While revenues have been increasing for a small percentage of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football bowl subdivision (FBS) programs, the majority (82%), have seen a larger increase in expenses due to an attempt to compete within the intercollegiate athletic arena, in what has been deemed an “arms race” (Edwards, 1984; Brown, Rascher, Nagel, & McEvoy, 2010; Tsitsos & Nixon, 2012). This arms race has led many universities to spend money to keep up with larger conferences where budgets can exceed $100 million. Since 2004, "median total expenses have increased by over 120.6 percent" (Fulks, 2015, p. 12). After adjusting for inflation this percentage is even higher, showing an increase of 131.5% since 2004. Ticket sales and booster contributions have long been the mainstays of revenues for athletic departments (Fulks, 2015), with the continued increases in expenses there is a need to examine all avenues where potential revenues may exist. One potential revenue source can be found in the student body. Researchers have suggested community can be created by intercollegiate athletics, providing a “rallying point” (Clopton, 2007, p. 103). This community benefit could also be known as a psychic impact (income) which is the emotional impact from having the public good of intercollegiate athletics on a particular university campus. Psychic impact is a form of positive externality, which is a benefit, produced by the intercollegiate athletics programs in this case which cannot be captured by those in the athletic department or university who sell tickets and accept booster donations (Brown et al., 2010). A public good is a good that is non-rivalrous and non-excludable by nature, meaning that more consumption by one individual does not limit the availability of the good to be consumed by another and the consumer cannot be excluded from consuming the good (Taylor & Weerapana, 2010). Intercollegiate athletics exemplify this definition of public goods and since sports are a “socially-consumed commodity” (Sanderson, 1999, p. 189) there needs to be a way to measure the value of such an important commodity. Public goods are non-market goods. It can be difficult to place a value on their consumption since there is not a market price. According to Lipton, Wellman, Sheifer, and Weiher (1995) there are direct and indirect techniques to measure the value of a non-market good. The indirect approach relies on observations of behavior to determine the value of a product or service to a consumer, where the direct approach is to ask a consumer how much they are willing to pay (WTP) to consumer the desired product or service. Indirect measurement includes such techniques as the travel cost method, random utility models, and hedonic pricing techniques. The contingent valuation method (CVM) is the direct approach to measuring an individual’s WTP. The CVM is a survey based method which elicits a hypothetical scenario for consumers to place a monetary value on the overall WTP by extrapolating the results from the survey sample to the target population. While the CVM has been used in numerous studies within the sport management literature (Atkinson, Mourato, Szymanski, & Ozdemiroglu, 2008; Barros, 2002; Castellanos & Sanchez, 2007; Drayer & Shaprio, 2011; Fenn & Crooker, 2009; Groothuis, Johnson, & Whitehead, 2004; Harter, 2015; Johnson & Whitehead, 2000; Johnson, Whitehead, Mason, & Walker, 2007; Owen, 2006; Santo, 2007; Wicker, Hallmann, Breuer, & Feiler. 2012), researchers have not attempted to measure the public goods generated for an intercollegiate athletics department by examining the WTP of college students to pay increased athletic fees to support their institution’s athletics programs. This purpose of this dissertation was threefold: 1) First, to estimate the private consumption benefits current Florida State University (FSU) students derived from attending sporting events offered through the athletic department; 2) to estimate the public consumption benefits derived by current FSU students who do not attend sporting events; and 3) to estimate the total economic value (TEV) the student population of FSU assigns to the athletics department. An online questionnaire was modified from previous CVM literature to facilitate its use in a college athletics settings and with a sample of current college students. The survey underwent an examination by an expert panel and then a pilot test was conducted. Four research questions were examined and it was found that both respondents who did attend and those that did not attend FSU athletics sporting events did have a WTP to pay athletics fees, but their WTP did not match how much they currently pay in athletics fees. Additionally, it was found that those respondents who attend sporting events do have a higher WTP if they also consume the FSU Athletics Department through other means that are related to the public goods portion of the FSU Athletics Department. Finally, it was determined that the total WTP of the respondents is higher than the amount that students currently pay for athletics fees. Based on the evidence from the data analysis, it was found that: students do have a WTP to help support the FSU Athletics Department although it might not be to the amount that they currently pay in athletics fees; those who do not attend FSU sporting events do have an increase in their WTP the more they consume the public goods of the athletics department; and the total WTP is higher than the current amount the respondents pay in athletics fees. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sport Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2016. / June 30, 2016. / College Athletics, Contingent Valuation Method, Public Goods, Willingness to pay / Includes bibliographical references. / Jeffrey D. James, Professor Directing Dissertation; Mark Isaac, University Representative; Ryan Rodenberg, Committee Member; Joshua Newman, Committee Member.

