Bakgrund: Intern styrning och kontroll är ett centralt begrepp i en organisations verksamhet och finns till för att hjälpa organisationen till en effektiv verksamhet och en tillförlitlig ekonomisk rapportering där lagar och regler efterföljs. Detta ska i sin tur hjälpa organisationen att uppnå sina mål med verksamheten. Ett flertal skandaler i såväl privat som offentlig verksamhet har uppmärksammats efter felaktigheter såsom misstag, bedrägerier och korruption begåtts. Med en god och fungerande intern kontroll hade sådana felaktigheter kunnat förhindras vilket även stärker organisationens möjligheter att nå målen med verksamheten.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka kommunernas arbete med den interna kontrollen utifrån COSO-modellen.  Teoretisk referensram: Studien baseras på COSO-modellen och dess fem komponenter, kommunernas uppbyggnad och ansvar samt intressent- och legitimitetsteorin.  Metod: Denna flerfallstudie har en kvalitativ ansats med ett abduktivt angreppssätt. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom fyra delvis strukturerade intervjuer där intervjuerna genomfördes med två personer från respektive kommun. Det empiriska materialet baseras även på kommunernas reglementen och andra interna dokument.   Slutsats: Slutsatsen med denna studie är att Borlänge och Ludvika kommun arbetar på ett liknande sätt med den interna kontrollen. Vi kan utläsa vissa olikheter mellan kommunerna men generellt sett så sker arbetet likartat och utifrån COSO´s ramverk för intern kontroll. Studien visar på att den interna kontrollen för kommunala verksamheter syftar till att säkra en effektiv verksamhet där lagar och regler efterföljs samt bevara förtroendet hos kommunernas intressenter och framstå som legitim i medborgarnas ögon. / Background: Internal control is a central concept in an organization's operations and exists to assist the organization to become an effective operation with reliable financial reporting where laws and regulations are followed. This, in turn, will help the organization achieve their goals with the operation. Several scandals in both the private and public sectors have been noted for errors such as mistakes, fraud and corruption. With a good and functioning internal control, such errors could have been prevented, which also strengthens the organization's ability to achieve the goals of the operation.  Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the municipalities' work on internal control based on the COSO model.  Theoretical framework: The study is based on the COSO model and its five components, the municipalities' structure and responsibility and the theory of stakeholder and legitimacy theory.  Methodology: This multi-case study has a qualitative approach with an abductive profile. The empirical material was collected through four partially structured interviews, where the interviews were conducted with two people from each municipality. The empirical material is also based on the municipal regulations and other internal documents.  Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that Borlänge and Ludvika municipality work in a similar way with internal control. There are some differences between the municipalities, but in general, the work is done similarly and based on the COSO framework for internal control. The study shows that the internal control of municipal functions aims to ensure an efficient operation where laws and regulations are followed and to maintain the trust of the municipal stakeholders and appear legitimate in the eyes of the citizens.

Due to the fact that corporate environmental reporting (CER) is largely voluntary and unregulated, practice has evolved in the absence of a meaningful conceptual framework. This lack of a normative theory stating what should be the content of CER as well as the methods for measuring reported information being largely volumetric or content based, is advanced as a major limitation in the existing literature. In this study, the wellestablished conceptual frameworks for financial reporting are adapted as the basis for a CER conceptual framework in which four characteristics of CER indicate its quality. Empirical methods for the measurement of such characteristics are also adapted from the financial reporting literature. The main aim of this research is to use the adapted framework to examine the extent of variation in the quality of CER and then to test its applicability to the key motivational theories. The empirical work involves a panel of US and UK firms over a two-year period. This allows cross-sectional comparison to be made between different financial accounting regimes (rules- vs. principles-based) as well as permits examination of the development of CER over time. Further, the empirical work is extended to investigate the interrelationship between the financial and environmental performance of a firm. Evidence in support of the legitimacy and institutional theory explanations for disclosure motivations is comprehensively found through the measures of the qualitative characteristics identified. That is, the use of a novel CER framework based on financial reporting quality here enables a more robust understanding of the reporting behaviours than previous work. Moreover, evidence for CER variation owing to the differences in financial reporting regimes is found and thus, it is reasonable to assert that the culture of financial reporting, to some extent, informs the nature of voluntary non-financial reporting. However, perhaps owing to the short time frame of the investigation, evidence of financial rewards from being environmentally effective or through providing CER is not found. The findings from this research will be of interest to preparers and users of corporate environmental reports as well as to policymakers, particularly in terms of enabling them to assess the quality of reporting and its level of fit with their expectations. Moreover, they also shed light on the link between environmental performance, as manifested in carbon emissions, and what is reported.