data from semi-structured interviews implemented to meet the objectives is based on the conceptualization approach taken from the research work of Barth (1993, 2005, 2013, 2015). Achieving these objectives were made possible by the collection and analysis of examples and counter-examples of the two concepts of “inclusive education” and “continuing training to develop their skills to implement inclusive education.” Thus, based on the lived experiences of the eight teachers, these were compared to look for what they have in common in order to determine the essential attributes of the two concepts under construction (Barth, 1993, 2005, 2013). The research findings are consistent across subgroups of participants. In response to the first objective of the study, the results showed regarding the concept of inclusive education that the eight teachers dealt with the three attributes, "analyze and adjust places of schooling" (attribute 1), "analyze and adjust teaching and support” (attribute 2) and “promote the full development of each individual” (attribute 3). They therefore constitute a basis for what teachers have designated as a successful situation of inclusive education. Distinctions appear between the three contexts of student schooling, for example with regard to “support for teams/teachers” which is noted as essential for two groups out of three, or even “the opportunity to make friends in class /at school” which is noted as non-essential for two groups and absent for the third group. In response to the second objective of the study, the results concerning the concept of continuing education showed that all participants used various means (phrase) (attribute 1) such as workshops, co-training, self-training, training through research. These means were intended to promote the ability to acquire knowledge, analyze and adjust practices (attribute 2) and adapt one's posture (attribute 3). The whole thing takes into account the evolving nature of the skill (attribute 4). Distinctions appear between the three contexts of student schooling, for example, with regard to “co-training” or even “sharing an ambitious vision of inclusive education which are both noted as essential for a group, non-essential for a second group and absent for the third group. The discussion highlights the coherence between the participants' responses concerning the concepts "inclusive education" and "continuing training relevant to developing inclusive education", but also the paradox, the contradiction between their "specialized" posture, the prescriptions and the difficulties of acculturation to inclusive education noted when the participants explain that inclusion is done on the basis of the voluntary service of regular teachers. In conclusion, this qualitative thesis has the main contributions of having given the floor to teachers mandated to implement inclusive education in France and of having implemented a conceptualization approach as a research method which makes it possible to collect data and analyze it by taking into account the representation that participants have of certain situations, by analyzing their words. Indeed, behind the words that define inclusive education and relevant continuing education, this approach has made it possible to identify competence in action and therefore what is in motion in the process of inclusive education. It also made it possible to consider continuing training criteria to develop the skills to implement inclusive education based on skills in action. At a time when educational systems are orienting their mission towards inclusive education, this study opens the door to other research which will be able to deepen the representations that missionary teachers (specialized or not) maintain with regard to inclusive education and the types of training that supports them in their mission. The three contexts studied also show the importance of delving into their specificities in research when it comes to addressing issues of inclusive education and continuing teacher training.