Circuit breakers are used in the power system to break or make current flow through power apparatus. Reliable operation of circuit breakers is critical to the well- being of the power system and can be achieved by regular inspection and maintenance. A low-cost automated circuit breaker monitoring system is developed to monitor circuit breaker control signals. An interface is designed on top of which different local and system-wide applications can be developed which utilize the data recorded by the system. Some of the possible applications are proposed. Lab and field evaluation of the designed system is performed and results are presented.

IEC 61850 standards are the global standard for communication in substations. It is gaining popularity in power substation automation and will dominate the future substation automation and protection system design. The standards provide new approaches for protection, control and metering function via communication. The secondary circuits in substation are simplified significantly and the massive hardwired cables are replaced by the high-speed process bus which transmit analogue and binary signals with Ethernet messages. However, the conformity of a device with the standards does not necessarily guarantee the interoperability with devices from different manufacturers. The use of devices compatible with IEC 61850 standards presents a challenge to many system integrators, especially due to lack of familiarity with features such as Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE), reporting, Sampled Values and the need for system redundancy. To facilitate a smooth implementation, all the features and the data exchanges between devices need to be tested to ensure the system operates correctly. This project was carried out to study the protection performance of secondary schemes with IEC 61850 process bus architecture in substation. The tests were performed including current differential protection and distance protection on a transmission substation of the type used in the UK on the transmission network. The protection schemes were tested under IEC 61850 environment with multi-vendor IEDs like Alstom MiCOM IEDs, NARI IEDs with the OMICRON test set. More tests were carried out to verify the interoperability and the performance of time-critical messages were evaluated under different network architectures. The impact of the background traffic on these two messages was investigated and the response of the IEDs when the Sampled Values packets were lost or overwritten was recorded and provided to utility as a reference. This project also presented a technique to assess the performance of Merging Units from different manufacturers, when operating with Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) performing a distance protection function. The performance of the process bus with parallel redundancy protocol is evaluated using a closed loop approach involving a Real Time Digital Simulator. The results indicate that protection using process bus communication is feasible, and meets grid code requirements when implemented with commercially available products. It was found that process bus operation is robust, even with network traffic conditions far beyond what would be experienced in an active substation.

An entirely digital system is presented which has several benefits as compared to the systems that are deployed currently. Utilizing digital capabilities to a much greater extent than is currently used within the power system allows for various improvements upon the current system. One such improvement is the ease of configuring and using the system. Each device can easily alter its functionality through a user interface, and the addition of devices is as easy as plugging it in. Additionally, the burden on the transformer due to the increase in the number of devices is nullified. The information remains accurate and unchanged, even when new devices are added to the system. The entire system conforms to the IEC 61850 standard, such that it adheres to the requirements of the actual power system. / Master of Science

Protection and Control (P&C) devices requiring accurate timing within a power transmission substation are commonly synchronized by distributed Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. However, utilities now request a timing system that is less dependent on the direct use of distributed GPS receivers, because of the reliability issue of GPS receivers. In addition, to reduce device-to-device cabling and enable interoperability among devices from multiple vendors, utilities are looking to adopt the Ethernet based IEC 61850 protocol suites to complement or replace a conventional hardwired secondary P&C system. The IEEE 1588-2008 synchronization protocol is a network based time synchronization technique which can co-exist with the IEC 61850 applications and deliver sub-microsecond timing accuracy. A number of IEC 61850 applications require seamless communication redundancy, whilst existing technologies used in a substation only recover communications tens of milliseconds after a communication failure. Alternatively, the newly released IEC 62439-3 Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and High-availability Seamless Redundancy (HSR) can achieve