This thesis proposes a method and develops a mathematical model for determining the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency. The Turkish power system suffers from frequency oscillations with 20 &ndash / 30 seconds period. Besides various negative effects on power plants and customers, these frequency oscillations are one of the most important obstacles before the interconnection of the Turkish power system with the UCTE (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity) network. Taking observations of the system operators and statistical studies as an initial point, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. In order to perform system wide simulations, initially mathematical models for two major hydro power plants and their stability margins are determined. Utilizing this information a representative power system model is developed. After validation studies, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo / governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. Further computer simulations are performed to determine possible effects of changing settings and structure of HPP governors to system frequency stability. Finally, further factors that may have negative effects on frequency oscillations are discussed. The results of study are presented throughout the thesis and summarized in the &ldquo / Conclusion and Future Work&rdquo / chapter.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Islanding occurs when a part of the electrical system is supplied solely by a unit or group of distributed generators isolated from the main electrical network. When the center of Distributed Generation (DG) operates connected to the electrical system, the stability depends especially on the inertia of the large power generation plants. However, when DG operates in isolation, the stability depends on the response from controllers, the dynamics of the turbine and generator to maintain the system in normal operation. Due to the low inertia of the isolated system, the network is more susceptible to sags or swells and violations in the frequency levels. Thus, this work aims to analyze the stability of systems with DG operating in isolation, making sure that it can keep the stress levels and appropriate frequency. Dynamic simulation system are performed in Matlab Simulink® environment using the SimPowerSystems library, where the case study is carried out with a DG type Small Hydroelectric Plant (SHP), analyzing the stability of microgrid upon disconnection with the system main and stand-alone operation (load shedding, load connection, short circuit, among other contingencies). It is also observed the behavior of the microgrid in cases of restoration of power supply through the start of DG operating in isolation. / O ilhamento ocorre quando uma parte do sistema elétrico é suprida unicamente por uma unidade ou grupo de geradores distribuídos isolados da rede elétrica principal. Quando a central de Geração Distribuída (GD) opera conectada ao sistema elétrico, a estabilidade depende especialmente da inércia das grandes centrais de produção de energia. No entanto, quando a GD opera em modo isolado, a estabilidade depende da resposta dos controladores, da dinâmica da turbina e do gerador para manter a rede elétrica em operação adequada. Devido à baixa inércia do sistema isolado, a rede fica mais susceptível a afundamentos e/ou elevações de tensão e violações nos níveis de frequência. Desta forma, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a estabilidade de sistemas com GD operando no modo isolado, verificando se a mesma pode manter os níveis de tensão e frequência adequados. As simulações dinâmicas são realizadas em ambiente Matlab® Simulink®, utilizando a biblioteca SimPowerSystems, onde o estudo de caso é realizado com uma GD do tipo Pequena Central Hidrelétrica (PCH), analisando a estabilidade da microrrede no momento da desconexão do sistema principal e em operação isolada (rejeição de carga, conexão de cargas, curto-circuito, entre outras contingências). Também é verificado o comportamento da microrrede em casos de recomposição do fornecimento de energia através da partida da GD em operação isolada.

