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<p>This thesis concerns partial discharges in stator windings and the possibility of analyzing data using statistical methods. Partial discharges, or PD, are a physical phenomenon in which discharges occur locally due to large electric fields. PD can occur in or adjacent to the insulation of stator windings and causes breakdown of the insulating materials. PD measurement can provide an idea of how widespread the PD activity is. A technique to measure and analyze PD that has become very popular over the last few decades is phase resolved PD patterns. These patterns supplies a "fingerprint" of the PD activity and by visually interpreting this patterns one can, in addition to read the intensity of the PD, also get a picture of what type of PD that is active. The problem with phase resolved PD patterns is that they are very complex and difficult to interpret. By applying statistical methods to PD patterns it has been investigated in this thesis whether the interpretation of the PD patterns can be simplified. The results show that the proposed methods have some advantages as they can quantify trends in the patterns. The methods have also shown to have severe limitations due to the fundamental properties of the PD patterns.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete berör partiella urladdningar i statorlindningar och möjligheten att analysera mätdata med hjälp av statistiska metoder. Partiella urladdningar, eller PD, är ett fysikaliskt fenomen som innebär att urladdningar sker lokalt på grund av stora elektriska fältstyrkor. PD kan ske i eller intill isoleringen i statorlindningar och medför att isoleringsmaterialen bryts ner. Genom att mäta aktiviteten av PD kan man få en uppfattningav hur utbredd förekomsten av PD är. En teknik för att mäta och analysera PD som blivit mycket populär senaste decennierna är fasupplösta PD-mönster. Med dessa fås ett ”fingeravtryck” av PD-aktiviteten och genom att visuellt tolka det mönster som åskådliggörs kan man förutom intensitet av PD även få en god bild av vilken typ av PD somär aktiv. Problemet med fasupplösta PD-mönster är att de är mycket komplexa och svårtolkade. Genom att applicera statistiska metoder på fasupplösta PD-mönster har det i detta examensarbete undersökts om tolkningen kan förenklas. Resultaten visar på att de föreslagna metoderna har vissa fördelar då de kan kvantifiera tendenser som finns i mönstren. Metoderna har även stora begränsningar då egenskaperna i fasupplösta PDmönster ofta beror på många andra faktorer än bara de partiella urladdningarna i sig.</p>

This thesis concerns partial discharges in stator windings and the possibility of analyzing data using statistical methods. Partial discharges, or PD, are a physical phenomenon in which discharges occur locally due to large electric fields. PD can occur in or adjacent to the insulation of stator windings and causes breakdown of the insulating materials. PD measurement can provide an idea of how widespread the PD activity is. A technique to measure and analyze PD that has become very popular over the last few decades is phase resolved PD patterns. These patterns supplies a "fingerprint" of the PD activity and by visually interpreting this patterns one can, in addition to read the intensity of the PD, also get a picture of what type of PD that is active. The problem with phase resolved PD patterns is that they are very complex and difficult to interpret. By applying statistical methods to PD patterns it has been investigated in this thesis whether the interpretation of the PD patterns can be simplified. The results show that the proposed methods have some advantages as they can quantify trends in the patterns. The methods have also shown to have severe limitations due to the fundamental properties of the PD patterns. / Detta examensarbete berör partiella urladdningar i statorlindningar och möjligheten att analysera mätdata med hjälp av statistiska metoder. Partiella urladdningar, eller PD, är ett fysikaliskt fenomen som innebär att urladdningar sker lokalt på grund av stora elektriska fältstyrkor. PD kan ske i eller intill isoleringen i statorlindningar och medför att isoleringsmaterialen bryts ner. Genom att mäta aktiviteten av PD kan man få en uppfattningav hur utbredd förekomsten av PD är. En teknik för att mäta och analysera PD som blivit mycket populär senaste decennierna är fasupplösta PD-mönster. Med dessa fås ett ”fingeravtryck” av PD-aktiviteten och genom att visuellt tolka det mönster som åskådliggörs kan man förutom intensitet av PD även få en god bild av vilken typ av PD somär aktiv. Problemet med fasupplösta PD-mönster är att de är mycket komplexa och svårtolkade. Genom att applicera statistiska metoder på fasupplösta PD-mönster har det i detta examensarbete undersökts om tolkningen kan förenklas. Resultaten visar på att de föreslagna metoderna har vissa fördelar då de kan kvantifiera tendenser som finns i mönstren. Metoderna har även stora begränsningar då egenskaperna i fasupplösta PDmönster ofta beror på många andra faktorer än bara de partiella urladdningarna i sig.