seamless redundancy by transmitting duplicate data packets simultaneously in various networks and this can satisfy the extremely high reliability requirements of transmission substations. Considering the benefits, a unified network integrating IEEE 1588 and IEC 62439 PRP/HSR can be foreseen in future substations, but utilities need confidence in these technologies before real deployment. Hence, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive tests on such a timing system so that better insight into the performance and limitation can be obtained. This thesis first investigates the feasibility to integrate IEEE 1588 and IEC 62439 PRP into a single Ethernet network using a simulation tool and subsequently presents how the hardware testbed is established. Meanwhile, although GPS receivers are commonly used for time synchronization in the power industry, their performance might not be fully investigated before deployment. Hence, this thesis also proposes a procedure to assess the performance in terms of long term stability and transient behaviour of a timing system merely based on GPS receivers and one based on a mixture of GPS receivers and IEEE 1588 devices. Test results indicate whichever system is used, careful design of equipment, proper installation and appropriate engineering are required to satisfy the stringent accuracy requirements for critical automation applications in power system.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório sobre a técnica da modelagem de objetos aplicados como interface de comunicação entre os equipamentos de campo de uma subestação elétrica, utilizando o padrão “Utility Communications Architecture - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment" que permite a redução da quantidade de protocolos com os quais trabalham os diferentes equipamentos de campo de uma subestação em geral. A pesquisa procurou explicar quais são as características de uma subestação automatizada (requisitos e comportamento), em que consiste essa nova tecnologia da modelagem de objetos e suas aplicações dentro dos sistemas elétricos. O trabalho explica e aplica os diferentes modelos contidos no padrão dentro das funções de proteção, medição, controle, etc, de uma Subestação Elétrica. Estes modelos são incluídos nos novos equipamentos que levam a informação dos sensores e atuadores colocados nos equipamentos de campo a seu respectivo sistema “Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition". Os novos equipamentos permitem realizar tarefas como sistema de eleição “voting", função de bloqueio de barramento “bus blocking", função de rejeição de carga “load shedding", entre outros, de uma maneira mais eficaz aumentando, assim o desempenho do trabalho da subestação. Como aplicação final, trata de fazer a modelagem de comunicação dos equipamentos de campo da subestação de Bateias, da Companhia Paranaense de Energia com o emprego dos equipamentos providos pelos principais fornecedores do mercado brasileiro: General Electric, Siemens e ABB; tendo para isso como esquemas de referência os modelos das subestações apresentadas na bibliografia. A modelagem demonstrou ser eficaz na comunicação dos equipamentos de campo de uma Subestação Elétrica, já que é possível mediante a mesma padronizar os protocolos que utiliza, permitindo assim a compatibilidade entre os equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes com a respectiva redução dos custos dos projetos de implementação, programação e treinamento dentro da subestação. / This is a descriptive study concerning the modeling technique applying object-oriented models for a communication interface among the equipments in the field of an electric substation. The standard architecture UCA - Utility Communications Architecture and GOMSFE - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment are used, allowing the reduction of the number of protocols in the different equipment's in the yard. This work also addresses the characteristics and the requisites of an automated substation, in what this new modeling technology is about and its applications for the electric power systems. The different models used for the functions of protection, measurement, control, etc. of an Electric Substation are considered, including the new equipment which carry the information from sensors and actuators in the field to their respective SCADA - Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition - system. The performance of the substation is enhanced by new functions as “voting" in protection relays, “bus blocking" in busbars, "load shedding" in load dispatch. Finally the modeling of the communication functions of the field equipments in the substation Bateias, of Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia Elétrica is carried out. The equipment's are the ones found in the Brazilian electric market and the reference schemes are from the bibliography. It is shown that the modeling is effective for the communication among the equipment's in the field of an electric substation, and that it is possible to standardize the different protocols employed there. Consequently the compatibility among the equipment's from different manufacturers occurs, and also the reduction of the costs of implementation, programming and personnel training within the substation.