The colonisation of freshly sawn Corsican pine lumber by sapstain and mould fungi was investigated at a sawmill in Hampshire, UK. Three repeat trials encompassing the different seasons of the year were carried out over two years. Results show that fungal colonisation of sawn lumber is dependent on the effect of time of year. Sawlogs were stored for different intervals up to 16 weeks before conversion to boards. Boards were then stored for up to 12 weeks after milling and sampled every 4 weeks to determine the effect of timber ageing on fungal colonisation up to 28 weeks after felling. The metabolic activity of wood cells over the period after felling of the original tree was also measured. It was evident that the defacement of boards reached maximum levels after 12 weeks exposure irrespective of seasonal influences. Initial levels of fungal growth on lumber were reduced if the boards were milled from logs stored for a period prior to conversion. Investigations into the metabolic activity of the wood cells revealed significant levels of respiration taking place up to 28 weeks after felling of the original tree including 12 weeks post-conversion into boards. Boards were used to make a nested stack arrangement allowing plastic tanks top be placed in the centre. The tanks contained a sub-sample of the full-size boards in order to investigate insect activity and effects of gammairradiation. A total of 115 insect species representing 16 of the 34 British orders were collected during the trials. Seventy-two percent of these insects were collected from within the stacks of lumber and investigations using sealed tanks containing boards showed that the insects could influence the fungal colonisation of sawn lumber. Despite the relatively short length of the trials, a succession of insect colonisation from fungivores through to predators and detritivores was recorded. Boards, which were sterilised by gamma-irradiation, were preferentially colonised by mould fungi and subsequent internal staining was confined to the outer surface. Trials with short-length billets allowed the wood-colonising ability of selected sapstain fungi to be investigated under controlled conditions following sterilisation by gamma-irradiation or autoclaving, and storage at 30°C and 20°C. Lesion formation in gamma-irradiated tissue was solely due to the fungus potentially conditioning the wood for colonisation. Colonisation studies also revealed that different fungi exhibit different strategies enabling them to infect timber. Pathogenic species demonstrated a relatively fast initial growth rate to establish themselves before triggering any host anti-fungal responses in the wood. The characteristic lesions created in the billets were investigated using light and electron microscopy to reveal hyphal invasion and or/ wood cell modifications. Respiratory activity of the lesions was elucidated using radioactively labelled glucose allowing the metabolic pathways to be ascertained and demonstrated that wood tissue in the apparently healthy regions adjacent to the lesions reacted as if infected. Future work considers the possibility of biocontrol, using insects in combination with gamma-irradiation of sawn lumber and also further investigations into the reaction zones produced by the fungus growing in the wood.

No description available.

Autoclave processing of large scale, one-piece structural parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is the key to decreasing manufacturing costs while at the same time increasing quality. Nonetheless, even in manufacturing simple flat parts, residual strains and stresses are unavoidable. For structural design purposes and to aid in the assembly procedures, it is desirable to have proven numerical tools that can be used to predict these residual geometrical and material properties in advance, thus avoid the costly experimental trial and error methods. A 2-D finite element-based code, COMPRO, has previously been developed in-house for predicting autoclave process-induced deformations and residual stresses in composite parts undergoing an entire cure cycle. To simulate the tool-part interaction, an important source of residual deformations/stresses, COMPRO used a non-zero thickness elastic shear layer as its only interface option. Moreover, the code did not account for the large deformations and strains and the resulting nonlinear effects that can arise during the early stages of the cure cycle when the material is rather compliant. In the present work, a contact surface employing a penalty method formulation is introduced at the tool-part interface. Its material-dependent parameters are a function of temperature, degree of cure, pressure and so forth. This makes the stick-slip condition plus separation between the part and the tool possible. The large displacements/rotations and large shear strains that develop at the early stages of the cure cycle when the resin has a very low elastic modulus provided the impetus to include a large strain/deformation option in COMPRO. A new “co-rotational stress formulation” was developed and found to provide a robust method for numerical treatment of very large deformation/strain problems involving anisotropic materials of interest here. Several verification and validation examples are used to calibrate the contact interface parameters and to demonstrate the correctness of implementation and the accuracy of the proposed method. A number of comparisons are made with exact solutions, other methods, other experiments and the same models in other commercial codes. Finally, several interesting cases are examined to explore the results of COMPRO predictions with the added options.