The present work investigates the nature of dry-friction whip and whirl through experimental and numerical methods. Efforts of the author, Dyck, Pavalek, and coworkers enabled the design and construction of a test rig that demonstrated and recorded accurately the character of multi-mode dry-friction whip and whirl. These tests examined steady state whip and whirl characteristics for a variety of rub materials and clearances. Results provided by the test rig are unparalleled in quality and nature to those seen in literature and possess several unique characteristics that are presented and discussed. A simulation model is constructed using the Texas A and M University (TAMU) Turbomachinery Laboratory rotordynamic software suite XLTRC2 comprised of tapered Timoshenko beam finite elements to form multiple degree of freedom rotor and stator models. These models are reduced by component mode synthesis to discard highfrequency modes while retaining physical coordinates at locations for nonlinear interactions. The interaction at the rub surface is modeled using a nonlinear Hunt and Crossley contact model with coulomb friction. Dry-friction simulations are performed for specific test cases and compared against experimental data to determine the validity of the model. These comparisons are favorable, capturing accurately the nature of dryfriction whirl. Experimental and numerical analysis reveals the existence of multiple whirl and whip regions spanning the entire range of frequencies excited during whirl, despite claims of previous investigations that these regions are predicted by Black's whirl solution, but are not excited in simulations or experiments. In addition, spectral analysis illustrates the presence of harmonic sidebands that accompany the fundamental whirl solution. These sidebands are more evident in whip, and can excite higher-frequency whirl solutions. Experimental evidence also shows a strong nonlinearity present in the whirl frequency ratio, which is greater than that predicted by the measured radius-toclearance ratio at the rub location. Results include whirl frequencies 250% of that predicted by the measured radius-to-clearance ratio.

The existing 3-stage research turbine at Turbomachinery Performance and Flow Research Laboratory (TPFL) facility, Texas A & M University (TAMU) was replaced with a newly designed and manufactured 2-stage turbine in accordance with the design requirements as per DooSan, DHI. This new design of turbine consisted of bowed stator and rotor blades to study the effect on reduction of secondary ow losses and thus improvement in turbine efficiency if any. The new design also incorporated labyrinth seals on both inner and outer shrouds. Extensive Inter-stage and Performance experiments were carried out on this new turbine. Inter-stage measurements were accomplished by traversing three 5-hole probes radially and circumferentially, using the existing probe traverse system in TPFL. Performance tests were conducted for varying pressure ratio, at fixed rotational speed and for varying rotational speed with fixed pressure ratio and the efficiency was plotted against u/c_0. Each condition was tested and measured two to three times to check for reproducibility of the data. The results from inter-stage experiments show that the rotor row loss coefficient is about four times higher than the stator row loss coefficient. This high rotor loss coefficient reduces the total to static efficiency. From the performance tests, the maximum total-to-static efficiency observed was 85.2 percent located at around u/c_0 = 0.75. This relatively low efficiency is in consonance with the inter-stage results (high rotor loss coefficient).

L'objet de cette étude est de mieux formaliser et modéliser de façon générique le processus de structuration d'un produit par le procédé de foisonnement, en reliant les paramètres opératoires aux propriétés des mousses formées et de contribuer ainsi à un meilleur pilotage de l'opération. Une ligne de foisonnement par battage en continu a été instrumentée et l'évolution du diamètre des bulles en fonction des paramètres du produit et du procédé a été suivie pour des milieux modèles newtoniens et rhéofluidifiants. L'analyse dimensionnelle à l'échelle du procédé a permis d'aboutir à un modèle physique de l'opération, et donc d'avoir une compréhension des phénomènes en présence. Elle a aussi permis d'intégrer les paramètres du produit et du procédé et de simplifier la représentation des résultats expérimentaux. Enfin, la cohérence de ce modèle avec d'autres issus de la littérature et une première approche de validation avec un produit réel, semble justifier son caractère générique. / The aim of this study is to better formalize and model in a generic way the structuring of a product by the foaming operation process, by linking the operating parameters to the foams properties and contribute to a better steering of the operation. A continuous whipping line was instrumented and the evolution of bubble diameter depending on both product and process parameters was characterized for Newtonian and shear-thinning model fluids. Dimensional analysis of the process has lead to a physical model of the operation, and therefore makes possible the understanding of the phenomena involved. It also helped to integrate the product and the process parameters and simplify the representation of experimental results. Finally, the consistency of this model with others from the literature and a first validation with a real product seems to justify his relevance.

