Building on Service-Dominant Logic, the Sport Value Framework, and the Psychological Continuum Model, this study is a micro-level perspective of value co-creation in spectator sport. By examining sport through the VCC lens, the dual role of the customer as both a contributor to and a beneficiary of value is acknowledged and the importance of stakeholder interactions is emphasized. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of sport consumption value co-creation, to analyze the extent to which two theoretically and managerially important factors—attendance frequency (i.e., first-time attendee vs. repeat attendee) and stakeholder type (i.e., local resident vs. domestic traveler)—impact value co-creation in the recurring live sport event setting. Findings suggest that antecedent value propositions may have a stronger association with economic components of value for first-time spectators, but a stronger association with hedonic and social value dimensions for repeat spectators—and for domestic travelers, organization-related value propositions can have a stronger influence on hedonic value than is experienced by local residents.

Purpose: This study is a micro-level perspective of value co-creation in spectator sport. By examining sport through the value co-creation lens, the dual role of the customer as both a contributor to and a beneficiary of value is acknowledged and the importance of stakeholder interactions is emphasized. This study analyzes the extent to which two theoretically and managerially important factors—attendance frequency (i.e. first-time attendee vs repeat attendee) and resident type (i.e. local resident vs domestic traveler)—impact value creation in the recurring live sporting event setting. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from spectators who attended a National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) sanctioned racing event. Multigroup structural equation modeling was performed to examine the proposed pathways, and multigroup t-tests were used to compare the model across both groups for each moderating variable. Corresponding path coefficients were then compared using Chin's (2004) recommended equations and procedures. Findings: The study found organization-related value propositions to be the more common antecedents of value, while customer appearance had a strong negative association with hedonic value, and attendance frequency and resident type influenced certain value perceptions. Sport organizations should consider the expectations and motivations of various customer groups and provide offerings designed to meet the specific needs of different fan segments based on the spectator's experience with the sport product and the distance traveled to attend the sport event. Originality/value: This paper advances the authors’ understanding of value creation in sport by showing how customer perceptions of value associated with the sport organization and other customers can be moderated by certain behavioral and geographic factors.