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório sobre a técnica da modelagem de objetos aplicados como interface de comunicação entre os equipamentos de campo de uma subestação elétrica, utilizando o padrão “Utility Communications Architecture - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment” que permite a redução da quantidade de protocolos com os quais trabalham os diferentes equipamentos de campo de uma subestação em geral. A pesquisa procurou explicar quais são as características de uma subestação automatizada (requisitos e comportamento), em que consiste essa nova tecnologia da modelagem de objetos e suas aplicações dentro dos sistemas elétricos. O trabalho explica e aplica os diferentes modelos contidos no padrão dentro das funções de proteção, medição, controle, etc, de uma Subestação Elétrica. Estes modelos são incluídos nos novos equipamentos que levam a informação dos sensores e atuadores colocados nos equipamentos de campo a seu respectivo sistema “Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition”. Os novos equipamentos permitem realizar tarefas como sistema de eleição “voting”, função de bloqueio de barramento “bus blocking”, função de rejeição de carga “load shedding”, entre outros, de uma maneira mais eficaz aumentando, assim o desempenho do trabalho da subestação. Como aplicação final, trata de fazer a modelagem de comunicação dos equipamentos de campo da subestação de Bateias, da Companhia Paranaense de Energia com o emprego dos equipamentos providos pelos principais fornecedores do mercado brasileiro: General Electric, Siemens e ABB; tendo para isso como esquemas de referência os modelos das subestações apresentadas na bibliografia. A modelagem demonstrou ser eficaz na comunicação dos equipamentos de campo de uma Subestação Elétrica, já que é possível mediante a mesma padronizar os protocolos que utiliza, permitindo assim a compatibilidade entre os equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes com a respectiva redução dos custos dos projetos de implementação, programação e treinamento dentro da subestação. / This is a descriptive study concerning the modeling technique applying object-oriented models for a communication interface among the equipments in the field of an electric substation. The standard architecture UCA - Utility Communications Architecture and GOMSFE - Generic Object Models for Substation & Feeder Equipment are used, allowing the reduction of the number of protocols in the different equipment's in the yard. This work also addresses the characteristics and the requisites of an automated substation, in what this new modeling technology is about and its applications for the electric power systems. The different models used for the functions of protection, measurement, control, etc. of an Electric Substation are considered, including the new equipment which carry the information from sensors and actuators in the field to their respective SCADA - Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition - system. The performance of the substation is enhanced by new functions as “voting” in protection relays, “bus blocking” in busbars, "load shedding" in load dispatch. Finally the modeling of the communication functions of the field equipments in the substation Bateias, of Copel - Companhia Paranaense de Energia Elétrica is carried out. The equipment's are the ones found in the Brazilian electric market and the reference schemes are from the bibliography. It is shown that the modeling is effective for the communication among the equipment's in the field of an electric substation, and that it is possible to standardize the different protocols employed there. Consequently the compatibility among the equipment's from different manufacturers occurs, and also the reduction of the costs of implementation, programming and personnel training within the substation.

Modern society is unquestionably heavily reliant on supply of electricity. Hence, the power system is one of the important infrastructures for future growth. However, the power system of today was designed for a stable radial flow of electricity from large power plants to the customers and not for the type of changes it is presently being exposed to, like large scale integration of electric vehicles, wind power plants, residential photovoltaic systems etc. One aspect of power system control particular exposed to these changes is the design of power system control and protection functionality. Problems occur when the flow of electricity changes from a unidirectional radial flow to a bidirectional. Such an implication requires redesign of control and protection functionality as well as introduction of new information and communication technology (ICT). To make matters worse, the closer the interaction between the power system and the ICT systems the more complex the matter becomes from a reliability perspective. This problem is inherently cyber-physical, including everything from system software to power cables and transformers, rather than the traditional reliability concern of only focusing on power system components. The contribution of this thesis is a framework for reliability analysis, utilizing system modeling concepts that supports the industrial engineering issues that follow