No description available.

Os conceitos de mecânica da fratura têm sido cada vez mais utilizados em projetos de engenharia, permitindo a determinação de tamanhos críticos de defeito ou limites de solicitação em função da presença de trincas. No entanto, para aplicar com sucesso esses conceitos em uma avaliação de integridade estrutural é de suma importância a determinação exata do comportamento a fratura do material. Materiais com comportamento elasto-plástico têm ocupado cada vez mais lugar de destaque em estruturas e componentes críticos de engenharia e a maneira mais utilizada para caracterização da tenacidade à fratura desse tipo de material é a curva J-R. Embora existam métodos normatizados para determinação dessas curvas, esses possuem muitas vezes inconvenientes e limitações que tem justificado o desenvolvimento de vários estudos com vista à determinação de métodos alternativos. Nesse trabalho foi investigada a hipótese de que, a partir do estudo do campo deformacional nas proximidades da ponta de uma trinca, é possível desenvolver uma metodologia para determinação da curva de resistência à fratura de um material com comportamento elasto-plástico. Para tanto, um sistema óptico de medição de deformação baseado na técnica de correlação de imagem digital foi empregado para monitorar a deformação na superfície de corpos de prova do tipo SE(B) durante o ensaio de tenacidade à fratura. O objeto de estudo foi uma junta do aço API X65 soldada por processo de soldagem a laser. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o sucesso da técnica utilizada para obtenção da evolução do campo deformacional durante o ensaio. Além disso, a metodologia empregada possibilitou a determinação de expressões matemáticas que permitem associar valores de deformação com valores de integral J e Δa. Essas expressões são válidas para qualquer uma das três distintas regiões da junta soldada e permitem determinar com sucesso a curva J-R a partir da evolução da deformação durante o ensaio de um único corpo de prova. / The use of fracture mechanics has become increasingly popular in damage tolerance analysis or during determination of load limits in engineering components and structures. Nevertheless, the success of applying the concepts of fracture mechanics to investigate structural integrity assessment is highly dependent upon the correct determination of fracture mechanics material properties. The accurate prediction of ductile fracture behavior plays an important role in structural integrity assessment of critical engineering structures, including nuclear reactors, petrochemical vessels and tanks, pipelines in oil and gas industries and aircraft structures. J-R curve has become the most popular material parameters in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and has been applied widely in practical engineering. There are procedures to determine J-R curves and they are widely presented in books and international standards. However, these procedures sometimes present some practical limitations or restrictions which have prompted research effort to develop alternative methods. In this work the hypothesis that is possible to develop a methodology to determinate J-R curve to materials with elastic-plastic behavior from analysis of near crack tip strain field was verified. For this purpose, an optical strain measurement system (OSMS) was used in order to monitor strains on surface of SE(B) specimens during fracture toughness testing. The methodology was applied to a laser welded joint of API X65 steel. The measurements successfully evaluate the strain field during testing. Besides of this, the methodology proposed allowed the determination of mathematical expressions to associate strain values with values of J-integral and crack extension (Δa). These expressions are valid to characterize these fracture toughness parameters to any one of the three distinct regions of the weld joint and made possible to determine J-R curve by monitoring the surface strain field evolution during a testing of a single specimen.