Le bruit généré par l'impact du sillage de la soufflante avec les aubes du redresseur est une source prédominante des turboréacteurs en conditions d'approche, et la composante à large bande contribue fortement au niveau sonore global. Une méthode numérique basée sur un code CAA résolvant les équations d Euler est développée dans cette thèse afin d'estimer le bruit d'interaction entre un sillage turbulent et un aubage de géométrie quelconque. Le sillage amont est modélisé à l'aide d'une méthode stochastique supposant un spectre de turbulence homogène isotrope et une représentation spatiale simplifiée du champ de vitesse. Ces fluctuations de vitesse sont injectées dans le code CAA via des conditions aux limites adéquates. La méthode ainsi mise en place est validée dans un premier temps sur des cas d'interaction avec une plaque plane en comparant les résultats numériques aux solutions du modèle d'Amiet. Un chaınage avec une méthode intégrale est aussi réalisé pour estimer le rayonnement acoustique. La méthode numérique est ensuite mise en œuvre pour simuler la réponse acoustique d'un profil isolé avec un bord d'attaque ondulé conçu et testé dans la soufflerie de l'ISVR dans le cadre du projet européen FLOCON. Enfin, la méthodologie est étendue à des configurations de grilles d'aubes annulaires en conduit. Après une étape de validation sur des cas monofréquentiels issus d'un benchmark CAA, des simulations large bande sont réalisées, tout d'abord sur une configuration de grille d'aubes sans incidence (écoulement axial uniforme) testée en soufflerie au LMFA, puis sur une configuration plus complexe de grille d'aubes non chargée en écoulement tournant proposée par Atassi / Noise generation due to the rotor wakes impinging the stator vanes is a dominant turbofan source at approach conditions, and the broadband noise component is significantly contributing to the overall level. A numerical method based on a CAA code solving the Euler equations is developped in this thesis in order to simulate the interaction noise between a turbulent wake and a vane row without geometry restrictions. The upstream turbulent flow is synthesized using a stochastic approach by considering an homogeneous isotropic turbulence spectrum model and a simplified spatial representation of the velocity field. These velocity gusts are injected in the CAA code by implementing a suited boundary condition. The present methodology is first va- lidated against turbulence-flat plate interaction cases, by comparing the numerical predictions to Amiet model solutions. A chaining with an integral formulation is also performed to assess the acoustic far-field. Then, the method is used to estimate the acoustic response of an isolated airfoil with a wavy leading egde, designed and tested in ISVR wind tunnel in the framework of European FLOCON project. Finally, the computations are extended to ducted annular grid configurations. After a validation step on single-frequency cases described in a CAA benchmark, broadband noise simulations are performed, firstly on a flat-plate annular grid in a uniform axial flow tested in the LMFA wind tunnel, and then on a more complex configuration related to an unloaded grid in a swirling mean flow proposed by Atassi

Malgré les progrès faits dans les dernières décennies en CFD, les techniques RANS instationnaires pour les turbomachines multi-étages sont toujours très couteuses en temps de calcul, réduisant leur intérêt en conception industrielle. Grâce à une analyse de Fourier, les équations instationnaires de Navier-Stokes peuvent être considérées comme 2N+1 équations stationnaires couplées par un terme source. Cette approche calcule efficacement les écoulements instationnaires périodiques et montre de forts gains en terme de temps de calcul. Cependant, l’expression du terme source est algébrique, ce qui provoque des difficultés dans le calcul de l’inverse de la transformée de Fourier directe. Afin d’améliorer la robustesse et la précision de la méthode, une approche basée sur un échantillonnage temporel non-uniforme est adoptée. Pour réduire le domaine de calcul à un unique passage inter-aube des conditions aux limites de chrochronicité sont développées. Dans un premier temps, un rotor et un stator sont simules avec en une entrée du domaine de calcul une injection qui modélise le sillage de la roue directrice d’entrée. Ainsi, deux fréquences fondamentales sont vues par le rotor. L’influence du contenu fréquentiel dans le rotor (i.e. le nombre d’harmoniques de la fréquence de passage des roues et leurs combinaisons) est analysée. Les résultats sont valides contre ceux obtenus avec des simulations instationnaires classiques. Ensuite, la méthode est appliquée a deux compresseurs industriels, le compresseur transsonique ECL4 et le compresseur d’étude CREATE. / Despite the progress made in the last decades in CFD, the unsteady RANS techniques for multistage turbomachines are still very costly in computation time. Thanks to Fourier analysis, the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations can be seen as 2N + 1 equations coupled by a source term. This approach efficiently computes unsteady flows and showed significant savings in computation time. However, the source term of the method is algebraic, thus entailing some difficulties in the computation of the inverse of the direct Fourier transform. In order to enhance the robustness and the precision of the HBT, non-uniformly sampled time levels are chosen. To reduce the computational domain to a single blade passage, phaselag boundary conditions are developped. First, a rotor and a stator configuration with a wake injection at the inlet (accounting for an inlet guide vane) is modelled. Thus, two fundamental frequencies are seen by the rotor. The influence of the spectrum in the rotor is addressed. The results are validated against classical unsteady RANS simulations. Then the method is applied to two industrial : the transonic compressor ECL4 and the study compressor CREATE.