Aim of this thesis is construction design of hydraulic control speed close valve steam turbine. Thesis will be contain low pressure and high pressure variant. In a theoretical part will be describe types of steam turbines, speed close valves, basic terminology and description of control elements. There will be also designed hydraulic circuits and performed calculations of individual elements. Finally will be created construction design of low pressure variant.

The goal of this work is to develop a conceptual framework and computational tools for the optimization of utility systems in the process industries. The emphasis is devoted to the development of systematic design techniques aimed at identifying modifications to the process and the associated utility-systems to jointly optimize the process and the utility system. The following contributions describe the specific results of this work: • Development of shortcut methods for modeling and optimizing steam systems and basic thermodynamic cycles with the objective of using these methods in the optimization of combined heat and power. To enable efficient mathematical programming formulations, simple yet accurate correlations have been developed for the thermodynamic properties of steam in the utility system. • Optimization of multi-level steam system for combined process requirements and power cogeneration. A general procedure is developed to determine rigorous cogeneration targets and the optimal configuration of the system with the associated design and operating variables. • Graph theory methods are also used to optimize the pipeline layout in the plant for the distributing the utilities. • Finally, because of the nonconvex nature of much of the developed optimization formulations, a global optimization method has also been suggested by using interval analysis and simulated annealing. The techniques proposed in this work are compared to previous works and their applicabilities are presented in case studies. These techniques outperform previously suggested ones in terms of the accuracy, computational efficiency and/or optimality.

<p>This thesis was done at Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB in Finspång.</p><p>Placed in the inlet to a steam turbine is a filter, a steam strainer, which separates particles and larger objects from the steam. These particles and objects will cause solid particle erosion in the actual turbine if they pass by. The strainer is exposed to large pressure drops when clogged, i.e., static loads which require a good creep resistance in the material. The temperature of the steam in the turbines is increased in order to deliver more energy; today’s turbines are dimensioned for almost 600°C. The material in parameters, such as the strainer, should also be adjusted to the higher temperatures. Today’s temperature is suspected to be the cause of damage in the strainer because the present material might get brittle at higher temperatures.</p><p>The purpose of the thesis is to find a new material for the strainers and also to find a new concept for how to manufacture them. There are nine sizes of steam strainers but only five of them are exposed to the highest temperatures and pressure drops, which make only these five interesting to examine in this thesis.</p><p>The concepts were chosen according to the method of Ulf Liedholm (1999), Systematic Concept Development. The thesis did not end up with only one concept because not all possible methods were tested but the suggestions are all based on a strainer built out of membranes as before. The discussed methods to join the membranes are EB-welding, laser welding and brazing.</p><p>An investigation to find if it was possible to improve the strength of the strainer by simple design changes and a calculation of what percentage of clogging the strainer would hold for was also done.</p><p>The chosen material was a creep resistant, alloy special steel. Three suggestions on concepts were presented. The improvements in strength from simple changes in design were too small and too costly but are enclosed as an appendix in this report. Calculations on the strength were done without regard taken to fatigue caused by possible vibrations, so-called high cycle fatigue.</p><p>What would be interesting to do as a future work based on this thesis is, of course, to test the three manufacturing methods and evaluate them thoroughly but also to discuss other ways of improving the strength through design changes. These should be done regarding the flow. Also high cycle fatigue should be considered.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet utfördes i Finspång på Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB.</p><p>I inloppet till en ångturbin sitter ett filter, en ångsil, som silar bort partiklar och större föremål från ångan. Dessa partiklar och föremål skadar turbinen genom erosion om de tillåts passera. Ångsilen i sig utsätts för stora tryckfall när den blir igensatt, vilket kräver god krypresistans i materialet. För att kunna leverera allt mer energi utvecklas ångturbiner som kan arbeta vid allt högre ångtemperaturer. De som konstrueras idag dimensioneras för närmare 600 °C. Då måste även materialet i detaljer, som silen, anpassas. De temperaturer som används idag misstänks vara en orsak till skador på silarna eftersom nuvarande material kan bli sprött då temperaturen stiger.</p><p>Syftet med arbetet är att välja ett nytt material till ångsilarna samt att finna nya koncept för hur ångsilen kan tillverkas. Nio storlekar på ångsilar finns men bara fem av dessa används vid högsta temperatur och tryck och därför har enbart dessa fem använts vid beräkningar i detta examensarbete.</p><p>Koncept valdes enligt Liedholms (1999) metod, Systematisk Konceptutveckling. Istället för ett slutligt koncept lämnas istället tre förslag. Detta görs då de olika förslagen inte har testats ordentligt. Samtliga tre förslag är baserade på den typen av sil uppbyggd av membran som används idag men med nya metoder att sammanfoga membranen med. Metoderna är EB-svetsning, lasersvetsning och vakuumlödning.</p><p>En undersökning om det var ekonomiskt rimligt att förbättra hållfastheten genom enkla designändringar samt en beräkning över hur stor igensättning silen klarar gjordes.</p><p>Materialet som valdes var ett krypresistant, legerat specialstål. De tre förslagen på koncept lades fram. Designändringarna gav inte det resultat som det hade hoppats på och var framförallt för dyra att genomföra. Hållfasthetsberäkningar gjordes utan hänsyn till utmattning på grund av eventuella vibrationer, så kallad högcykelutmattning.</p><p>Som framtida arbete med detta examensarbete som språngbräda rekommenderas i första hand att testa de föreslagna metoderna för sammanfogning av membranen men även djupare diskussioner kring hur hållfastheten skulle kunna förbättras genom designförändringar borde tas. Dessa skulle kunna genomföras med avseende på flödet. Även högcykelutmattning, HCF, borde undersökas.</p>