with the imple-mentation of modern substation automation systems. The framework is based on a Bayesian probabilistic analysis engine represented by Probabilistic Relational Models (PRMs) in com-bination with an Enterprise Architecture (EA) modeling formalism. The gradual development of the framework is demonstrated through a number of application scenarios based on substation automation system configurations. This thesis is a composite thesis consisting of seven papers. Paper 1 presents the framework combining EA, PRMs and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA). Paper 2 adds primary substation equipment as part of the framework. Paper 3 presents a mapping between modeling entities from the EA framework ArchiMate and substation automation system configuration objects from the IEC 61850 standard. Paper 4 introduces object definitions and relations in coherence with EA modeling formalism suitable for the purpose of the analysis framework. Paper 5 describes an extension of the analysis framework by adding logical operators to the probabilistic analysis engine. Paper 6 presents enhanced failure rates for software components by studying failure logs and an application of the framework to a utility substation automation system. Finally, Paper 7 describes the ability to utilize domain standards for coherent modeling of functions and their interrelations and an application of the framework utilizing software-tool support. / <p>QC 20140505</p>

IEC 61850 is rapidly becoming the internationally recognized standard for substation automation systems making it an indispensable element in power system protection and automation education. In order to facilitate teaching this very practical subject, a laboratory setup was developed to demonstrate IEC 61850 station bus inter Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) communication. In this setup, an electrical substation was implemented in a real time digital simulator (RTDS) and protection schemes were implemented in IEC 61850 station bus compliant IEDs from different vendors. Trip signals and breaker statuses were exchanged between RTDS and IEDs using GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) messages. Several protection applications including a novel backup bus protection scheme were developed based on the setup to demonstrate the use of GOOSE messages in time critical applications. The developed test setup along with the designed laboratory exercises will undoubtedly enhance teaching, training and research in this important field. / February 2016

Un système de distribution électrique est le cœur de tous types de sites industriels, aussi bien les sites producteurs d'énergie que les sites consommateurs. La sécurité de ce système doit être impérativement assurée par la mise en place des unités assurant plusieurs fonctionnalités de protection contre les dédauts électriques. Parmi ces fonctionalités il existe celles qui se basent sur des échanges d'information entre plusieurs unités de protection. Le standard IEC 61850 guarantit cet échange des informations via des signaux ‘temps réel' échangé via le réseau de communication. Vue l'aspet non deterministe de ces signaux, une étude poussée de leur fiabilité doit être effectuée. Pour ces raisons notre travail de thèse a pour objectif de mettre en place une méthodologie, basée sur une plateforme de Co-Simulation conçue pendant notre étude, qui permet la validation de la fiabilité de ces messages tout au long du cycle de vie d'un système de communication IEC 61850. / From 2004, a new worldwide standard of communication IEC61850 is introduced in the majority of substation automation system carrying out new innovation prospects to the world of substation. One of these feature is that it allows the exchange of security real time communication messages all over the communication network. These messages are used as control information for the Distributed Automation Application 'DAA'. Taking into consideration that DAA have a direct effect on ythe dependability of a smart grid architecture, the fiability of these real time IEC 61850 should be evaluated. For these reasons, our research delas with the development of a Co-Simulation platform that permits the evaluation and validation of an IEC 61850 communication network.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-07-30T19:06:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILLA FALCONI CRISPIM - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2013..pdf: 21498692 bytes, checksum: 0ddcf6e67e912aaa0d984982e73f8e76 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T19:06:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILLA FALCONI CRISPIM - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2013..pdf: 21498692 bytes, checksum: 0ddcf6e67e912aaa0d984982e73f8e76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-15 / Manobras são executadas na rede elétrica para que não haja interrupção no fornecimento de energia, causada por eventos aleatórios, como falha ou sobrecarga de equipamentos; ou para a realização de manutenção preventiva nestes equipamentos. A geração de manobras é normalmente manual e a sua elaboração pode demorar de uma hora e a um dia, dependendo da sua complexidade e do número de equipamentos envolvidos. O pouco tempo