<p>This thesis concerns partial discharges in stator windings and the possibility of analyzing data using statistical methods. Partial discharges, or PD, are a physical phenomenon in which discharges occur locally due to large electric fields. PD can occur in or adjacent to the insulation of stator windings and causes breakdown of the insulating materials. PD measurement can provide an idea of how widespread the PD activity is. A technique to measure and analyze PD that has become very popular over the last few decades is phase resolved PD patterns. These patterns supplies a "fingerprint" of the PD activity and by visually interpreting this patterns one can, in addition to read the intensity of the PD, also get a picture of what type of PD that is active. The problem with phase resolved PD patterns is that they are very complex and difficult to interpret. By applying statistical methods to PD patterns it has been investigated in this thesis whether the interpretation of the PD patterns can be simplified. The results show that the proposed methods have some advantages as they can quantify trends in the patterns. The methods have also shown to have severe limitations due to the fundamental properties of the PD patterns.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete berör partiella urladdningar i statorlindningar och möjligheten att analysera mätdata med hjälp av statistiska metoder. Partiella urladdningar, eller PD, är ett fysikaliskt fenomen som innebär att urladdningar sker lokalt på grund av stora elektriska fältstyrkor. PD kan ske i eller intill isoleringen i statorlindningar och medför att isoleringsmaterialen bryts ner. Genom att mäta aktiviteten av PD kan man få en uppfattningav hur utbredd förekomsten av PD är. En teknik för att mäta och analysera PD som blivit mycket populär senaste decennierna är fasupplösta PD-mönster. Med dessa fås ett ”fingeravtryck” av PD-aktiviteten och genom att visuellt tolka det mönster som åskådliggörs kan man förutom intensitet av PD även få en god bild av vilken typ av PD somär aktiv. Problemet med fasupplösta PD-mönster är att de är mycket komplexa och svårtolkade. Genom att applicera statistiska metoder på fasupplösta PD-mönster har det i detta examensarbete undersökts om tolkningen kan förenklas. Resultaten visar på att de föreslagna metoderna har vissa fördelar då de kan kvantifiera tendenser som finns i mönstren. Metoderna har även stora begränsningar då egenskaperna i fasupplösta PDmönster ofta beror på många andra faktorer än bara de partiella urladdningarna i sig.</p>

This thesis concerns partial discharges in stator windings and the possibility of analyzing data using statistical methods. Partial discharges, or PD, are a physical phenomenon in which discharges occur locally due to large electric fields. PD can occur in or adjacent to the insulation of stator windings and causes breakdown of the insulating materials. PD measurement can provide an idea of how widespread the PD activity is. A technique to measure and analyze PD that has become very popular over the last few decades is phase resolved PD patterns. These patterns supplies a "fingerprint" of the PD activity and by visually interpreting this patterns one can, in addition to read the intensity of the PD, also get a picture of what type of PD that is active. The problem with phase resolved PD patterns is that they are very complex and difficult to interpret. By applying statistical methods to PD patterns it has been investigated in this thesis whether the interpretation of the PD patterns can be simplified. The results show that the proposed methods have some advantages as they can quantify trends in the patterns. The methods have also shown to have severe limitations due to the fundamental properties of the PD patterns. / Detta examensarbete berör partiella urladdningar i statorlindningar och möjligheten att analysera mätdata med hjälp av statistiska metoder. Partiella urladdningar, eller PD, är ett fysikaliskt fenomen som innebär att urladdningar sker lokalt på grund av stora elektriska fältstyrkor. PD kan ske i eller intill isoleringen i statorlindningar och medför att isoleringsmaterialen bryts ner. Genom att mäta aktiviteten av PD kan man få en uppfattningav hur utbredd förekomsten av PD är. En teknik för att mäta och analysera PD som blivit mycket populär senaste decennierna är fasupplösta PD-mönster. Med dessa fås ett ”fingeravtryck” av PD-aktiviteten och genom att visuellt tolka det mönster som åskådliggörs kan man förutom intensitet av PD även få en god bild av vilken typ av PD somär aktiv. Problemet med fasupplösta PD-mönster är att de är mycket komplexa och svårtolkade. Genom att applicera statistiska metoder på fasupplösta PD-mönster har det i detta examensarbete undersökts om tolkningen kan förenklas. Resultaten visar på att de föreslagna metoderna har vissa fördelar då de kan kvantifiera tendenser som finns i mönstren. Metoderna har även stora begränsningar då egenskaperna i fasupplösta PDmönster ofta beror på många andra faktorer än bara de partiella urladdningarna i sig.

The mandate of the Department of Social Development (DSD) is to provide welfare services. These services are targeted at every citizen in South Africa and most importantly the vulnerable and poor people of South Africa. In order to ensure that it fulfills its mandate, the Department of Social Development (DSD) has put in place a Performance Management System which seeks to ensure that the deliverables are achieved effectively and efficiently. It is often argued that services for the poor are sometimes poor services, yet government devotes ample resources to improve these services. Thus the implementation of Performance Management System is strategically geared at improving service delivery in government departments. The Department of Social Development (DSD) is one of those departments that have implemented the Performance Management System but the results reveal that it has not achieved the expected outcomes, There is heightened job dissatisfaction, poor performance and low morale. The study sought to investigate the perceived impact of the performance management system on service delivery. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the contributions of the performance management system of the Department of Social Development (DSD) in enhancing the delivery of social services. The study employed a qualitative approach and it was exploratory in nature. The study population consisted of social workers and managers. In addition, there were key informants drawn from the Human Resource section. A total of 15 participants and 2 key informants were selected using purposive sampling. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect data. There were separate interview schedules for social workers as well as the managers. Face to face interviews were conducted with all the participants. The collected data was analysed using thematic content analysis. Ethical considerations were adhered to, as the researcher observed and adhered to conducting the investigation without bringing harm to participants and allowing the participants free will to choose to participate in the study. The major findings revealed that there is no common understanding of what performance management is. The study revealed that the performance management system utilised in the DSD had a negative impact on service delivery. All the participants identified the performance management system as a management tool. Various challenges that undermine the effectiveness of the performance management system were identified. These challenges include the role of supervision was identified as being suppressed as proper supervision did not take place and political interference was also identified as a challenge that undermined the effectiveness of system. The work output of social workers was affected by these various challenges.

Global systemutveckling (GSD) är en ökande trend inom systemutvecklingsbranschenoch möjliggör för verksamheter att reducera utvecklingskostnaderna, få tillgång tillexpertis till lägre kostnader samt öka flexibilitet och effektivitet genom att konstantbedriva systemutveckling över olika tidszoner. Global mjukvaruutveckling ikombination med agila metodologier visar sig bli allt vanligare då framgångsrika agilaprojekt kan producera programvara av högre kvalitet som bättre uppfylleranvändarnas behov. Tidigare forskning konstaterar dock att utmaningar ochkomplikationer kan uppstå i globala mjukvaruutvecklingsmiljöer ur perspektivet avindivider som arbetar i geografiskt separerade projektgrupper. Syftet med dennastudie har varit att undersöka vilka problem och utmaningar som individer upplever iglobala mjukvaruutvecklingsmiljöer där den agila metodologin Scrum tillämpas.Problemen och utmaningarna som i denna studie undersökts relaterar till följandehuvudområden: kommunikation, språkliga och kulturella skillnader,gruppsammanhållning och laganda samt kunskapshantering. Studien syftar även tillatt redogöra för hur de uppkomna utmaningarna förslagsvis kan hanteras. Enundersökning har genomförts på ett mjukvaruutvecklingsföretag i Växjö som verkarinom ekonomitjänstebranschen. En kvalitativ undersökningsmetodik i form avsemistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med arbetstagare som arbetar i ettmjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt som bedrivs globalt.Slutsatserna som dras av studien är att individer som arbetar inom globalamjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt ställs inför flera utmaningar. Kommunikationsrelateradesvårigheter upplevs bl.a. på grund av bristen på informell kommunikation vilketresulterar i misskommunikation, missförstånd och långa svarstider. För en förbättradkommunikation kan kombinationen av synkrona och asynkrona verktyg användassamt skärmdelning och videosamtal. Scrum aktiviteter som daily scrums ochretrospectives kan även förbättra kommunikationen inom projektgruppen. Avseendekulturella skillnader visar studien att det upplevs svårt att definiera om utmaningarkan relateras till kulturella skillnader mellan olika länder eller om det avser skillnaderi organisationskulturer. Språkrelaterade skillnader visar sig upplevas som en barriäroch leder bl.a. till svårigheter att uttrycka sina idéer och tankar och att arbetetförsvåras eftersom att översättning krävs. Beträffande gruppsammanhållning upplevsdet råda en bristande gruppsammanhållning när projektmedlemmarna är fysisktseparerade och att gruppsammanhållningen tenderar att öka inom respektive separeradgrupp snarare än projektgruppen som helhet. Den geografiska spridningen påverkaräven tilliten inom projektgruppen. För ökad gruppsammanhållning och tillit ärinformella sammanträffar en nyckelfaktor. Medlare ses även som en nyckelfigur föratt länka samman teammedlemmarna i de fysiskt separerade grupperna. Avseendekunskapshantering upplevs den geografiska spridningen inom projektgruppen som enmöjlighet att dra nytta av varandras olika bakgrunder och erfarenheter för att på så sättöka kunskapen inom hela projektgruppen. Utmaningar som relaterar tillkunskapshantering är att samma misstag kan begås flera gånger inom projektet p.g.a.en avsaknad av informellt kunskapsutbyte. För förbättrad kunskapshantering inomprojektgruppen ges förslag på användning av t.ex. code reviews, checklistor ochkunskapstävlingar för främjandet av kunskapshantering inom projektgruppen / Global software development (GSD) is a growing trend within the software industryand enables companies to reduce development costs, get access to expertise to lowercosts and increase flexibility and efficiency by constantly conducting softwaredevelopment across different time zones. Global software development combinedwith agile methodologies proves to be more common as successful agile projects canproduce software of higher quality that better meet user needs. Previous researchconcludes however that challenges and complications can arise in GSD environmentsfrom the perspective of the individuals working in geographically separated projectteams. The purpose of this study was to examine the problems and challenges thatindividuals experience in GSD environments where the agile Scrum methodology isapplied. The problems and challenges that have been examined relate to the followingareas: communication, language and cultural differences, group cohesion and teamspirit and knowledge management. The study also aims to explain and exemplify howthe challenges can be mitigated. A study has been conducted at a softwaredevelopment company in Växjö operating in the finance service industry. Aqualitative research method in the form of semi-structured interviews was conductedwith employees working in a global software development project.The conclusions drawn from the study are that individuals working within GSDprojects face several challenges. Communication related difficulties are experiencedpartly due to of the lack of informal communication, which results in failedcommunication, misunderstandings and long response times. In order to improve thecommunication, a combination of synchronous and asynchronous tools can be used aswell as screen sharing and video calls. Scrum activities such as daily scrums andretrospectives can also improve the communication within the project team.Regarding cultural differences, the study shows that it’s difficult to distinguishwhether challenges are related to cultural differences between the countries, orwhether it relates to differences in organizational cultures. The language-relateddifferences prove to be perceived as a barrier and lead to difficulties for individuals toexpress their ideas and thoughts, as well as understanding other individuals. Thelanguage differences also hamper the work because translation is required. Challengesrelated to group cohesion include that individual’s experience a lack of groupcohesion when project members are physically separated and that the group cohesiontends to increase in each separated group instead of the project team as a whole. Thegeographic dispersion also affects the trust within the project team. In order improvegroup cohesion and trust within the team informal gatherings are a key factor.Mediators are also seen as a key figure for linking the team members in physicallyseparated groups. Knowledge management is seen as an opportunity to benefit fromeach other's different backgrounds and experiences to increase the knowledge withinthe entire team. Challenges related to knowledge management are that the samemistakes can be committed several times in the project due to a lack of informalknowledge exchange. In order to improve knowledge management within the project,suggestions are given such as the use of code reviews, checklists and to organizeknowledge competitions to promote knowledge sharing within the project team.

På grund av pandemin Covid-19 har många verksamheter tvingats anpassa sig till arbete på distans. Denna flerfallstudie har granskat hur systemutvecklingsmetoden Scrum appliceras i praktiken, hur den har anpassats för distansarbete samt vilka utmaningar som det innebär. För studien har data samlats in genom observationer av Daily Scrums och intervju av tre Scrum masters. Studien finner att Scrum i praktiken inte skiljer sig nämnvärt vad gäller arbetsrutiner, men att skillnader går att finna avseende teamens utformning och arbetsroller. Vidare finner studien inga utpräglade skillnader i hur Scrum appliceras vid distribuerat arbete kontra arbete lokalt, men att distribuerat arbete medför vissa utmaningar, likväl som positiva aspekter. Utmaningarna består främst i tekniska problem, tidskrävande planering och långsammare kommunikation. De positiva aspekterna härleds främst till ett ökat fokus för medlemmarna i teamen tack vare lugnare arbetsmiljöer.

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The aim of this thesis has emphasised on justice within the regulation constructed by The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) concerning the eligibility for the female classification (athletes with Difference of Sex Development). Different arguments in IAAF:s regulation has been examined throughout a philosophical analysis to examine the validity of the regulation. The IAAF:s regulation validity is examined through the capabilities approach, which aims to promote individual justice of an individual and what the individual can become to her fullest. The other theory of justice originates from utilitarianism which is a type of justice that aims to bring the most fortune to the greatest amount of people. IAAF:s regulation is a governing tool which controls participation of female athletes in the elite level sport in races at international competitions. The women who get affected by its implementation are women who suffer from DSD (Disorder of Sex Development). The regulation requests that women with DSD, who develop higher amount of testosterone than the average woman, must undergo medication to participate in international competitions in different races. The effect of the medication results in the deterioration of their natural physiological health. IAAF considers it necessary since some women with DSD has an advantage in comparison to the average female athletes in the same race events. Throughout the capabilities approach this may seem as an unjust type of regulation for women with DSD. The theory of utilitarianism may see it as justice for the majority of female athletes. When applying these two types of justice, the capabilities approach and utilitarianism, the result will differ. The sports organisation IAAF has also been compared to other sports organisations. The comparison lies within what sport aims to be for the athlete. Before beginning with the analysis, the history of different control mechanism of the female athletes’ bodies will be presented to show the reader the complexity that lies in the female category of elite sports level.

A new version of the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space--Time (DSD/SST) formulation of incompressible flows has been introduced recently to have additional subgrid-scale representation features. This is the space--time version of the residual-based variational multiscale (VMS) method. The new version is called DSD/SST-VMST (i.e. the version with the VMS turbulence model) and also Space--Time VMS (ST-VMS). The thesis starts with a brief overview of the ST-VMS method. It continues with a comprehensive set of test computations with 3D airfoil geometries at high Reynolds numbers and comparison with experimental data. The thesis shows that the test computations signal a promising future for the ST-VMS method.

A new version of the Deforming-Spatial-Domain/Stabilized Space--Time (DSD/SST) formulation of incompressible flows has been introduced recently to have additional subgrid-scale representation features. This is the space--time version of the residual-based variational multiscale (VMS) method. The new version is called DSD/SST-VMST (i.e. the version with the VMS turbulence model) and also Space--Time VMS (ST-VMS). The thesis starts with a brief overview of the ST-VMS method. It continues with a comprehensive set of test computations with 3D airfoil geometries at high Reynolds numbers and comparison with experimental data. The thesis shows that the test computations signal a promising future for the ST-VMS method.

Au cours de l’automne 2012, un réseau d’observation très complémentaire a été déployé dans la région des Cévennes pour la période d’observation spéciale (SOP) du projet HyMeX. Ce réseau d’observation a été spécifiquement élaboré afin d’étudier la structure et l’hétérogénéité des précipitations et en particulier, l’impact du relief sur cette structure. Dans un premier temps, l’analyse de la distribution des gouttes de pluie (DSD) au sol et le long d’un profil vertical à partir des observations nous permet de décrire précisément la structure des précipitations le long d’un gradient topographique. Afin de comprendre l’influence du relief sur cette structure, nous nous concentrons sur les processus microphysique associés à la structure des précipitations. Pour ce faire, nous définissons trois régimes de pluie et étudions l’évolution verticale de la DSD le long du gradient topographique. Les variations en nombre ou en taille dans la DSD peuvent être associées à différents processus microphysiques ou dynamiques. Pour finir, nous estimons la capacité d’un modèle paramétré de l’atmosphère tel que WRF à représenter la structure des précipitations et les processus associés dans une zone de montagne. / During Fall 2012, a complementary observational network has been deployed in the Cévennes region (South of France) for the Special Observation Period (SOP) of the HyMeX project. This network has been specifically designed to study the structure and heterogeneity of precipitations and, in particulat, the impact of orography on this structure. Firstly, the analysis of the Drop Size Distribution (DSD) at the ground et along a vertical profile from ground observations allow us to describe precisely the rainfall structure along a topographical gradient. In order to understand the influence of a relief on this structure, we focus our study on the microphysical process associated with the structure of precipitations. To do so, we define three rainfall regime et study the vertical evolution of the DSD along the topographical gradient. Variations in number and size of the DSD can be associated with different microphysical or dynamical process. Finally, we estimate the capacity of a bulk atmospheric model such as WRF to represent the rainfall structure and associated mechanisms above a mountainous area.