This thesis was done at Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB in Finspång. Placed in the inlet to a steam turbine is a filter, a steam strainer, which separates particles and larger objects from the steam. These particles and objects will cause solid particle erosion in the actual turbine if they pass by. The strainer is exposed to large pressure drops when clogged, i.e., static loads which require a good creep resistance in the material. The temperature of the steam in the turbines is increased in order to deliver more energy; today’s turbines are dimensioned for almost 600°C. The material in parameters, such as the strainer, should also be adjusted to the higher temperatures. Today’s temperature is suspected to be the cause of damage in the strainer because the present material might get brittle at higher temperatures. The purpose of the thesis is to find a new material for the strainers and also to find a new concept for how to manufacture them. There are nine sizes of steam strainers but only five of them are exposed to the highest temperatures and pressure drops, which make only these five interesting to examine in this thesis. The concepts were chosen according to the method of Ulf Liedholm (1999), Systematic Concept Development. The thesis did not end up with only one concept because not all possible methods were tested but the suggestions are all based on a strainer built out of membranes as before. The discussed methods to join the membranes are EB-welding, laser welding and brazing. An investigation to find if it was possible to improve the strength of the strainer by simple design changes and a calculation of what percentage of clogging the strainer would hold for was also done. The chosen material was a creep resistant, alloy special steel. Three suggestions on concepts were presented. The improvements in strength from simple changes in design were too small and too costly but are enclosed as an appendix in this report. Calculations on the strength were done without regard taken to fatigue caused by possible vibrations, so-called high cycle fatigue. What would be interesting to do as a future work based on this thesis is, of course, to test the three manufacturing methods and evaluate them thoroughly but also to discuss other ways of improving the strength through design changes. These should be done regarding the flow. Also high cycle fatigue should be considered. / Examensarbetet utfördes i Finspång på Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery AB. I inloppet till en ångturbin sitter ett filter, en ångsil, som silar bort partiklar och större föremål från ångan. Dessa partiklar och föremål skadar turbinen genom erosion om de tillåts passera. Ångsilen i sig utsätts för stora tryckfall när den blir igensatt, vilket kräver god krypresistans i materialet. För att kunna leverera allt mer energi utvecklas ångturbiner som kan arbeta vid allt högre ångtemperaturer. De som konstrueras idag dimensioneras för närmare 600 °C. Då måste även materialet i detaljer, som silen, anpassas. De temperaturer som används idag misstänks vara en orsak till skador på silarna eftersom nuvarande material kan bli sprött då temperaturen stiger. Syftet med arbetet är att välja ett nytt material till ångsilarna samt att finna nya koncept för hur ångsilen kan tillverkas. Nio storlekar på ångsilar finns men bara fem av dessa används vid högsta temperatur och tryck och därför har enbart dessa fem använts vid beräkningar i detta examensarbete. Koncept valdes enligt Liedholms (1999) metod, Systematisk Konceptutveckling. Istället för ett slutligt koncept lämnas istället tre förslag. Detta görs då de olika förslagen inte har testats ordentligt. Samtliga tre förslag är baserade på den typen av sil uppbyggd av membran som används idag men med nya metoder att sammanfoga membranen med. Metoderna är EB-svetsning, lasersvetsning och vakuumlödning. En undersökning om det var ekonomiskt rimligt att förbättra hållfastheten genom enkla designändringar samt en beräkning över hur stor igensättning silen klarar gjordes. Materialet som valdes var ett krypresistant, legerat specialstål. De tre förslagen på koncept lades fram. Designändringarna gav inte det resultat som det hade hoppats på och var framförallt för dyra att genomföra. Hållfasthetsberäkningar gjordes utan hänsyn till utmattning på grund av eventuella vibrationer, så kallad högcykelutmattning. Som framtida arbete med detta examensarbete som språngbräda rekommenderas i första hand att testa de föreslagna metoderna för sammanfogning av membranen men även djupare diskussioner kring hur hållfastheten skulle kunna förbättras genom designförändringar borde tas. Dessa skulle kunna genomföras med avseende på flödet. Även högcykelutmattning, HCF, borde undersökas.