Os conceitos de mecânica da fratura têm sido cada vez mais utilizados em projetos de engenharia, permitindo a determinação de tamanhos críticos de defeito ou limites de solicitação em função da presença de trincas. No entanto, para aplicar com sucesso esses conceitos em uma avaliação de integridade estrutural é de suma importância a determinação exata do comportamento a fratura do material. Materiais com comportamento elasto-plástico têm ocupado cada vez mais lugar de destaque em estruturas e componentes críticos de engenharia e a maneira mais utilizada para caracterização da tenacidade à fratura desse tipo de material é a curva J-R. Embora existam métodos normatizados para determinação dessas curvas, esses possuem muitas vezes inconvenientes e limitações que tem justificado o desenvolvimento de vários estudos com vista à determinação de métodos alternativos. Nesse trabalho foi investigada a hipótese de que, a partir do estudo do campo deformacional nas proximidades da ponta de uma trinca, é possível desenvolver uma metodologia para determinação da curva de resistência à fratura de um material com comportamento elasto-plástico. Para tanto, um sistema óptico de medição de deformação baseado na técnica de correlação de imagem digital foi empregado para monitorar a deformação na superfície de corpos de prova do tipo SE(B) durante o ensaio de tenacidade à fratura. O objeto de estudo foi uma junta do aço API X65 soldada por processo de soldagem a laser. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o sucesso da técnica utilizada para obtenção da evolução do campo deformacional durante o ensaio. Além disso, a metodologia empregada possibilitou a determinação de expressões matemáticas que permitem associar valores de deformação com valores de integral J e Δa. Essas expressões são válidas para qualquer uma das três distintas regiões da junta soldada e permitem determinar com sucesso a curva J-R a partir da evolução da deformação durante o ensaio de um único corpo de prova. / The use of fracture mechanics has become increasingly popular in damage tolerance analysis or during determination of load limits in engineering components and structures. Nevertheless, the success of applying the concepts of fracture mechanics to investigate structural integrity assessment is highly dependent upon the correct determination of fracture mechanics material properties. The accurate prediction of ductile fracture behavior plays an important role in structural integrity assessment of critical engineering structures, including nuclear reactors, petrochemical vessels and tanks, pipelines in oil and gas industries and aircraft structures. J-R curve has become the most popular material parameters in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and has been applied widely in practical engineering. There are procedures to determine J-R curves and they are widely presented in books and international standards. However, these procedures sometimes present some practical limitations or restrictions which have prompted research effort to develop alternative methods. In this work the hypothesis that is possible to develop a methodology to determinate J-R curve to materials with elastic-plastic behavior from analysis of near crack tip strain field was verified. For this purpose, an optical strain measurement system (OSMS) was used in order to monitor strains on surface of SE(B) specimens during fracture toughness testing. The methodology was applied to a laser welded joint of API X65 steel. The measurements successfully evaluate the strain field during testing. Besides of this, the methodology proposed allowed the determination of mathematical expressions to associate strain values with values of J-integral and crack extension (Δa). These expressions are valid to characterize these fracture toughness parameters to any one of the three distinct regions of the weld joint and made possible to determine J-R curve by monitoring the surface strain field evolution during a testing of a single specimen.

Os conceitos de mecânica da fratura têm sido cada vez mais utilizados em projetos de engenharia, permitindo a determinação de tamanhos críticos de defeito ou limites de solicitação em função da presença de trincas. No entanto, para aplicar com sucesso esses conceitos em uma avaliação de integridade estrutural é de suma importância a determinação exata do comportamento a fratura do material. Materiais com comportamento elasto-plástico têm ocupado cada vez mais lugar de destaque em estruturas e componentes críticos de engenharia e a maneira mais utilizada para caracterização da tenacidade à fratura desse tipo de material é a curva J-R. Embora existam métodos normatizados para determinação dessas curvas, esses possuem muitas vezes inconvenientes e limitações que tem justificado o desenvolvimento de vários estudos com vista à determinação de métodos alternativos. Nesse trabalho foi investigada a hipótese de que, a partir do estudo do campo deformacional nas proximidades da ponta de uma trinca, é possível desenvolver uma metodologia para determinação da curva de resistência à fratura de um material com comportamento elasto-plástico. Para tanto, um sistema óptico de medição de deformação baseado na técnica de correlação de imagem digital foi empregado para monitorar a deformação na superfície de corpos de prova do tipo SE(B) durante o ensaio de tenacidade à fratura. O objeto de estudo foi uma junta do aço API X65 soldada por processo de soldagem a laser. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o sucesso da técnica utilizada para obtenção da evolução do campo deformacional durante o ensaio. Além disso, a metodologia empregada possibilitou a determinação de expressões matemáticas que permitem associar valores de deformação com valores de integral J e Δa. Essas expressões são válidas para qualquer uma das três distintas regiões da junta soldada e permitem determinar com sucesso a curva J-R a partir da evolução da deformação durante o ensaio de um único corpo de prova. / The use of fracture mechanics has become increasingly popular in damage tolerance analysis or during determination of load limits in engineering components and structures. Nevertheless, the success of applying the concepts of fracture mechanics to investigate structural integrity assessment is highly dependent upon the correct determination of fracture mechanics material properties. The accurate prediction of ductile fracture behavior plays an important role in structural integrity assessment of critical engineering structures, including nuclear reactors, petrochemical vessels and tanks, pipelines in oil and gas industries and aircraft structures. J-R curve has become the most popular material parameters in elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and has been applied widely in practical engineering. There are procedures to determine J-R curves and they are widely presented in books and international standards. However, these procedures sometimes present some practical limitations or restrictions which have prompted research effort to develop alternative methods. In this work the hypothesis that is possible to develop a methodology to determinate J-R curve to materials with elastic-plastic behavior from analysis of near crack tip strain field was verified. For this purpose, an optical strain measurement system (OSMS) was used in order to monitor strains on surface of SE(B) specimens during fracture toughness testing. The methodology was applied to a laser welded joint of API X65 steel. The measurements successfully evaluate the strain field during testing. Besides of this, the methodology proposed allowed the determination of mathematical expressions to associate strain values with values of J-integral and crack extension (Δa). These expressions are valid to characterize these fracture toughness parameters to any one of the three distinct regions of the weld joint and made possible to determine J-R curve by monitoring the surface strain field evolution during a testing of a single specimen.

En géomécanique, la caractérisation de l’état de contrainte et de la rhéologie d’un massif rocheux peut être obtenue en mesurant la réponse en déformation du terrain sous l’effet d’une sollicitation connue. Une méthode parmi d’autres consiste à recourir pour cela à une cellule de mesure intégrée (comportant des capteurs de déformation orientés selon différentes directions) installée dans un forage et rendue solidaire du massif par l’intermédiaire d’une colle époxy. Ce principe de mesure est utilisé, notamment, pour déterminer l’état de contraintes in situ par la méthode dite de « surcarottage » et les caractéristiques élastiques de la roche à partir de l’essai « biaxial ».Entre novembre 2005 et janvier 2006, une campagne d’essais géomécaniques de ce type a été menée dans l’argilite de Tournemire (Aveyron, France), à l’aide des cellules CSIRO. Les mesures de déformation obtenues ont révélé des phénomènes inhabituels qui ont rendu délicate la détermination des caractéristiques élastiques anisotropes de la roche et impossible l’accès aux contraintes du site.La présente thèse a pour objectif de contribuer, par la recherche d’explications à l’origine de ces phénomènes, d’une part, à l’amélioration de la connaissance du comportement de l’argilite de Tournemire et, d’autre part, à l’amélioration du protocole de mesure et d’interprétation de déformations obtenues par cellules CSIRO.Notre démarche consiste, dans un premier temps, à émettre un certain nombre d’hypothèses explicatives des phénomènes observés par la recherche bibliographique. Dans un deuxième temps, nous testons ces hypothèses à travers la modélisation analytique et numérique des essais de surcarottage et biaxiaux, puis à travers la réalisation de nouvelles expérimentations in situ et en laboratoire sur l’argilite, mais aussi sur des matériaux-tests (ciment, échantillon de colle).Nous concluons que les phénomènes inhabituels observés résultent, pour l’essentiel, des conditions de mise en œuvre in situ des cellules CSIRO. En particulier, nous mettons l’accent sur les artéfacts induits par le comportement visco-plastique de la colle époxy lorsqu’elle n’est pas parfaitement polymérisée. Le rôle de l’endommagement de la roche généré par les opérations de forage est également discuté. Nous en tirons des recommandations pratiques pour la réalisation de nouveaux essais dans des conditions similaires / In Geomechanics, determining the state of stress and the