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MAGALHÃES JÚNIOR, G. A.; Síntese de Microesferas e Nanopartículas de Quitosana e Goma do Chichá (Sterculia striata) como Matriz para Liberação Controlada de Fármaco para Tratamento da Malária. 2012. 150 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química Orgânica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2012. / Submitted by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-10-13T17:59:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gamjunior.pdf: 1352598 bytes, checksum: 6118587fb17b69a25b47e67cf693fd2e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-11-11T23:10:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gamjunior.pdf: 1352598 bytes, checksum: 6118587fb17b69a25b47e67cf693fd2e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-11T23:10:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_gamjunior.pdf: 1352598 bytes, checksum: 6118587fb17b69a25b47e67cf693fd2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The aim of this work was the synthesis and characterization of nano and microparticles for malaria drug delivery system. Chitosan microspheres of high molar mass (QTa) and chichá gum (CH) were synthesized by polyelectrolyte complexation and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The diameters of the microspheres crosslinked and non-crosslinked were 544  3 μm and 558  2 μm, respectively. The crosslinked beads were not soluble in acidic medium (pH 1.2). The swelling of microspheres was higher in pH 1.2 and that the crosslinked beads have less swelling than non-crosslinked. The sequential release of chloroquine from the microspheres was performed for 2 h followed by a release in pH 7.4. The crosslinked microsphere released 64% of chloroquine at pH 1.2, with a total of drug released of 92%. The release profile of the same sample at pH 7.4 provides a controlled release of the drug for about 50h. QT and CH nanoparticles were prepared using polyelectrolyte complexation and formation of Schiff base. In the formation of polyelectrolyte complex, parameters such as molecular weight of chitosan, the molar ratio of charge (n+/ n-), order of addition and concentration of the polyelectrolyte influence the size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and stability of the nanoparticles in solution. The zeta potential of particles in excess of QT was positive and when the charg molar ratio (n+/ n ) decreases to 0.1 the potential becomes negative due to the excess of CH. The nanoparticles diameters vary from 80 to 1,200 nm depending on the concentration of the polyelectrolyte and the chitosan used. Chitosan nanoparticles formed by a low molecular weight (QTb) were larger than those formed by chitosan of high molecular weight (QTa). The decrease of the charge ratio (n+/n-) and the polyelectrolyte concentrations lead to small size nanoparticle. The release of chloroquine in matrices of CH, QTa and QTb ratio ratio 5 and 0.1 lasted 15 days by releasing up to 99% of the drug, however only the ratio influenced the release profile. Nanoparticles formed by Schiff base reaction were produced. The influence of parameters such as degree of oxidation of CH, chitosan molar mass, addition and masses ration of polysaccharides on size, zeta potential and stability were investigated. The zeta-potential was positive for particles with an excess of QT and negative with excess CH. The particle diameters ranged from 30 to 450 nm, depending on the degree of oxidation of CH and the molar mass of QT. Particle formed with low oxidation of CH and high molar mass chitosan are bigger than those formed with low molar mass chitosan. A inverse behavior was observed when high oxidated CH was used. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo a síntese e caracterização de nano e micropartículas para liberação de fármaco para tratamento da malária. Microesferas de quitosana de alta massa molar (QTa) e goma do chichá (CH) foram sintetizadas por complexação polieletrolítica e reticuladas com glutaraldeído. Os diâmetros das microesferas reticuladas e não-reticuladas foram de 544  3 μm e 558  2 μm, respectivamente. As esferas reticuladas não foram solúveis em meio ácido (pH 1,2). Ensaios de intumescimento mostraram que as microesferas intumesciam mais em pH 1,2 do que em pH 7,4 e que as reticuladas possuíam menor intumescimento do que as não reticuladas. A liberação sequenciada de cloroquina, a partir das microesferas, foi realizada por 2 h em pH 1,2 seguida por uma liberação em pH 7,4. A microesfera reticulada liberou 64% da cloroquina em pH 1,2, com um total do fármaco liberado de 92%. O perfil de liberação da mesma amostra em pH 7,4 apresenta uma liberação controlada do fármaco por cerca de 50 h. Nanopartículas de QT e CH foram produzidas utilizando como rotas de síntese a complexação polieletrolítica e formação de base de Schiff. Na formação de complexos polieletrolíticos parâmetros como massa molar da quitosana, razão molar de carga (n+/n-), ordem de adição e concentração dos polieletrólitos influenciam no tamanho, potencial zeta, índice de polidispersividade e estabilidade das nanopartículas em solução. O potencial zeta das partículas com excesso de QT é positivo e quando se diminui a razão molar de carga (n+/n-) para 0,1 o potencial torna-se negativo devido o excesso de chichá. Os diâmetros das nanopartículas variaram de 80 a 1200 nm dependendo da concentração dos polieletrólitos e da quitosana utilizada. Nanopartículas formadas por quitosana de baixa massa molar (QTb) possuem tamanho maior do que as formadas por quitosana de alta massa molar (QTa). Quando a razão de cargas (n+/n-) e a concentração dos polieletrólitos diminuem o tamanho das nanopartículas também diminui. Na liberação da cloroquina em matrizes de CH, QTa e QTb de razão 5 e 0,1 duraram cerca 15 dias liberando até 99% do fármaco, porém apenas a razão de cargas influenciou no perfil da liberação. Nanopartículas formadas via base de Schiff foram preparadas. A influência de parâmetros tais como: grau de oxidação da goma do chichá, massa molar da quitosana, ordem de adição e razão entre as massas dos polissacarídeos foram investigados em relação ao tamanho, potencial zeta e estabilidade. O potencial zeta mostrou-se positivo para partículas com excesso de QT e negativo para partículas com excesso de CH. Os diâmetros das partículas variaram de 30 a 450 nm, dependendo do grau de oxidação do CH e da massa molar de QT. Para goma do chichá com menor grau de oxidação nanopartículas de QTa apresentaram-se maiores do que as formadas por QTb, e para a goma com maior grau de oxidação nanopartículas de QTb possuíam maiores tamanhos do que as formadas por QTa.