Combined Cycle power plants have recently become a serious alternative for standard coal- and oil-fired power plants because of their high thermal efficiency, environmentally friendly operation, and short time to construct. The combined cycle plant is an integration of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, combining many of the advantages of both thermodynamic cycles using a single fuel. By recovering the heat energy in the gas turbine exhaust and using it to generate steam, the combined cycle leverages the conversion of the fuel energy at a very high efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator forms the backbone of combined cycle plants, providing the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The design of HRSG has historically largely been completed using thermodynamic principles related to the steam path, without much regard to the gas-side of the system. An effort has been made using resources at both UK and Vogt Power International to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the gas-side flow path of the HRSG as an integral tool in the design process. This thesis focuses on how CFD analysis can be used to assess the impact of the gas-side flow on the HRSG performance and identify design modifications to improve the performance. An effort is also made to explore the software capabilities to make the simulation an efficient and accurate.

Resumo: O setor elétrico brasileiro vem continuamente passando por crises energéticas; os consumidores, indústrias que dependem de energia para exercerem as suas atividades passaram a valorizar e a buscar fontes alternativas, confiáveis e ecologicamente adequadas com o objetivo de garantir o fornecimento de eletricidade de forma econômica, possibilitando desta maneira uma certa independência energética. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem a finalidade de selecionar sistemas de cogeração utilizando ciclos combinados com conjuntos a gás associadas a caldeira de recuperação sem queima suplementar e turbina a vapor, assim como realizar o levantamento das curvas de produção de energia e eficiência para os ciclos obtidos. Foram utilizados os parâmetros técnicos e construtivos das turbinas a gás e a vapor de uma mesma empresa fabricante, e através das curvas obtidas é possível selecionar o ciclo combinado mais adequado para cada situação desejada, tanto do ponto de vista energético quanto do ponto de vista econômico. / Abstract: The electric Brazilian sector is continually subject to energy crisis, the industrial consumers, that depends on energy to do its activities, is nowadays up to valorize and to look for alternative, trustful and environmental appropriate sources with the objective of guaranteeing the supply of electricity in an economic way and warranting a certain energy independence. In this context, this work has the purpose of selecting cogeneration systems based on using combined cycles with gas turbines associated to heat recovery steam generators without supplementary burners and steam turbines, as well as accomplishing the rising of the curves of production of energy and efficiency for the obtained cycles. The technical and constructive parameters of the gas and steam turbines were considered from the same manufacturing company, and through the obtained curves it is possible to select the more appropriate cycle for each process requirement, in the energy and economic point of view. / Orientador: Júlio Santana Antunes / Coorientador: José Luz Silveira / Banca: José Antonio Perrella Balestieri / Banca: Valdir Apolinario de Freitas / Mestre