Autoclave processing of large scale, one-piece structural parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is the key to decreasing manufacturing costs while at the same time increasing quality. Nonetheless, even in manufacturing simple flat parts, residual strains and stresses are unavoidable. For structural design purposes and to aid in the assembly procedures, it is desirable to have proven numerical tools that can be used to predict these residual geometrical and material properties in advance, thus avoid the costly experimental trial and error methods. A 2-D finite element-based code, COMPRO, has previously been developed in-house for predicting autoclave process-induced deformations and residual stresses in composite parts undergoing an entire cure cycle. To simulate the tool-part interaction, an important source of residual deformations/stresses, COMPRO used a non-zero thickness elastic shear layer as its only interface option. Moreover, the code did not account for the large deformations and strains and the resulting nonlinear effects that can arise during the early stages of the cure cycle when the material is rather compliant. In the present work, a contact surface employing a penalty method formulation is introduced at the tool-part interface. Its material-dependent parameters are a function of temperature, degree of cure, pressure and so forth. This makes the stick-slip condition plus separation between the part and the tool possible. The large displacements/rotations and large shear strains that develop at the early stages of the cure cycle when the resin has a very low elastic modulus provided the impetus to include a large strain/deformation option in COMPRO. A new “co-rotational stress formulation” was developed and found to provide a robust method for numerical treatment of very large deformation/strain problems involving anisotropic materials of interest here. Several verification and validation examples are used to calibrate the contact interface parameters and to demonstrate the correctness of implementation and the accuracy of the proposed method. A number of comparisons are made with exact solutions, other methods, other experiments and the same models in other commercial codes. Finally, several interesting cases are examined to explore the results of COMPRO predictions with the added options.

Autoclave processing of large scale, one-piece structural parts made of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials is the key to decreasing manufacturing costs while at the same time increasing quality. Nonetheless, even in manufacturing simple flat parts, residual strains and stresses are unavoidable. For structural design purposes and to aid in the assembly procedures, it is desirable to have proven numerical tools that can be used to predict these residual geometrical and material properties in advance, thus avoid the costly experimental trial and error methods. A 2-D finite element-based code, COMPRO, has previously been developed in-house for predicting autoclave process-induced deformations and residual stresses in composite parts undergoing an entire cure cycle. To simulate the tool-part interaction, an important source of residual deformations/stresses, COMPRO used a non-zero thickness elastic shear layer as its only interface option. Moreover, the code did not account for the large deformations and strains and the resulting nonlinear effects that can arise during the early stages of the cure cycle when the material is rather compliant. In the present work, a contact surface employing a penalty method formulation is introduced at the tool-part interface. Its material-dependent parameters are a function of temperature, degree of cure, pressure and so forth. This makes the stick-slip condition plus separation between the part and the tool possible. The large displacements/rotations and large shear strains that develop at the early stages of the cure cycle when the resin has a very low elastic modulus provided the impetus to include a large strain/deformation option in COMPRO. A new “co-rotational stress formulation” was developed and found to provide a robust method for numerical treatment of very large deformation/strain problems involving anisotropic materials of interest here. Several verification and validation examples are used to calibrate the contact interface parameters and to demonstrate the correctness of implementation and the accuracy of the proposed method. A number of comparisons are made with exact solutions, other methods, other experiments and the same models in other commercial codes. Finally, several interesting cases are examined to explore the results of COMPRO predictions with the added options. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The problem with which this study was concerned was that of developing wood stain formulas from a small supply of materials. These formulas should produce a wide variety of colors from which to select, the use of which should be suited to the school or home laboratory.

We have developed a method of calculating the average local absorbance (ALA) of a nucleus from the integrated nuclear absorbance and area. One can use the ALA, along with nuclear areas measured at different point absorbance thresholds, to determine whether a nucleus is stained too lightly or too darkly for accurate absorption measurements; this allows selection of an optimal light wavelength for the performance of these measurements. The ALA can also be used for automatic and instantaneous correction of integrated absorbance values from darkly stained cells. This allows the rapid measurement of the integrated absorbances of a large number of nuclei that are heterogeneous in stain intensity. Coefficients of variation of approximately 3% are obtained for the integrated absorbances of nuclei of nontransformed G0/G1 cells. This correction method can be applied with any image densitometer that generates both integrated absorbance and area values.