Daily fantasy sports games have recently emerged as one of the fastest growing segments associated with the sports industry. While traditional fantasy sports have long been associated with sport consumption, daily fantasy sports allow consumers to participate in games over a much shorter period of time than the traditional season long variety. Daily variety fantasy sports that operate over short time periods may appear to have more in common with traditional forms of sports gambling than traditional season long fantasy sports. This dissertation is motivated by the differentiation of daily fantasy sports from sports gambling that has allowed the latter to economically flourish while the former remains confined to largely illegal markets in the United States. While the ability for consumers to gamble in the United States is regulated, many forms of legalized gambling exist. Sports gambling is, by contrast, heavily controlled. The federal laws restricting sports gambling to several states have been in existence for more than 50 years. While sports gambling is strongly opposed by most of the major U.S. sports leagues, several of these leagues have partnered with daily fantasy companies on the basis that the games present an additional way for fans to engage with the underlying sporting events. The sports leagues’ partnerships with daily fantasy providers are intriguing because of the leagues’ historical opposition to legalized gambling. The archival and doctrinal legal research conducted for completion of this dissertation was undertaken to answer three questions. The first research question contains an examination of the role that the major U.S. sports leagues have had in testifying before Congress and advocating in support of the continued prohibition for sports gambling. The second research question guides an investigation into whether attributes associated with fantasy sports and daily fantasy sports were distinguished from the reasons cited for the opposition to legalizing sports gambling. The third research question addresses the issue of whether certain daily fantasy games may be offering prohibited financial products. The research associated with this project contributes in a meaningful way to the present understanding of the interaction between daily fantasy sports and sports gambling. Additionally, the proposed framework may serve as an early step in the process of evaluating the benefits of regulating DFS and sports gambling in a manner that is common and familiar to the American public. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Sport Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2016. / June 6, 2016. / Daily Fantasy Sports, Market Regulation, Sports gambling, UIGEA / Includes bibliographical references. / Ryan M. Rodenberg, Professor Directing Dissertation; Jennifer M. Proffitt, University Representative; Jeffrey D. James, Committee Member; Michael D. Giardina, Committee Member.

ABSTRACT Sponsorship of sport properties accounts for approximately two-thirds of all sponsorship expenditures ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). The global sponsorship sector increased from $48 billion dollars to $51 billion from 2011 to 2012 ("IEG Sponsorship Report," 2014). Organizations have increasingly shifted to sponsorship as a marketing communications vehicle in the hopes that the goodwill that consumers feel toward the cause will transfer to their image (Madrigal, 2001). With the same token, many researchers suggest there is a link between social initiatives and an organization's improved financial performance (e.g., Davis, 1960; Arlow and Gannon. 1982; Ullmann, 1985; McGuire et al., 1988; Waddock and Graves, 1997; Margolis et al., 2003). The main purpose of the proposed research is to better understand stakeholder perceptions of sponsors, specifically perceptions about the sponsors' CSR activities, and the potential impact of such perceptions on sponsors' image. The current study was quantitative in nature; using a quasi-experimental pre- and post –test control group design. The questionnaire was completed by FSU Sport Management students in three different sessions. The instruments for study were paper based questionnaires, which participants filled out between viewing two short video clips. Three different groups were participate in the study at three different times; each group received a different scenario pertaining to the sponsor's information and CSR activities; this study consisted of two experimental groups and one control group. All the groups followed the same procedure except the manipulation of the independent variable. Those in Group 2 read about the company's sponsorship activity, and those in Group 1 read information about the sponsorship activity and the company's CSR activity, and those in Group 3 read about the company's information. The measures in this study were adapted from existing literatures. The participants were 98 students. A descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the frequency of age (based on date of birth), gender, race and year in school. I analyzed the data to assess evidence of reliability pertaining to the constructs of interest: attitude toward the sponsor, sponsor's image, and attitude toward the sport property. Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test, and the result revealed that there were no significant differences between groups at the pre-test stage for all the dependent variables. While in the post-test there was a significant difference between groups were found regarding on attitude toward the sponsor and sponsor's image where p [less than] .05. Regarding attitude toward the sport property there was no significance difference both at the pre-test and post-test stages. Overall, group 1 (CSR and sponsorship) had a higher mean score of all dependent variables than group 2 (sponsorship) and group 3 (company information). Group 2 (sponsorship) had a higher mean score of all dependent variables than group 3 (company information). / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Sport Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Fall Semester 2015. / August 18, 2015. / Corporate Social Responsibility, Sponsorship / Includes bibliographical references. / Jeffrey James, Professor Directing Thesis; Joshua Newman, Committee Member; Ryan Rodenberg, Committee Member.