The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.

Large coal-fired power stations are designed to be run predominantly at full load and optimum conditions. The behaviour of plants, operating at low load and varying conditions, is getting more and more attention due to the introduction of variable renewable generation on the grid. Consequently, the need for a fully transient high-fidelity system based model has grown, as this will enable one to study the behaviour of plants under such non-ideal conditions. This report details the development of a feedwater heater, deaerator and turbine component for such a high-fidelity transient system model using the Flownex Simulation Environment, a onedimensional thermohydraulic network solver. The components have been modelled all with the aim of using minimal design input data. The feedwater heater component model includes transient effects and thermodynamic relations to represent aspects such as heater performance, level control and transient inertia. In determining the heat transfer characteristics, the model makes use of plant-performance data and correlates the amount of heat transfer by using the feedwater mass flow as the load indicating parameter. This approach eliminates the need for specific geometrical details to calculate the effective heat transfer area. The level control is modelled by using a level representation built from using heat exchanger design methods. The turbine component is modelled by using Fuls’ Semi-Ellipse law or the pressure drop modelling and Ray’s semi-empirical method for the efficiency modelling. The model also contains transient effects, which include thermal inertia due to the shaft and casing, and rotational inertia due to the shaft. The deaerator component is modelled by adapting the model presented by Banda, and modifying the model to work under various conditions. This involved using curve fit methods in Flownex to use input data to model the pressure drop over the main condensate valve. Each of the mentioned components was validated and verified with plant data and finally packaged into a compound component which is a component consisting of a subnetwork in Flownex. These compound components further contain design inputs which are easily accessible by the user. The component models were integrated into larger networks in which various scenarios can be run. A short transient scenario was run on the low-pressure feedwater train of a specific power station. The scenario involved a turbine trip where the bled steam valves for the heaters were closed suddenly. The speed of the valves closing was however unknown and after closing the valves in approximately 10 seconds, results agreed relatively well with plant data. This illustrated the short transient capabilities of the feedwater heater component model. The three component models (feedwater heater, turbine and deaerator) were finally integrated into a regenerative Rankine cycle and was set up using minimal design data. The boiler, condenser and condensate pump were set as boundary conditions in the network but all extraction points for the network were connected. Steady-state results were obtained for various load cases and the main temperature, flow and pressure results were compared. Results agree well with plant data, even at low load conditions

The thesis deals with the design of the steam turbine for a waste incinerator. First, the concept and design of the machine is discussed. Following part is the steam turbine thermodynamics calculation, which is the main part of the thesis. My work also contains calculation of axial force and a simplified calculation of the gearbox. The design sections of individual modules and drawing of a disposition of a steam turbine are made on the based of the calculation.

The topic of this diploma thesis is a condensing steam turbine with one regulated steam extraction. The first part contents design and balance of heat scheme. The heat scheme is the basis for the main part of this work, which is the thermodynamic design of the turbine with reaction blades. At the end, the characteristics of the turbine are created. Drawing of the turbine section is attached to this thesis.