- / In this thesis new advanced nonlinear control methods that solve the power system stabilization problem in a more efficient and integrated manner are considered. The proposed methods mainly concern with the primary level control of a power system that plays a central role in maintaining transient stability and obtaining a desired system performance. To this end, several new nonlinear control schemes mainly applicable on power system stabilizers (PSS) have been designed and extensively analyzed. For a theoretical assessment of the system operation the concepts of passivity and passivity margin are analyzed while the concept of Ω--passivity is introduced. Using partial feedback linearization and backstepping design techniques on suitable models of the system under consideration (power system) the Ω--passivity property of the system is proved. This property is further improved through the control in the closed-loop design. To this end, several control schemes are developed and a series of different theoretical problems have been solved on using simple output feedback and advanced nonlinear control methods like sliding mode control, adaptive control or a combination of them. A significant breakthrough has been achieved with the use of fuzzy techniques in these schemes yielding designs with combined advantages of both fuzzy and adaptive control methods. A detailed stability analysis, based on Lyapunov functions, has been used to prove that the proposed controllers guarantee either uniform ultimate boundedness or asymptotic stability for the closed-loop system. The proposed schemes are examined assuming that the system operates under parameter uncertainties as well as external disturbances. The theoretical analysis indicates that regulating some design parameters of the proposed controllers one can significantly improve the robustness and the disturbance attenuation capability of the system. Extensive simulations on a two machines infinite bus test system have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes as these are applied on the PSS of each machine. Hard cases of three phase faults or significant power demand changes have been simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed nonlinear controllers enhance the damping of the electromechanical oscillations with respect to classical AVR/PSS and improve their robustness to parameter uncertainties and disturbance attenuation capability. Using similar techniques, speed governor controls (SGC) are also designed. An adaptive control scheme is proposed that ensures asymptotic stabilization of the closed-loop system as proved by standard Lyapunov techniques. Simulations are carried out for the one generator system connected to infinite bus. The simulation results confirm a significant improvement in the electromechanical oscillations damping compared to conventional speed governor controls. An important contribution of the thesis involves the coordination and management of the controls at the primary level. The design is carried out so that each control is not competing with the action of the other and it is cooperating to complement the action of the other. In this frame, first, the coordinated operation of the designed nonlinear power system stabilizers with the classical AVR/PSS is proposed. Particularly, the sequential operation of these controllers is considered in the following way: immediately after a fault, only the nonlinear controller operates but when the fault attenuates the classical AVR/PSS takes over. In this way, significant transient enhancement and voltage regulation after the large transients can be achieved. To implement this kind of operation a soft-switching logic from the one controller to the other is proposed by using a fuzzy logic mechanism to determine which controller will act each time period. In this way, it is avoided a discontinuous switching that can create a number of problems and may even lead to instabilities. The analysis and the simulation results confirm the validity of this approach since it is shown that the coordinated control scheme has an almost identical transient performance with the nonlinear controllers ensuring simultaneously the voltage regulation at the desired set-point. The same approach is used for the coordinated operation of FACTS with the excitation controllers. To this end, a static var compensator (SVC) controller is developed which, during a fault, acts to improve the transient stability. During the transient period, the SVC uses as inputs not the voltage at the connecting point but suitable signals from neighbor stations in order to contribute to the electromechanical oscillations damping; in the sequel, it returns to its normal operation maintaining the voltage level at the connecting point at a specified value. A soft switching scheme is also applied while signal transmission delays are taken into the account. The simulation results of a three phase short-circuit in a system with a single machine connected to infinite bus through a bus that has a SVC attached, indicate that this coordinated control scheme improves the transient stability even more (in comparison to the previous coordinated scheme). Finally, coordinated control logic is used for the design of both the speed governor control and the PSS. This is needed when the operation of the PSS cannot be considered completely independent and decoupled from the speed governor dynamics (in the case of fast valve operation). In this combined system a parallel design of both the SGC and the PSS ensures the uniform ultimate boundedness of the complete closed-loop system. Moreover, the use of continuous switching through fuzzy logic, as mentioned before, between these controllers and the classical AVR/PSS (for the excitation system) and a PID control (for the SGC) is proposed. The simulation results on the two machines infinite bus system clearly confirm the superiority of the coordinated control scheme with respect to the classical AVR/PSS excitation controllers and PID speed governor controllers. As a conclusion, new combined advanced nonlinear control schemes are analyzed and proposed for power systems. From the stability analysis and the simulation results it is clearly confirmed that the application of these nonlinear controls can be effectively improve the transient behavior as well as the robustness and disturbance attenuation of a power system. It is also proved that, without extreme cost, coordinated control schemes implemented through the proposed soft-switching techniques further enhance the transient and dynamic performance of the system.