A identificação histopatológica dos agentes fúngicos é um método excelente de diagnóstico, devido ao fato de que as estruturas são facilmente identificadas por meio das técnicas histoquímicas. Até o momento, não dispõem-se de métodos aceitáveis para quantificação da atividade da infecção. Esta investigação protocola um método de estimativa para atividade biológica da criptococose através da determinação dos índice de brotamentos e carminofílico do Cryptococcus. Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos histopatológicos da criptococose através das técnicas histoquímicas básicas e especiais da micologia. Métodos: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico prévio da criptococose. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo masculino. A idade variou entre 10 a 81 anos, com média de 45,6 anos. A criptococose é doença definidora dos casos de Aids, sendo considerado seu principal fator predisponente, seguido de transplantes. O trato respiratório é o mais envolvido. O microrganismos tem tropismo para o sistema nervoso central e apresenta disseminação para outros órgãos. Resultados falso-negativos é reflexo da deficiência de material capsular. A mortalidade foi de 36%, sendo o maior índice obervado até os 3 primeiros meses após o diagnóstico. A criptococose apresenta-se sob duas formas, reativa e paucireativa. Na infecção reativa, os organismos foram menos abundantes e predominantemente intracelulares aos histiócitos e às células gigantes. Na infecção paucireativa, há um grande número de leveduras, que proliferam-se extracelularmente e estão associadas a destruição do tecido afetado. Ambos infecções, reativas e paucireativas mostraram grande variação no índice de brotamento. O índice carminofílico foi menor nas infecção reativas, quando comparados a infecção paucireativa. Discussão: A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina é usada para visualizar as alterações estruturais das lesões, bem como da reação tecidual. A coloração da prata é a mais utilizada para identificação dos organismos fúngicos como o Cryptococcus. A coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer detecta a cápsula mucopolissacarídica circundante corada na cor magenta. A coloração de FM oferece diagnóstico diferencial nos casos inconclusivos à coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer. A quantificação de IB e IC é uma escala útil na interpretação da resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro e atividade biológica da criptococose. / The histopathologic identification from the fungal agents that's a method excellent of diagnostic, due the fact of what the structures são easily identified for histochemical techniques. So far, there is no methods you accepted about to measurement of biologic activity. This investigation aponta to an method of estimate of the activity biologic of cryptococcal infection by determination of the Budding Index and Carminophilic Index of the Cryptococcus. Objectives: Describes the histologic features of cryptococcosis by basic and special histochemical techniques of mycology. Methods: Have been evaluated 33 patients with previous cryptococcosis histopathologic diagnostic. Results: There is an predominance of the males. The age of the patients ranged from 10 to 81 years with a median value 45,4 years. The HIV infection was the main risk factor for disease, followg of transplants. The respiratory tract is the most frequently involved among the organ systems organs. The false-negative latex test are due to capsular deficiency. The moratlity rate was 36%, The high rate of 50% was observed between of 1 to 3 months. The cryptococcal infections is divided into two major histologic categories, reactive and paucireactive, based upon the host reaction. In reactive infection, the organisms were lessa abundant and were predominantly intracellular within histiocytes and giant cells. In paucireactive infection, thre is large numbers of yeats in the lesions, cryptococci proliferate extracellarly within the involved tissues, associated histologically with mucoid degeneration of the surrounding tissue. Both reactice and paucireactive infections showed great variation in Budding Index. The Carminophilic Inded was lower in the reactive infections, when compared with the paucireactive infection. In this Carminophilic Index presented higher measurements.. Discussion: The Hematoxilin-Eosin stain is used to look for strucutural changes of the infectd lesion, as well tissues reactions. The Gomori’s methenamine-silver stain is the more commonly used in identificatifying these organisms. The mucicarmine stain detecting the surrounding mucopolisacharides capsule of the magenta color. The Fontana-Masson staining offers differential diagnostic. The determination of IB and IC is an scale that relied, because it provides an interpretation of the host response and biological activity of the cryptoccosis.

