abstract: Seismic observations have revealed two large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) in the lowermost mantle beneath Pacific and Africa. One hypothesis for the origin of LLSVPs is that they are caused by accumulation of subducted oceanic crust on the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Here, I perform high resolution geodynamical calculations to test this hypothesis. The result shows that it is difficult for a thin (~ 6 km) subducted oceanic crust to accumulate on the CMB, and the major part of it is viscously stirred into the surrounding mantle. Another hypothesis for the origin of LLSVPs is that they are caused by thermochemical piles of more-primitive material which is remnant of Earth's early differentiation. In such case, a significant part of the subducted oceanic crust would enter the more-primitive reservoir, while other parts are either directly entrained into mantle plumes forming on top of the more-primitive reservoir or stirred into the background mantle. As a result, mantle plumes entrain a variable combination of compositional components including more-primitive material, old oceanic crust which first enters the more-primitive reservoir and is later entrained into mantle plumes with the more-primitive material, young oceanic crust which is directly entrained into mantle plumes without contacting the more-primitive reservoir, and depleted background mantle material. The result reconciles geochemical observation of multiple compositional components and varying ages of oceanic crust in the source of ocean-island basalts. Seismic studies have detected ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) in some localized regions on the CMB. Here, I present 3D thermochemical calculations to show that the distribution of ULVZs provides important information about their origin. ULVZs with a distinct composition tend to be located at the edges of LLSVPs, while ULVZs solely caused by partial melting tend to be located inboard from the edges of LLSVPs. This indicates that ULVZs at the edges of LLSVPs are best explained by distinct compositional heterogeneity, while ULVZs located insider of LLSVPs are better explained by partial melting. The results provide additional constraints for the origin of ULVZs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geological Sciences 2015

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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-12T16:50:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA MOREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 5021034 bytes, checksum: 457c2c52b8b0021ca9e6c10a53a0f200 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-12T16:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GICELIA MOREIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2016..pdf: 5021034 bytes, checksum: 457c2c52b8b0021ca9e6c10a53a0f200 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Vazamento em oleodutos, além de prejuízos financeiros pode causar diversos danos ambientais, onde, o conhecimento dos fenômenos interfaciais de líquidos imiscíveis permite entender o processo de migração advectiva em dutos submarinos. Portanto, estas informações, possibilitam prever o comportamento e a forma geométrica da interface água-óleo e fornecer uma boa fundamentação fenomenológica no que diz respeito às teorias de perturbação, aos critérios de estabilidade e a modelagem matemática, bem como os padrões de escoamento nas vizinhanças do vazamento em dutos submersos. Diante disto, este trabalho, tem por objetivo estudar numericamente a influência do vazamento de óleo no mar a partir de duto submerso e vice-versa sobre o comportamento de fluidos. Para isso, adotou-se um modelo bidimensional com base nas equações de conservação de massa, momento linear e o modelo de turbulência k-ε padrão disponibilizado no Ansys CFX. O comportamento dinâmico do óleo e da água é representado com auxílio de campos de pressão, velocidade superficial e fração volumétrica de óleo e da água, vetores de velocidade. Os resultados das simulações indicam a presença de vazamento de óleo na correnteza marítima e de água para a corrente de óleo no tubo através do orifício de vazamento. / Leaks in pipelines, beyond financial losses can cause various environmental damage, where the knowledge of interfacial phenomena of immiscible liquids allows us to understand the advective migration process in subsea pipelines. Therefore, these informations allows to predict the behavior and geometrical form of water-oil interface and provide a good phenomenological foundation with respect to the theories of perturbation, the criteria of stability and the mathematical model as well as the flow patterns in around of the leakage starting from underwater pipelines. In view of this, this work aims to numerically study the influence of the oil leak in the sea starting from submerged pipe or the opposite about behavior of fluids. For this, it was adopted a two-dimensional model based on mass conservation and linear momentum equations and the k-ε standard turbulence model available in Ansys CFX. The dynamic behavior of oil and water is shown with the aid of pressure, superficial velocity and volumetric fraction fields of oil and water and velocity vectors. The simulation results indicate the presence of oil spills in sea water in the stream and the water for oil tube through of the orifice leakage.