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study had as main objective to perform the modeling and analysis of transient stability of a typical electric power system. The second goal, also important, was to assess the feasibility of using ATP (Alternative Transients Program) as a computer tool for simulation of transient stability. The system focused here is comprised of nine busses with three generators, one hydraulic and the other two with thermal characteristics. All the system machines were equipped with voltage regulators and speed governor in ATP software. The technical issues studied here refer to the analysis of system stability after a disturbance, such as: three-phase short-circuit, load loss and generation outage. The results show that ATP software performs satisfactorily the transient stability analysis. This fact can also be proved by comparing the results obtained from ATP with those from simulations with PSAT (Power System Analysis Toolbox). For this purpose some adjustments were necessary in the graphical results since ATP works in time domain while PSAT program operates in the frequency domain. / Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo realizar a modelagem e a análise da estabilidade transitória de um sistema elétrico de potência típico. O segundo objetivo, também importante, consistiu em avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar o ATP (Alternative Transients Program) como uma ferramenta computacional para simulação de estabilidade transitória. O sistema aqui enfocado é composto por nove barramentos com três unidades geradoras, uma com característica hidráulica e as outras duas com características térmicas. Todas as máquinas do sistema foram equipadas com reguladores de tensão e velocidade no programa ATP. As questões técnicas estudadas aqui se referem à análise da estabilidade do sistema após uma perturbação, sendo elas: falta trifásica, perda de carga e saída de geração. Os resultados mostram que o software ATP realiza satisfatoriamente a análise de estabilidade transitória. Este fato pode também ser comprovado pela comparação dos resultados obtidos com o ATP com aqueles provenientes de simulações com o PSAT (Power System Analysis Toolbox). Para este propósito foi necessário realizar alguns ajustes nos resultados gráficos já que ATP trabalha no domínio do tempo enquanto que o programa PSAT opera no domínio da frequência, tais como: transformação de alguns gráficos fornecidos pelo ATP em pu. / Mestre em Ciências

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to analyze the dynamic performance of a synchronous generator and its controls in a distributed generation system, as well as evaluate the impacts of its operation when connected to the distribution grid, using for this task the ATPDraw interface/tool of software ATP. Within this context, it is firstly necessary to obtain suitable models to represent the synchronous machine control systems (voltage regulator, speed governor and stabilizer system) in ATPDraw. Furthermore, for stability analysis, it is developed a mathematical technique to calculate the machine power angle which is represented in ATPDraw by a device (icon). The adjustments of voltage and speed control system parameters are performed by some adopted procedures which are verified using two electric systems: the first one with a synchronous generator connected to the distribution grid; and the second with three distinct generators forming a multimachine system. In these systems some disturbances are applied such as load shedding and short-circuit to accomplish the studies. Finally, with the previous results, it is carried out some dynamic performance studies of a synchronous generator of an independent producer connected to a distribution grid so as to assess aspects of power quality (voltage magnitude), stability and to evaluate the influence of machine controls during the system response for a given load shedding. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho dinâmico de um gerador síncrono e seus controles, num sistema de geração distribuída, assim como avaliar os impactos causados por este quando da sua operação conectado às redes de distribuição, utilizando a interface ATPDraw do software ATP. Neste contexto, é primeiramente necessário obter modelos adequados para representar os sistemas de controle da máquina síncrona (regulador de tensão e regulador de velocidade e estabilizador do sistema) no ATPDraw. Além disso, para análise de estabilidade é desenvolvido uma técnica matemática para o cálculo do ângulo de potência da máquina a qual é representada no ATPDraw por um dispositivo (ícone). Para ajustar os parâmetros dos sistemas de controle de tensão e de velocidade são apresentados alguns procedimentos adotados, sendo estes verificados por meio de dois sistemas elétricos: o primeiro com um gerador síncrono conectado a uma rede de distribuição; e o segundo composto por três geradores distintos formando um sistema multimáquinas. Nesses sistemas são aplicados distúrbios do tipo rejeição de carga e curto-circuito para realização dos estudos. Finalmente, com os resultados obtidos anteriormente, são realizados estudos do desempenho dinâmico de um gerador síncrono de um produtor independente, conectado a rede de distribuição, para avaliar aspectos de qualidade de energia (magnitude de tensão), de estabilidade e verificar as influências dos controles da máquina durante a resposta do sistema para uma dada rejeição de carga. / Mestre em Ciências