rheology of rock massive can be obtained by measuring the strain response of the ground under the effect of a known stress. A method among others is to use a cell integrated (with strain gauges oriented in different directions) installed in a borehole and secured to the mass through an epoxy glue. This measurement is used, notably, to determine the stress state in situ by the « overcoring » method and the elastic parameters of the rock from the « biaxial » test.Between November 2005 and January 2006, a geomechanical testing campaign was conducted in the argillaceous formation of the Tournemire experimental site (Aveyron, France) using CSIRO Hi cells. The strain measurements obtained during overcoring and biaxial tests, have shown unusual phenomena, which have made difficult the determination of anisotropic elastic parameters of the rock and the access to the site stress.Therefore, through researches for explanations of the origin of these phenomena, this thesis aims to improve and to contribute to the understanding of argillite Tournemire’s behaviour and to upgrade the measurement protocol as well as the interpretation of cells CSIRO’s strain.Our approach is, firstly, to issue a number of hypotheses to explain certain, phenomena observed in literature. In a second step, we test these hypotheses through analytical and numerical modelling of the biaxial and overcoring tests then through the realization of new experiments in situ within laboratory on argillite, and also on materials tests (cement, sample of glue).We conclude that the unusual phenomena observed are essentially the result of the conditions for implementing in situ CSIRO’s cell. In particular, we focus on the artefacts induced by the visco-plastic behaviour of the epoxy glue when it is incompletely polymerised. The role of damage on the rock generated by drilling operations is also discussed. We draw some practical recommendations for implementing new tests under similar conditions

A multiple-sensor optical shape measurement system (SMS) based on the principle of white-light fringe projection has been developed and commercialised by Loughborough University and Phase Vision Ltd for over 10 years. The use of the temporal phase unwrapping technique allows precise and dense shape measurements of complex surfaces; and the photogrammetry-based calibration technique offers the ability to calibrate multiple sensors simultaneously in order to achieve 360° measurement coverage. Nevertheless, to enhance the applicability of the SMS in industrial environments, further developments are needed (i) to improve the calibration speed for quicker deployment, (ii) to broaden the application range from shape measurement to deformation field measurement, and (iii) to tackle practically-challenging surfaces of which specular components may disrupt the acquired data and result in spurious measurements. The calibration process typically requires manual positioning of an artefact (i.e., reference object) at many locations within the view of the sensors. This is not only timeconsuming but also complicated for an operator with average knowledge of metrology. This thesis introduces an automated artefact positioning system which enables automatic and optimised distribution of the artefacts, automatic prediction of their whereabouts to increase the artefact detection speed and robustness, and thereby greater overall calibration performance. This thesis also describes a novel technique that integrates the digital image correlation (DIC) technique into the present fringe projection SMS for the purpose of simultaneous shape and deformation field measurement. This combined technique offers three key advantages: (a) the ability to deal with geometrical discontinuities which are commonly present on mechanical surfaces and currently challenging to most deformation measurement methods, (b) the ability to measure 3D displacement fields with a basic single-camera single-projector SMS with no additional hardware components, and (c) the simple implementation on a multiple-sensor hardware platform to achieve complete coverage of large-scale and complex samples, with the resulting displacement fields automatically lying in a single global coordinate system. A displacement measurement accuracy of ≃ 1/12,000 of the measurement volume, which is comparable to that of an industry-standard DIC system, has been achieved. The applications of this novel technique to several structural tests of aircraft wing panels on-site at the research centre of Airbus UK in Filton are also presented. Mechanical components with shiny surface finish and complex geometry may introduce another challenge to present fringe projection techniques. In certain circumstances, multiple reflections of the projected fringes on an object surface may cause ambiguity in the phase estimation process and result in incorrect coordinate measurements. This thesis presents a new technique which adopts a Fourier domain ranging (FDR) method to correctly identifying multiple phase signals and enables unambiguous triangulation for a measured coordinate. Experiments of the new FDR technique on various types of surfaces have shown promising results as compared to the traditional phase unwrapping techniques.

This thesis analyzes and solves the problems of monitoring of constructions strains (small resistance changes) in a number of points of the structure. The essence of investigated systems is test of the strain gauges small resistance changes proportional to displacement or strain and reaching only thousandths of parts of percent. The main objects of research is strain detection circuits working under automatic multipoint balanced Wheatstone bridge and the current balancing methods. The introduction reveals the importance of investigated problem, formulates the aim and tasks, introduces publications and presentations of the author’s and the structure of the dissertation. The first chapter is a review of literature. It analyzes practical use of strain measurement methods, their advantages and disadvantages, opportunities to use these methods in automated systems. The chapter ends with formulated conclusions. The second section presents balanced methods of the strain monitoring. Analysis of balanced Wheatstone bridge device is made. New strain monitoring device by balancing currents are proposed and investigated. There are two possible ways: with two current sources and one current source. The third and fourth sections provide results of computer simulation and experimental models. The proposed devices of balancing currents has been modeled and tested in practice. Stability of the devices was tested and their work simulating in real conditions. Conclusions, references and the... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos ir sprendžiamos konstrukcijų deformacijų (varžų mažų pokyčių) nustatymo daugelyje konstrukcijos taškų problemos. Tiriamų sistemų funkcionavimo esmė yra įtempių jutiklių varžos mažų pokyčių proporcingų poslinkiui ar deformacijai ir siekiančių tik tūkstantąsias procento dalis nustatymas. Pagrindiniai tyrimo objektai yra automatinių daugiataškių balansuojamo Vitstono tiltelio ir srovių balansavimo metodais veikiantys deformacijų nustatymo grandynai. Įvadiniame skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, pristatomi autoriaus pranešimai ir publikacijos, pateikiama disertacijos struktūra. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikta literatūros apžvalga. Jame analizuojami praktikoje naudojami deformacijų nustatymo metodai, pateikiami jų privalumai ir trūkumai, galimybės naudoti šiuos metodus automatizuotose sistemose. Antrajame skyriuje pateikti konstrukcijų deformacijų balansuojami nustatymo būdai. Yra atlikta balansuojamo Vitstono tiltelio metodo analizė. Pateiktas naujas deformacijų stebėjimo balansuojant sroves metodas ir atlikta jo analizė. Jame išskiriami du galimi būdai: su dviem srovės šaltiniais ir su vienu srovės šaltiniu. Trečiajame ir ketvirtajame skyriuose pateikti kompiuterinio modeliavimo ir eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai. Buvo sumodeliuotas ir praktiškai patikrintas pasiūlyto srovės balansavimo metodo praktinis veikimas. Patikrintas įrenginių stabilumas ir jų darbas imituojant realias sąlygas. Disertacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos ir sprendžiamos konstrukcijų deformacijų (varžų mažų pokyčių) nustatymo daugelyje konstrukcijos taškų problemos. Tiriamų sistemų funkcionavimo esmė yra įtempių jutiklių varžos mažų pokyčių proporcingų poslinkiui ar deformacijai ir siekiančių tik tūkstantąsias procento dalis nustatymas. Pagrindiniai tyrimo objektai yra automatinių daugiataškių balansuojamo Vitstono tiltelio ir srovių balansavimo metodais veikiantys deformacijų nustatymo grandynai. Įvadiniame skyriuje nagrinėjamas problemos aktualumas, formuluojamas darbo tikslas ir uždaviniai, pristatomi autoriaus pranešimai ir publikacijos, pateikiama disertacijos struktūra. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikta literatūros apžvalga. Jame analizuojami praktikoje naudojami deformacijų nustatymo metodai, pateikiami jų privalumai ir trūkumai, galimybės naudoti šiuos metodus automatizuotose sistemose. Antrajame skyriuje pateikti konstrukcijų deformacijų balansuojami nustatymo būdai. Yra atlikta balansuojamo Vitstono tiltelio metodo analizė. Pateiktas naujas deformacijų stebėjimo balansuojant sroves metodas ir atlikta jo analizė. Jame išskiriami du galimi būdai: su dviem srovės šaltiniais ir su vienu srovės šaltiniu. Trečiajame ir ketvirtajame skyriuose pateikti kompiuterinio modeliavimo ir eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai. Buvo sumodeliuotas ir praktiškai patikrintas pasiūlyto srovės balansavimo metodo praktinis veikimas. Patikrintas įrenginių stabilumas ir jų darbas imituojant realias sąlygas. Disertacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This thesis analyzes and solves the problems of monitoring of constructions strains (small resistance changes) in a number of points of the structure. The essence of investigated systems is test of the strain gauges small resistance changes proportional to displacement or strain and reaching only thousandths of parts of percent. The main objects of research is strain detection circuits working under automatic multipoint balanced Wheatstone bridge and the current balancing methods. The introduction reveals the importance of investigated problem, formulates the aim and tasks, introduces publications and presentations of the author’s and the structure of the dissertation. The first chapter is a review of literature. It analyzes practical use of strain measurement methods, their advantages and disadvantages, opportunities to use these methods in automated systems. The chapter ends with formulated conclusions. The second section presents balanced methods of the strain monitoring. Analysis of balanced Wheatstone bridge device is made. New strain monitoring device by balancing currents are proposed and investigated. There are two possible ways: with two current sources and one current source. The third and fourth sections provide results of computer simulation and experimental models. The proposed devices of balancing currents has been modeled and tested in practice. Stability of the devices was tested and their work simulating in real conditions. Conclusions, references and the... [to full text]

Ce travail porte sur des essais de traction réalisés sur des éprouvettes d’aluminium lithium entaillées, avec des observations in-situ du champ de déformations.La réduction de consommation de carburant est actuellement une priorité pour l’aviation. Les alliages d’ Al-Li sont d'excellents candidats pour réduire le poids des avions puisqu’ils combinent de très bonnes propriétés mécaniques avec une densité inférieure à celle des alliages conventionnels. Cependant, les propriétés mécaniques de ces matériaux sont fortement anisotropes, et il est essentiel de contrôler ce phénomène afin d'utiliser le matériel à bon escient. À cette fin, il est nécessaire d'avoir le maximum d'informations sur le matériau tant sur ses propriétés microstructurales (taille et forme des grains...) que mécaniques (élasticité, module de Young, résistance à la fissuration ...). Mais la connaissance de ces propriétés mécaniques globales n'est pas suffisante pour maximiser la résistance à la fissuration (critique dans l'application aéronautique). Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à quantifier l'influence de la microstructure locale (orientation et la taille des grains) sur la fissuration.La propagation des fissures dans des tôles d’épaisseur 2 mm a été analysée. Les essais de traction ont été effectués sur des échantillons entaillés avec observation in-situ du champ de déplacement.Ainsi, la méthode de la grille a été adaptée pour déterminer de grandes déformations dans les grains. Le champ de déplacement a été caractérisée par la déformation d'une grille croisée collée (pas 30 um), et les paramètres affectant la qualité des résultats (résolution et résolution spatiale) ont été optimisés. Afin de compenser le mouvement du corps rigide, un nouveau système automatique d'acquisition d'image conduisant à de petites déformations entre chaque image a été développé. Une nouvelle méthode d'extraction de phase a été instauré, permettant un déroulage temporel de la phase. / This work concerns tensile tests carried out on notched Aluminum-Lithium specimens, with in-situ observations of the strain field.Reducing aviation fuel consumption is currently a priority. Al-Li alloys are excellent candidates for reducing weight of aircrafts. They combine very good mechanical properties with a lower density than conventional alloys. However, the mechanical properties of these materials are highly anisotropic, and it is essential to control this phenomenon in order to use the material wisely. To that end, it is necessary to have an enormous amount of information on the material both microstructural (size and shape of grains ...) and mechanical (yield strength, Young modulus, resistance to cracking ...) properties. But the knowledge of these overall mechanical properties is not enough to maximize resistance to cracking (critical in aeronautic application). In this context, this work aims to quantify the influence of local microstructure (orientation and size of grains) on cracking.Crack propagation in 2 mm thick Al-Li sheet metal has been analyzed. Tension test were carried out on deeply notched specimens with optical in-situ observation of the displacement field.Thus, grid method was adapted to determine large strains in the grains. The displacement field was characterized through the deformation of a bonded crossed square grid (path 30 µm), and the parameters affecting the quality of results (resolution and spatial resolution) have been optimized. In order to compensate the rigid body motion, a new automatic image acquisition system leading to small strains between each image have been developed. A new phase extraction method has been introduced allowing a temporal phase unwrapping.

No description available.