Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1984. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [189]-210.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-174).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1926. / Caption title. Thesis note in foot-note on p. 301. "Contributions from the Department of Zoölogy, Smith College, no. 138." "Reprinted from Biological bulletin, vol. L., no. 4, April, 1926." "Literature": p. 335-338.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1984.

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1988.

The goal of this research was to examine the role of the novel membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPR[alpha]) in the stimulation of sperm hypermotility by the progestin 17,20[beta],21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20[beta]-S) in two teleosts; the Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) and the southern flounder (Platylicthys lethigstomata). In croaker, the expression, localization and hormonal regulation of mPR[alpha] in testis and sperm were investigated, as were the intracellular signaling pathways activated by 20[beta]-S and mPR[alpha] to induce croaker sperm hypermotility. In flounder, stimulation of sperm hypermotility by 20[beta]-S and binding of this steroid to flounder sperm membranes were examined. Finally, expression of mPR[alpha] was investigated in flounder testes and the expression and localization of this receptor in flounder testis and sperm was examined. In croaker sperm, mPR[alpha] was expressed on the plasma membrane and localized to the midpiece. Expression of mPR[alpha] was also shown to be associated with high sperm motility and regulated by gonadotropin. The signaling pathways activated by 20[beta]-S in croaker sperm were shown to involve activation of olfactory G-proteins (Golf). Subsequent activation of membrane adenylyl cyclases was also demonstrated and shown to be necessary for 20[beta]-S-stimulated cAMP production and 20[beta]-S-induction of sperm hypermotility. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation studies show mPR[alpha] and Golf physically associate with one another, establishing mPR[alpha] as the mediator of 20[beta]-S actions in croaker sperm. Finally, evidence was obtained for progestin-stimulation of sperm hypermotility and the presence of mPR[alpha] on sperm membranes in another marine teleost species belonging to a different family, the southern flounder. In addition, mPR[alpha] was shown to be expressed on flounder sperm membranes and also localized to the sperm midpiece. Results from the following studies support the hypothesis that mPR[alpha] is the mediator of 20[beta]S-stimulated sperm hypermotility in croaker and is a likely intermediary in southern flounder. Furthermore, these data provide a plausible mechanism by which 20[beta]-S and mPR[alpha] stimulate croaker sperm hypermotility. In addition, these results provide the first evidence of hormonal activation of Golf proteins for any species. Finally, mPR[alpha]-mediated mechanisms to increase sperm motility are suggested to be evolutionarily conserved in teleosts since they also likely exist in a non-sciaenid species, the southern flounder.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Anatomy / Master / Master of Philosophy

The influences of loading cholesterol into stallion spermatozoa membranes prior to cold storage or cryopreservation were determined using cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) before preservation, followed by the unloading of cholesterol after preservation using methyl beta cyclodextrin (MBCD). Experiment I: dose response trials determining optimal amounts of CLC and MBCD based on percentages of progressively motile spermatozoa (PMS) following preservation. Experiment II: influences of CLC and MBCD on PMS, the percentages of live intact (LI) and live non-intact (LNI) spermatozoa following cold storage. Experiment III: influences of CLC before cryopreservation and MBCD on PMS, LI, and LNI post-thaw. Addition of CLC improved (P<0.05) PMS and LI following preservation when compared to the control. Unloading cholesterol using MBCD does not alter PMS, LI nor LNI. Addition of CLC is beneficial to survival of spermatozoa following preservation and addition of MBCD in small amounts does not negatively influence PMS, LI or LNI.

An unusually high level of inter- and intraspecific variability in spermatozoa has been well documented. However, recent evidence indicates that the level of variation within spermatozoa differs markedly across taxa. In particular, it appears that the variability in spermatozoa tends to decrease across species as the risk of sperm competition increases. In this thesis, I present a model that explains how variability in spermatozoa may arise due to errors made during the sperm production process. In doing so, I also provide an explanation for why variability in sperm traits tends to decrease as the level of sperm competition experienced by males of a given species increases. The model presented in this study provides a novel perspective on spermatozoa and their production. While many sperm traits are thought to be selected upon, I suggest that variability in spermatozoa may also be the result of evolutionary forces such as sperm competition. Variability in spermatozoa, then, can be adaptive and can represent an optimal reproductive strategy. / Thesis (Master, Biology) -- Queen's University, 2009-09-25 21:53:23.172