Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga revisorns betydelse för den lagstadgade kvalitén i mikroföretags årsredovisningar. Vidare ska studien utveckla och testa en modell, för att bedöma kvalité i årsredovisningar för mikroföretag. Kvalité i årsredovisningar kan bedömas som kvalitativ eller kvantitativ. Kvalitativ kvalité kännetecknas av de kvalitativa egenskaperna från Financial Accounting Standards Board och International AccountingStandards Board. Den kvantitativa kvalitén fokuserar på fullständighet i årsredovisningen enligt rådande lag. Lagstadgad kvalité enligt Årsredovis-ningslagen baseras på den kvantitativa kvalitén. Bolagsverket som handlägger årsredovisningar, upplever en skillnad i kvalitén efter att revisionsplikten avskaffades för små aktiebolag 2010. Utredningar som SOU 2008:32 visar att revisorn inte har en märkbar betydelse för kvalitén. Hultman & Nylander (2012) antyder att det inte finns stöd för att en redovisningskonsult och revisor ger en högre kvalité i årsredovisningarna. Chung & Narasimhan (2001) menar att kostnaden för revision är huvud-argumentet till avskaffande av revisionsplikt, även om det finns olika argument för lagstadgad revision. Banker kan ställa krav på sina kunder att deras årsredovisningar ska vara reviderade. Det beror på att årsredovis-ningarna får högre kvalité och större trovärdighet om en revisor har anlitats, enligt Allee & Yohn (2009). Den forskningen som förekommer inom ämnet består av kvalitativ kvalité. Det förekommer dock få studier kring kvantitativ kvalité. Mora et al. (1994) är huvudreferens för denna studie. De utvecklade ett poängsystem för bedömning av kvalité i spanska årsredovisningar.Vi gjorde en kvantitativ studie med ett urval på 121 små aktiebolag i Västernorrland, som hade valt bort revisor. Räkenskapsåret utan revisor jämfördes mot närmast föregående år då de hade revisor. Vi ville kartlägga om det fanns ett samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisningar och förekomst av revisor. För att bedöma kvalitén tillämpades vår utvecklade modell frånMora et al. (1994) och intervjuer med revisorer. Modellen utvärderades med en intervju med två revisorer från Grant Thornton i Sundsvall. Därefter utvecklades modellen ytterligare. Resultatet visade att reviderade årsredo-visningar hade 5.8 % i bristfällighet. Bristfälligheten för oreviderade årsredovisningar var 8.2 %. Slutsatsen av studien var att det inte fanns stöd för att revisorn har en betydelse för kvalitén. Det stämde också överens med Hultman & Nylander (2012) som hade liknande resultat. De brister som förekom var till stor del formaliabrister. Den vidareutvecklade modellen med uppdelning av lagstadgade brister och formaliabrister visade inget samband mellan kvalité i årsredovisning och val att ha eller inte ha revisor. / The purpose of this study is to identify the auditor's role of the statutory quality in microcompany financial statements. Furthermore, the study develops and tests a model to assess the quality of the annual reports for micro enterprises. Quality in annual reports can be assessed as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative quality is characterized by the qualitativecharacteristics of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the International Accounting Standards Board. The quantitative quality focuses on the completeness of the financial statements according to the current rules. Statutory quality of the Annual Accounts Act is based on the quantitative quality. Swedish Companies Registration Office dealing annual perceive a difference in quality after the audit requirement was abolished for small limited companies 2010. Investigation SOU 2008: 32 show that the auditor does not have a significant bearing on quality. Hultman & Nylander (2012) suggests that there is support for a bookkeeper and auditor provides a higher quality of financial statements. Chung & Narasimhan (2001) argues that the cost of the audit is the main argument for the abolition of mandatory auditing, although there are various arguments for statutory audit. Banks may require their client’s financial statements to be audited. That's because the annual reports get higher quality and greater credibility, if an auditor has been hired, according to Allee and Yohn (2009). The research, appearing in the subject is about the qualitative quality. However, there are few studies on quantitative quality. Mora et al. (1994) is the main reference for thisstudy. They developed a scoring system for assessing the quality of the Spanish annual reports.We made a quantitative study with a sample of 121 small companies in Västernorrland, which had opted out of the auditor. Fiscal year without auditor compared to the previous year when they had the auditor. We wanted to determine whether there was a connection between the quality of the annual report and the presence of the auditor. To assess the quality we applied our developed model after model of Mora et al. (1994) on the statutory quality and interviews with auditors. The model was evaluated with an interview with two auditors from Grant Thornton in Sundsvall. Thereafter the model developed further. The results showed that the audited financial statements had 5.8% of the deficiency. Defectiveness of the unauditedfinancial statements was 8.2%. The conclusion of the study was that there was not enough support for the thesis that the auditor has a bearing on the quality. It was also in line with Hultman & Nylander (2012) which had similar tendencies. The shortcoming of the outcome was largely formal deficiencies. The further developed model of the division of statutory- and formal deficiencies showed no relationship between the quality of the annual report and the choice to hire an auditor or not.