A identificação histopatológica dos agentes fúngicos é um método excelente de diagnóstico, devido ao fato de que as estruturas são facilmente identificadas por meio das técnicas histoquímicas. Até o momento, não dispõem-se de métodos aceitáveis para quantificação da atividade da infecção. Esta investigação protocola um método de estimativa para atividade biológica da criptococose através da determinação dos índice de brotamentos e carminofílico do Cryptococcus. Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos histopatológicos da criptococose através das técnicas histoquímicas básicas e especiais da micologia. Métodos: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico prévio da criptococose. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo masculino. A idade variou entre 10 a 81 anos, com média de 45,6 anos. A criptococose é doença definidora dos casos de Aids, sendo considerado seu principal fator predisponente, seguido de transplantes. O trato respiratório é o mais envolvido. O microrganismos tem tropismo para o sistema nervoso central e apresenta disseminação para outros órgãos. Resultados falso-negativos é reflexo da deficiência de material capsular. A mortalidade foi de 36%, sendo o maior índice obervado até os 3 primeiros meses após o diagnóstico. A criptococose apresenta-se sob duas formas, reativa e paucireativa. Na infecção reativa, os organismos foram menos abundantes e predominantemente intracelulares aos histiócitos e às células gigantes. Na infecção paucireativa, há um grande número de leveduras, que proliferam-se extracelularmente e estão associadas a destruição do tecido afetado. Ambos infecções, reativas e paucireativas mostraram grande variação no índice de brotamento. O índice carminofílico foi menor nas infecção reativas, quando comparados a infecção paucireativa. Discussão: A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina é usada para visualizar as alterações estruturais das lesões, bem como da reação tecidual. A coloração da prata é a mais utilizada para identificação dos organismos fúngicos como o Cryptococcus. A coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer detecta a cápsula mucopolissacarídica circundante corada na cor magenta. A coloração de FM oferece diagnóstico diferencial nos casos inconclusivos à coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer. A quantificação de IB e IC é uma escala útil na interpretação da resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro e atividade biológica da criptococose. / The histopathologic identification from the fungal agents that's a method excellent of diagnostic, due the fact of what the structures são easily identified for histochemical techniques. So far, there is no methods you accepted about to measurement of biologic activity. This investigation aponta to an method of estimate of the activity biologic of cryptococcal infection by determination of the Budding Index and Carminophilic Index of the Cryptococcus. Objectives: Describes the histologic features of cryptococcosis by basic and special histochemical techniques of mycology. Methods: Have been evaluated 33 patients with previous cryptococcosis histopathologic diagnostic. Results: There is an predominance of the males. The age of the patients ranged from 10 to 81 years with a median value 45,4 years. The HIV infection was the main risk factor for disease, followg of transplants. The respiratory tract is the most frequently involved among the organ systems organs. The false-negative latex test are due to capsular deficiency. The moratlity rate was 36%, The high rate of 50% was observed between of 1 to 3 months. The cryptococcal infections is divided into two major histologic categories, reactive and paucireactive, based upon the host reaction. In reactive infection, the organisms were lessa abundant and were predominantly intracellular within histiocytes and giant cells. In paucireactive infection, thre is large numbers of yeats in the lesions, cryptococci proliferate extracellarly within the involved tissues, associated histologically with mucoid degeneration of the surrounding tissue. Both reactice and paucireactive infections showed great variation in Budding Index. The Carminophilic Inded was lower in the reactive infections, when compared with the paucireactive infection. In this Carminophilic Index presented higher measurements.. Discussion: The Hematoxilin-Eosin stain is used to look for strucutural changes of the infectd lesion, as well tissues reactions. The Gomori’s methenamine-silver stain is the more commonly used in identificatifying these organisms. The mucicarmine stain detecting the surrounding mucopolisacharides capsule of the magenta color. The Fontana-Masson staining offers differential diagnostic. The determination of IB and IC is an scale that relied, because it provides an interpretation of the host response and biological activity of the cryptoccosis.