“Savage Saints” historiographically reconfigures “Muscular Christianity.” It studies the close and positive relations of martial arts and combat sports to Muscular Christianity, and it argues the central importance of the concept of “human nature” to Muscular Christian theology and practice. Many have shown that the Muscular Christian movement took shape as a critical reaction against the perceived unhealthy and enfeebling ways of American culture. Decrying the physical stagnation of indoor life prompted by urban environs, the poor dietary customs of American foodways, and the general lack of play among both children and adults, the movement solidified as a large-scale Protestant “commitment to health and manliness.” My work refines this understanding of Muscular Christianity. Muscular Christianity was a response to various rumored cultural “crises”—particularly regarding health and manly vigor. More fundamentally, Muscular Christianity was (and continues to be) a rejoinder to America’s supposed divergence from Creation’s Purpose and Nature’s Laws. Muscular Christianity, then, was a natural theology that sought to correct unnatural modern ills by discerning and following a designed human plan. And the human design that Muscular Christians revealed was a violent one, wherein fighting was integral to “human nature”—an instinct placed within us that was both original and good. Fighting was uniquely foundational for Muscular Christians. Cast as a natural act prior to and outside of an unnatural American civilization, fighting occupied a privileged place in Muscular Christian theory and praxis. Opposite the perceived “overcivilizing” trends of the nation—i.e. the culturally inflicted threats to health and manly vigor—fighting showcased “human nature” and God’s Creation in its purest form. Languid, impotent, and chronically ill Americans, so it went, had neglected the value of rough-and-tumble action. Combat sports and martial arts gave wayward Americans a rare glimpse into what was and what should be. Finding the Divine in the bellicose, Muscular Christians looked to the fighting arts as a socially curative and individually salvific countermeasure to American “overcivilization.” Filling a historiographic void, then, “Savage Saints” accounts for the Muscular Christian attraction to and use of combat sports and martial arts in the 20th-century United States. Muscular Christians readily advocated and took up Japanese jiu-jitsu at the turn of the century, boxing during and immediately after the First World War, judo, karate, and other eastern martial arts in the second half of the century, and mixed martial arts (MMA) from the 1990s to the present day. If sports and a newly emboldened physical culture defined Muscular Christianity’s restorative and revisionist program, fighting was clearly an essential component. In the overall saga of Muscular Christianity and fighting, “human nature” was the primary protagonist and the praiseworthy hero. Pugnacious human nature was the God-given guide inside us. Physical aggression was the natural instinct created within. Employing the exemplary practices of martial arts and combat sports, Muscular Christians vested “bare life”—a life outside and before American civility—with a masculinized sense of primal bellicosity and theological meaning. As God created it—and as evident through fighting—human nature was virile and potentially savage. The Nature that American culture forgot was the Nature that Muscular Christianity sought to remember. Fisticuff knowledge was not lost to all, however. Muscular Christians often looked to culturally untainted youths, and more naturally attuned foreigners for ideas for living rightwise. Physically aggressive children and combat proficient eastern cultures were valued as those less subject to the detrimental effects of American overcivilization. Looking to children, eastern cultures, or within themselves, Muscular Christians fabricated a forceful instinct—the Word in the flesh. Americans, so it went, simply had to remember who they were—aggressive and physical—as they were made. By enabling special access to “human nature” through fighting, Muscular Christianity popularized masculinized notions of persons as originally, purposefully, and virtuously atavistic. With fighting as an instrumental practice, and with the quarrelsome Word as an inner guide, Muscular Christians constructed persons as godly barbaric selves, as savage saints. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2017. / May 1, 2017. / boxing, evangelicalism, gender, martial arts, masculinity, United States / Includes bibliographical references. / John Corrigan, Professor Directing Dissertation; Joshua Newman, University Representative; Amanda Porterfield, Committee Member; Michael McVicar, Committee Member.

"There is no well-developed manual available which could be helpful to communities that are interested in developing a YMCA. Communities do not have access to well-developed information which may be helpful to them by setting forth the experience of other communities. The purpose of this study is to prepare the ground for such a manual by describing how the Tallahassee YMCA has been developed"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "August, 1952." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Joseph Golden, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-52).

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model of first-year student-athlete (FYSA) transition into college. The model examined basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) levels in both athletic and collegiate domains, and the impact of BPNS in each domain on athletic (sport motivation, athlete satisfaction, sport confidence, perceived sport performance), academic (academic motivation, student satisfaction, academic self-efficacy, perceived academic performance), and quality of life outcomes amongst a sample of FYSA at various NCAA institutions in Divisions I, II, and III across the country (N = 260). The model was tested via path analysis, and the results revealed a number of significant direct associations between the factors. Included amongst the most notable and powerful of these relationships were influences of athletic competence on sport confidence, athletic autonomy on athlete satisfaction, collegiate competence on academic efficacy and academic motivation, and sport confidence on academic efficacy and integrated quality of life. The general conclusions of the study stressed the significant impact that BPNS and the development of psychological skills can have on the transition and adaptation process for FYSA. The analyses conducted in this study contribute to the development a deeper understanding of how FYSA experience transition into college and has potentially significant implications for how athletic department administrators approach and allocate resources to orienting FYSA to the campus community. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Psychology and Learning Systems in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Summer Semester 2018. / July 16, 2018. / Sport psychology, Transition / Includes bibliographical references. / Graig Chow, Professor Directing Dissertation; John Taylor, University Representative; Gershon Tenenbaum, Committee Member; Martin Swanbrow Becker, Committee Member.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

The leadership role of sport administrators in South Africa is of prime importance as the local sports industry in South Africa is worth in excess of R2 billion annually. The most important variable in explaining sport administrators' success becomes leadership style. Sport administrators' roles are vital to the sporting industry and therefore the degree of job satisfaction they experience is of prime importance. The key objectives of the study were to determine the different styles of leadership available in sport administration departments, to identify factors affecting the progress and status of transformation in sport administration departments, to examine the factors affecting the progress of gender equity at tertiary institutions, to identify factors which influence job satisfaction or lack of it among sport administrators and coaches employed at tertiary institutions and to determine the organizational effectiveness of tertiary institution sport departments. The questionnaire was administered to 300 coaches who had to rate their sport administrators' leadership style and 140 sport administrators. A response rate of 78% (n=109) was obtained from sport administrators and 76% (n=227) were received from coaches. The data were analysed using the computer package SPSS. From the research the following conclusions can be drawn with respect to job satisfaction and leadership among sport administrators and coaches. The overall majority of the tertiary institution sport administrators adopted a transformational style of leadership. There was a lack of transformation in the industry and gender equity in the industry. There were reasonable de grees of satisfaction in the profession, however certain variables were more pronounced than others. The study proposed the following recommendations: Those sport administrators that are still practising a more transactional and laissez-faire approach to leadership should start adopting a more transformational approach to leadership. More females need to be placed in leadership positions at tertiary institution sport departments. With regard to transformation higher management at tertiary institutions should strive to create diversity by employing individuals from other race groups to ensure transformation at institutions of higher learning. This will also serve to rectify the imbalances of our past. Management at tertiary institutions should also strike a balance with regard to gender equity. With regard to improving coaches and sport administrators' job satisfaction higher management needs to adopt a policy of open communication between staff employed at the tertiary institution sport departments and themselves. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2007.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 173 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 146-162).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 1997. / In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation. Also available online.