The term 'gum', in its broadest sense, refers to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances of high molecular weight which usually exhibit colloidal properties when dispersed in an appropriate solvent. Hydrophobic substances often called gums include high molecular weight hydrocarbons and other petroleum products, rubbers, certain synthetic polymers and resinous saps which often exude from evergreens. More specifically, the term gum applies to plant polysaccharides or their derivatives which are dispersible in either cold or hot water to produce viscous solutions or suspensions. As much as three-quarters of the dry weight of plants may be polysaccharide and, consequently, such substances are of wide occurrence. The most important gums, however, are those which are readily obtainable in large amounts from the plant. Some of these gums are used industrially and, indeed, many have been known since ancient times. One of the chief sources of such polysaccharides is seaweed which furnishes agar, algin and carrageenin while seed gums, such as gum guar and locust bean gum, are also important, particularly from the point of view that the plant which produces the seeds is often grown extensively as a food crop. In contrast to these naturally occurring gums, other gums are obtained from cellulose, one of the main components of the plant cell wall, and starch, a food reserve polysaccharide, by esterification and etherification. Commercially, however, the most important gums are plant exudates and most plant families have been found to include species which exude gums to a greater or lesser degree. In this context, the term 'exudate gum' strictly refers to those commercially important gums which exude in copious amounts from shrubs or low-growing trees, forming, on exposure to the atmosphere, glossy nodules or flakes which are usually brown or yellow in colour. These gum producing trees grow predominantly in Africa or Asia indicating the climatic requirements for their growth.

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Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 17, 2006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-122).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao aline silva.pdf: 641990 bytes, checksum: f01c5af83294c71fd63825142856d782 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-14 / Many species from Cerrado remain unknown in their biochemical characteristics and in their potential for food processing. This work had as objective to characterize the almond of chichá from the specie Sterculia striata A. St. Hill & Naudin, originated from Corrente (Piauí) in their biochemical components, analyze the changes in the chemical composition and the amounts of antinutritional factors after roasting. The almond of chicha presented high levels of protein, fiber, phosphorus, copper and manganese. The roasting held to 205°C for 11 minutes reduced the content of humidity from 6.0% to 2.1% and phytates from 10,6mg/g to 5.5 mg/g. There were no lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors and alpha-amylase was also a important result obtained. It was verified the absence of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase and a content of phenolics in the range of 107.7 mg/100g and 108.9 mg/100g in the raw and roasted almond respectively. The almond of chicha presented polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic (3,8%) and linolenic acid (2,3%), high levels of monounsaturated (40%) and saturated (34.5%) and presence of fatty acids cyclopropenoid. Therefore, the almond chichá is rich in nutrients; however it is necessary to investigate the effects of eating cyclopropenoid in the concentration found in these almonds. This work reinforces the necessity of conservation and in deep studies of native plants from Cerrado / Muitas espécies do Cerrado ainda são pouco conhecidas, assim como suas características bioquímicas e seu potencial para processamento de alimentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar bioquimicamente a amêndoa de chichá da espécie Sterculia striata A. St. Hill & Naudin, oriunda de Corrente (Piauí) e verificar alterações na composição química e no teor de fatores antinutricionais após torrefação. A amêndoa de chichá mostrou-se ser um alimento com alto teor de proteínas, fibras, fósforo, cobre, zinco e manganês. A torrefação realizada a 205°C por 11 min resultou em perda de umidade de 6,0% para 2,1% e diminuição do fitato de 10,6 mg/g para 5,5 mg/g. A ausência de fatores antinutricionais como lectinas, taninos e inibidores de tripsina e alfa-amilase foi também um resultado importante. Verificou-se a ausência de peroxidase e polifenoloxidase e conteúdo de compostos fenólicos de 107,7 mg/100g e 108,9 mg/100g para amêndoas cruas e torradas, respectivamente. Por fim, têm-se ácidos graxos poliinsaturados linoléico (3,8%) e linolênico (2,3%), altos teores de monoinsaturados (40%) e saturados (34,5%) e presença de ácidos graxos ciclopropenoídicos. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a amêndoa de chichá é um alimento rico em nutrientes, mas é preciso investigar os efeitos da ingestão de ácidos ciclopropenoídicos na concentração encontrada. Este trabalho reforça a necessidade de conhecer e conservar as plantas nativas do Cerrado

This study assesses elephant induced damage and mortality of baobab and common star-chestnut trees in the northern Kruger National Park. Comparisons are made between the populations north and south of the Luvuvhu River. The density, population size and age structure are estimated. The population structure of neither species has been shaped by elephant utilisation. While the baobab population has a healthy age distribution, that of the star-chestnut population shows that recruitment has declined in recent decades. Utilisation has been found to be higher in the south as a result of higher elephant densities, although recently damage has been greater in the north. Damage increases with tree size. The mortality of baobabs is lower than in other areas where elephants and baobabs co-exist. Elephants are not playing a significant role in mortality of either tree species and management of factors other than elephant is required to improve regeneration rates of these species. / Dissertation (MSc (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted