Abstract Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networking changes the way of people utilizing Internet, for example, sharing and consuming digital content, from the ground up. It continues to show its power and strength when it is combined with other emerging technologies, such as Web Services. This thesis contributes to the research and development of P2P networks from four aspects. Firstly, a P2P and Web Services converged multiple-tier system architecture is proposed. The architecture proposed enables providing Web Services in the context of heterogeneous access networks in an efficient way by utilizing P2P paradigm. A lightweight middleware architecture is introduced to fit the diversified mobile terminals. A theoretical analysis is given to provide a comparative study with the conventional centralized architecture. Secondly, a General Truncated Pyramid Peer-to-Peer (GTPP) architecture is presented to analyze the performance of hierarchical architecture compared with flat architecture. The motivation behind the GTPP architecture is to see whether an added tier can bring with it added value and functionality. A detailed mathematical analysis is provided which takes into consideration various performance metrics, including the lookup hopcount, lookup latency, maintenance traffic from a single peer point of view, and maintenance traffic from the whole system point of view. Furthermore, simulation results with respect to the lookup hopcount are also provided. Through mathematical analysis and simulation results, an optimal value regarding the number of tiers of the GTPP architecture is found, showing that 2~3 tiers are appropriate for most of situations. A specialized model is also proposed to improve the performance of hierarchical architecture. Thirdly, the performance evaluation of a communication-oriented Kademlia-based P2P system is provided in detail. NetHawk EAST-based simulation models and a prototype are both utilized to evaluate the performance. Simulation results from NetHawk EAST-based simulation models demonstrate the optimal design choices regarding the resource lookup parallelism degree and resource replication degree, and show the unnecessary existence of the messages used to detect the liveness of peers in a DHT overlay. Measurements from the prototype show the feasibility of mobile nodes acting as fully fledged overlay nodes from three different perspectives, namely CPU processing load, network traffic load, and battery consumption. The optimal size of packets which consumes battery in the most efficient way is also found through battery consumption measurements. Fourthly, the effects of different churn models on the performance of structured P2P networks are analyzed. Specifically, three typical churn models are analyzed to provide a comparative result. The simulation results show that the difference among the effects of different churn models on the performance of structured P2P networks is quantitative rather than qualitative. This provides some guidance for the selection of different churn models for the contemporary researchers.

Le maintien de la morphologie et la production des forces par les cellules sont possibles grâce au cytosquelette, constitué de trois types de polymères protéiques dont les microfilaments d’actine. Les filaments d’actine s’organisent en différentes architectures, dont l’assemblage et le désassemblage sont étroitement contrôlés dans le temps et l’espace. En effet, une des caractéristiques d’un filament d’actine est son vieillissement, par l’hydrolyse progressive de l’ATP au sein des sous-unités. Pour assurer un renouvellement continu de l’ actine celle-ci doit donc être recyclée. Lorsque l’assemblage et désassemblage se compensent, les architectures d’actine sont alors dans un état stationnaire dynamique, dans lequel la concentration demonomères d’actine est perpétuellement renouvelée. Le désassemblage permet également de maintenir un réservoir important d’actine monomérique polymérisable, pour répondre rapidement aux besoins cellulaires. Le lamellipode, organe moteur de la cellule, est essentiellement composé d’unfeuillet fin mais très dense d’actine dendritique ainsi que de protéines régulatrices. Une protéine essentielle dans le turnover rapide du lamellipode est l’ADF/Cofiline. Elle est responsable du désassemblage des filaments âgés par fragmentation et pardébranchement. Jusqu’à présent, les études portaient le plus souvent sur les mécanismes microscopiques, à l’échelle du filament individuel. Or, pour comprendre la dynamique des réseaux branchés notamment au cours de la motilité cellulaire, il nous faut comprendre le désassemblage collectif et macroscopique du réseau d’actine dendritique. En combinant des milieux de motilité reconstitués à partir de protéinespurifiées à une nouvelle technique de micro-structuration de surfaces, j’ai pu reconstituer in vitro des réseaux dendritiques semblables au lamellipode. Ainsi, j’ai exploré au cours de ma thèse les paramètres qui contrôlent leur désassemblage macroscopique. Il en ressort que le désassemblage des réseaux dépend de leur architecture (densité) et de leur géométrie (taille) : les réseaux denses ou étendus sont moins efficacement désassemblés et restent cohésifs plus longtemps. Des modélisations montrent que c’est la déplétion locale en ADF/Cofiline autour du réseau d’actine qui semble responsable des effets observés. De plus, les réseaux constitués de densités d’actine hétérogènes acquièrent une directionnalité, qui peut être modulée par le désassemblage sélectif par ADF/Cofiline. Parallèlement, ces études ont permis de déterminer que pour avoir un réseau à l’état dynamiquestationnaire (ou à l’équilibre), il fallait atteindre un certain ratio d’ADF/Cofiline par actine. Ce travail a permis d’aller plus loin que les études fondamentales sur la fragmentation de filaments d’actine individuels, à l’échelle microscopique, et d’établir deux nouveaux paramètres qui contrôlent le désassemblage de réseaux d’actine dendritique à l’échelle macroscopique / Cells maintain their morphology and produce forces thanks to the cytoskeleton, which is composed of three types of protein polymers, amongst which the actin microfilaments. Actin filaments assemble into diverse architectures, which assembly and disassembly is tightly controlled in space and time. Indeed, the progressive hydrolysis of ATP in the monomers causes the actin filaments to age. Thus, actin needs to be recycled. When assembly and disassembly compensate, different actin architectures are in a dynamic steady state, in which the pool of actin monomers is renewed. Disassembly of actin structures also maintains a large reservoir of polymerization-ready monomers ready to assemble when needed by the cell.The lamellipodium is the locomotory organelle of the cell, and is made of a thin yet very dense sheet of dendritic actin network, with regulatory proteins. A pivotal protein is ADF/Cofilin, which is responsible of the disassembly of old actin filaments by fragmentation and debranching. To date, there have been extensive studies about the microscopic mechanisms, but if one wants to understand cell motility, one must decipher the collective and macroscopic disassembly of the dendritic actin network.By combining motility media reconstituted from purified proteins, and a new surface micro-patterning technique, I was able to reconstitute lamellipodium-like dendritic networks in vitro. During this thesis I explored the parameters that control the macroscopic disassembly of these networks. This work shows that the disassembly of dendritic actin networks depends on their architecture (density) and geometry (size): dense or extended networks are less efficiently disassembled and remain cohesive longer. Simulations show that these effects can be explains by a local depletion of ADF/Cofilin in the volume surrounding the network. Besides, networks of heterogeneous densities acquire directionality. This steering is modulated by selective disassembly of the networks by ADF/Cofilin. In parallel, these studies established a ratio at which networks are at a dynamic steady state.This work goes further than the fundamentally important studies about fragmentation of individual actin filaments, and establishes new parameters that control the disassembly of dendritic actin at the macroscopic scale.

Orientador: Paulo Licio de Geus / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T11:26:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quinellato_DouglasGielo_M.pdf: 2170090 bytes, checksum: 70af102166738a9e7bd99af678848faf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: As redes P2P ganharam bastante popularidade na ultima decada, consolidando-se como um dos serviços mais populares da internet, provendo uma arquitetura distribuída para o fornecimento de servi¸cos sem a necessidade de um host assumir o papel de servidor. A popularidade trouxe, entretanto, a necessidade de se desenvolver mecanismos para garantir o funcionamento perante os crescentes ataques 'a rede. Com a estabilidade dos algoritmos relacionados ao funcionamento das redes P2P foi possível um aumento no desenvolvimento destes mecanismos de segurança. Nesta dissertação e proposto um sistema de reputação para redes P2P de compartilhamento de arquivos, um mecanismo de seguran¸ca que visa impedir a proliferação de arquivos corrompidos. Tais sistemas funcionam gerenciando as opiniões emitidas pelos nós participantes da rede sobre os serviços prestados pelos outros nós. Estas opiniões podem ser sobre o nó que prestou o serviço ou sobre a qualidade do serviço prestado. As opiniões sobre um mesmo nó ou serviço avaliado são armazenadas e posteriormente agregadas atraves de uma função, formando a reputação destes. O mecanismo proposto baseia-se nas opiniões emitidas sobre a autenticidade os arquivos, utilizando a reputação dos nós para indicar a qualidade da opinião sendo emitida por eles. Essa verificação da qualidade da opinião visa aumentar a confiança na opinião utilizada com a adicão de um nível de verificação por motivos de eficiência, visto que implementar uma rede de confiança inteira é custosa. Foram realizadas simulaçõs para a verificação da eficácia da rede, realizando comparações tanto com uma rede sem nenhum sistema de reputação quanto com outros sistemas de reputação. / Abstract: P2P networks have earned a great deal of popularity over the last decade, consolidating itself as one of the most popular internet service, providing a distributed architecture for the furnishing of services without the need of a centralized server host. However, such popularity brought the necessity for security mechanisms in order to assure the network availability in spite of the attacks on the network. Stability in the algorithms related to the basic operation of the P2P networks made possible the rise on the development of security systems. In this dissertation it's proposed a reputation system for file sharing P2P networks, a security mechanism aimed at lowering the spread of corrupted files in the network. Such systems work by managing the opinions issued by the participants of the network about the received services from the other nodes. These opinions can be about the nodes, or about the quality of the services themselves. Opinions about the same service or node are them joined through the use of a mathematical model (function), calculating their reputation. The proposed reputation system is based on the reputation of the files, using the node reputation as a means to assess the quality of the opinion being issued. This check is made with the purpose of improving trust in the used opinion by adding one level of opinion checking. Only one level is used for efficiency, since implementing a full trust network is expensive. Simulations were used in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed reputation system. The results are used in comparisons with the same simulation without the use of any reputation system, and with the results of other reputation systems found in the literature. / Mestrado / Segurança de Redes / Mestre em Ciência da Computação