The thesis describes law relating to auditors and audit services in the Czech republic. It consists of five chapters. The first one defines the audit, goes through its history, development, and lists the main goals it should fulfill. The second chapter deals with ethics of the audit profession. The rules are mainly covered by the ethics code which sets the basic principles all auditors are obliged to respect and follow. Various circumstances threatening these principles and settings that auditors might find themselves in are detailed there. The third chapter deals with the historical development of law relevant to audit services from 1989 to present. There is also defined which accounting entities are supposed to have their financial statements checked by an auditor in this chapter. The fourth chapter covers the up-to-date subject of implementation of the directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council by the act no. 93/2009, on Auditors. The structure of the chapter follows the aforementioned act and its subchapters correspond to the act's titles. The last chapter lists the professional regulations the auditors are obliged to comply. This includes especially the International standards on auditing issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. The end of the chapter addresses the project for increasing comprehensibility of international standards on auditing and ensuring its uniform administration.

The thesis is focused on the characteristics and form of captive insurance. It discusses the advantages, and the use of captive insurance companies. Emphasis is also different types of insurance and legal and tax treatment. The work also includes a view of the captive insurance in the Czech Republic and the future development, including issues and trends that are associated with it.

Gegen niedergelassene Kassenärzte wurden Ermittlungsverfahren wegen Bestechlichkeit im geschäftlichen Verkehr seit dem obiter dictum des Oberlandesgerichts Braunschweig im Jahr 2010 eingeleitet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Frage der Anwendbarkeit des § 299 Strafgesetzbuch auf den Vertragsarzt diskutiert. Zudem werden entsprechende Lösungsansätze nach geltendem bzw. zu schaffendem Recht dargestellt. Im Ergebnis gelten die Vertragsärzte nicht als geschäftlich Beauftrage der Krankenkassen bzw. Amtsträger. Es sollte jedoch auf das besondere „Vertragsverhältnis“ zwischen Arzt und Patient, das letztlich auf Vertrauen gründet, Rekurs genommen werden. Wenn gegenseitiges Vertrauen besteht, wird sich der Arzt in seinen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Entscheidungen nicht an seinen eigenen wirtschaftlichen Interessen bzw. Vorteilen orientieren, sondern sich zum Wohle des Patienten vom Facharztstandard unter Berücksichtigung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebots leiten lassen.

The subject of this thesis is regulation of lobbying in the countries of the Visegrad Group (V4) -- specifically statutory regulation of lobbying. The work gives a comprehensive overview of the development of regulation of lobbying in V4 member states from the very beginning until now. Main aim is to answer questions related to lobbying such as: "is there a lobbying regulation in V4 members", "what is the quality of that regulation" and "is there any common signs shared across the national regulation of lobbying". To achieve the desired objective thesis uses descriptive, comparative and analytical methods. Thesis consists of two main logical units, which are divided into five chapters, an introduction and a conclusion. The first unit contains three introductory chapters. This section is devoted to the history of lobbying, the definition of lobbying and theoretical concepts of regulation of lobbying. The second unit is completely dedicated to the legal regulation of lobbying in the V4 countries. Part of this unit is also the final comparison and analysis of the legal regulation of lobbying in these countries and answers to questions mentioned in the introduction.

The subject of the thesis is analysis of executive and supervisory bodies of joint-stock companies based on the legislation effective since 1st January 2014. The goal is to describe the structure of such bodies, their establishment, competence and guidelines for action. By comparing with the former legislation, it aims to find the differences, new institutes a possibilities brought by the recodification of private law and thus evaluate their effect and possible future influence. The thesis also points out some potentially controversial parts and defects of the new legislation.

The thesis concerns the income taxation of statutory bodies and their members of the companies in respect of performng responsibilities in a commercial-law relationship. The aim of this thesis is to compare the taxation of statutory bodies in different companies. The majority of the thesis focuses on statutory bodies and their members in the Czech Republic and the remainder on statutory bodies of companies in Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Canada, the USA and Australia.

The thesis entitled Development of the differences between the implicit and the nominal corporate tax rate in the Czech Republic deals with the amount of the implicit and nominal corporate tax rate, particularly the issue of the difference between the amounts of these rates. Examination of the rates follows the description of the characteristics of corporate income tax, the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this tax and its share of the total taxation . Furthermore, the thesis analyzed the method of calculating the effective tax rates and implicit tax rates on capital and corporate income. For comparison the thesis includes the analysis of the evolution of nominal and implicit tax rates on corporate income in the European Union and in the Czech Republic . For the final analysis, it is essential that the thesis presented as individual changes in the law on income tax since its introduction into the Czech legal system since 1993 to the present. Only with knowledge of legislative changes, it is possible to determine the relationship between nominal and implicit tax rate on corporate income, which deals with the thesis in the final analysis.

The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate the importance of audits of banks with respect to the Czech national economy within years 1993 - 2014. The primary purpose of this study is to determine the value of both external and internal audits as well as of internal control systems and of bank supervision in order to maintain a long-term stability of banks on the Czech financial market. In the light of knowledge gathered from the Czech banking crisis (late nineties of the 20th century) and from the latest widely-spread economic and financial crisis (2008), it has been proved that low-quality audits may consequently contagiously affect a great deal of financial institutions. As for the economies, a collapse of a larger number of banks in the short run may cause higher social costs (mainly due to government budget deficit when bailing out affected banks and to economic downturn). Analyses suggest that these crises have been a result of a confluence of many factors. In particular, a poor a management of banks and its interest in short-term profit-maximizing goals, trades with highly risky financial instruments (especially in the US and in the EU), likewise failures of both auditors and bank supervisors, account for some of the main factors. Moreover, it has been concluded that an institutional background (a weak law system in the Czech Republic) played an important role, too. The quality of audits was also influenced by an everlasting conflict of interest of statutory auditors who have been paid by the audited banks. This probably resulted in an unethical behavior of auditors. Furthermore, auditors were lacking the state-of-the-art knowledge in terms of rapidly developing financial instruments. As a matter of fact, auditors did not address all the risks the banks were facing to the stakeholders. This study indicates that both external and internal audits along with a bank supervision are important, nonetheless, not sufficient conditions assuring a long-term stability on financial markets.

The diploma thesis is focused on inventories accounting in the company ŽOS Trnava, a. s. Part of the thesis deals with inventories in general, classification, valuation, provisions and disposal of inventories. The thesis describes internal and external audit process, including audit phases. In the practical part of the thesis, the theoretical knowledge is applied to the company. The scope of the diploma thesis is to describe inventories, internal audit and the audit process regarding the inventories, and to apply the theoretical knowledge on the real company.