A identificação histopatológica dos agentes fúngicos é um método excelente de diagnóstico, devido ao fato de que as estruturas são facilmente identificadas por meio das técnicas histoquímicas. Até o momento, não dispõem-se de métodos aceitáveis para quantificação da atividade da infecção. Esta investigação protocola um método de estimativa para atividade biológica da criptococose através da determinação dos índice de brotamentos e carminofílico do Cryptococcus. Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos histopatológicos da criptococose através das técnicas histoquímicas básicas e especiais da micologia. Métodos: Foram avaliados 33 pacientes com diagnóstico histopatológico prévio da criptococose. Resultados: Houve predominância do sexo masculino. A idade variou entre 10 a 81 anos, com média de 45,6 anos. A criptococose é doença definidora dos casos de Aids, sendo considerado seu principal fator predisponente, seguido de transplantes. O trato respiratório é o mais envolvido. O microrganismos tem tropismo para o sistema nervoso central e apresenta disseminação para outros órgãos. Resultados falso-negativos é reflexo da deficiência de material capsular. A mortalidade foi de 36%, sendo o maior índice obervado até os 3 primeiros meses após o diagnóstico. A criptococose apresenta-se sob duas formas, reativa e paucireativa. Na infecção reativa, os organismos foram menos abundantes e predominantemente intracelulares aos histiócitos e às células gigantes. Na infecção paucireativa, há um grande número de leveduras, que proliferam-se extracelularmente e estão associadas a destruição do tecido afetado. Ambos infecções, reativas e paucireativas mostraram grande variação no índice de brotamento. O índice carminofílico foi menor nas infecção reativas, quando comparados a infecção paucireativa. Discussão: A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina é usada para visualizar as alterações estruturais das lesões, bem como da reação tecidual. A coloração da prata é a mais utilizada para identificação dos organismos fúngicos como o Cryptococcus. A coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer detecta a cápsula mucopolissacarídica circundante corada na cor magenta. A coloração de FM oferece diagnóstico diferencial nos casos inconclusivos à coloração de Mucicarmim de Mayer. A quantificação de IB e IC é uma escala útil na interpretação da resposta inflamatória do hospedeiro e atividade biológica da criptococose. / The histopathologic identification from the fungal agents that's a method excellent of diagnostic, due the fact of what the structures são easily identified for histochemical techniques. So far, there is no methods you accepted about to measurement of biologic activity. This investigation aponta to an method of estimate of the activity biologic of cryptococcal infection by determination of the Budding Index and Carminophilic Index of the Cryptococcus. Objectives: Describes the histologic features of cryptococcosis by basic and special histochemical techniques of mycology. Methods: Have been evaluated 33 patients with previous cryptococcosis histopathologic diagnostic. Results: There is an predominance of the males. The age of the patients ranged from 10 to 81 years with a median value 45,4 years. The HIV infection was the main risk factor for disease, followg of transplants. The respiratory tract is the most frequently involved among the organ systems organs. The false-negative latex test are due to capsular deficiency. The moratlity rate was 36%, The high rate of 50% was observed between of 1 to 3 months. The cryptococcal infections is divided into two major histologic categories, reactive and paucireactive, based upon the host reaction. In reactive infection, the organisms were lessa abundant and were predominantly intracellular within histiocytes and giant cells. In paucireactive infection, thre is large numbers of yeats in the lesions, cryptococci proliferate extracellarly within the involved tissues, associated histologically with mucoid degeneration of the surrounding tissue. Both reactice and paucireactive infections showed great variation in Budding Index. The Carminophilic Inded was lower in the reactive infections, when compared with the paucireactive infection. In this Carminophilic Index presented higher measurements.. Discussion: The Hematoxilin-Eosin stain is used to look for strucutural changes of the infectd lesion, as well tissues reactions. The Gomori’s methenamine-silver stain is the more commonly used in identificatifying these organisms. The mucicarmine stain detecting the surrounding mucopolisacharides capsule of the magenta color. The Fontana-Masson staining offers differential diagnostic. The determination of IB and IC is an scale that relied, because it provides an interpretation of the host response and biological activity of the cryptoccosis.