para a geração das manobras, principalmente em situações de contingência, aumenta a probabilidade de ocorrência de erros nas manobras elaboradas. Os fatores relacionados à demora na geração, às falhas na análise dos efeitos da manobra na rede elétrica e à alta susceptibilidade de erros, podem afetar negativamente o sistema elétrico e a companhia elétrica, diminuindo a segurança no sistema e aumentando as perdas monetárias associadas principalmente à indisponibilidade de equipamentos e à interrupção do fornecimento de energia. Este trabalho propõe uma nova abordagem para a geração automática de manobras para sistemas eletroenergéticos. Esta abordagem tem as principais características de uma solução ideal para o problema: (i) se baseia na topologia de tempo real da rede elétrica; (ii) usa regras de intertravamento baseadas na configuração topológica da rede e nos princípios elétricos dos dispositivos, garantindo assim a segurança do sistema e do pessoal da companhia elétrica; e (iii) usa algoritmos genéricos que independem dos tipos de arranjos topológicos, bem como do número de equipamentos na subestação. Para verificar a corretude da solução no escopo de uma companhia elétrica real, as manobras geradas automaticamente são comparadas às manobras padrão elaboradas manualmente pelos operadores e/ou supervisores da Companhia Hidroelétrica do São Francisco (CHESF). Ao todo, mais de 1300 roteiros foram comparados. Para a liberação de disjuntor, o percentual de acerto foi de 91,1%; e para a normalização de disjuntor, o percentual de acerto foi de 90,4%. A mediana dos tempos de geração automática destas manobras foram de 14ms e 16ms para liberação e normalização de disjuntor, respectivamente. Estes tempos apontam ganho significativo no tempo gasto para a geração de uma manobra. A outra forma de validação da técnica proposta baseia-se em um sistema prova-de-conceito (SmartSwitch). Esse sistema se destina aos operadores e supervisores da CHESF. Um grupo selecionado de especialistas na geração de manobras é responsável pela avaliação da usabilidade do sistema SmartSwitch e da corretude das manobras geradas automaticamente. A avaliação inicial feita por este grupo mostra que a técnica é capaz de gerar, em situações normais de topologia, operações de seccionamento corretas e seguras do ponto de vista elétrico. Percebeu-se também alto nível de aceitação do sistema SmartSwitch por parte dos operadores e supervisores de operação da CHESF, o que prova a contribuição do sistema para a eficácia do processo de geração de manobras na companhia colaboradora. / Switching sequences executed in the electrical grid aim to prevent electric power provision interruptions, which may be caused by random events, such as equipment faults or overloads; or equipment maintenance. Switching sequence generation is usually manual, and can last between one hour and one day, according to the switching sequence complexity and the number of equipment involved. The limited time for switching sequence generation, especially in contingency circumstances, increases the probability of errors in the resulting switching sequences. Factors such as delay in switching sequence generation, failure in analyzing the switching sequence's effects on the electrical grid, and susceptibility to errors can negatively affect the electric system and the electric power company, decreasing system security, and increasing monetary losses mainly associated with equipment unavailability and electric power provision interruption. This study presents and evaluate a new approach for automatically generating switching sequences in electric substations; the proposal possesses the main characteristics to ideally solve the problem. The technique, for automatically generate switching sequences, (i) is based on the power grid's real-time topology; (ii) uses interlocking rules based on the grid's topological configuration in order to guarantee security for the system and for the workers; (iii) uses algorithms that are independent of the equipment's topological disposition and the substation's size. To verify the correctness of solution in the scope of a real electric company, the automatically generated switching sequences was compared to standard switching sequences made manually by CHESF operation supervisors or operators. In ali, more the 1300 scripts were compared. For switching sequences to release circuit breaker during maintenance periods, the percentage of correct switching sequence was 91,1%; and for switching sequence to restore circuit breaker, the percentage of correct switching sequence was 90,4%. The execution time was 14ms and 16ms, respectively. The second validation stage is based on proof-of-concept system, named SmartSwitch. The system is presented in this work and is intended to be used by CHESF operation supervisors and operators. A selected group of specialists in switching sequence generation is responsible for evaluating the system regarding its usability and correctness. The initial evaluation made by specialists group showed that technique is able to generate, in normal topology, correct and safe switching operations from electric point of view. Also, it was noticed that the tool has a high levei of acceptance by the company's operators and supervisors, due to its low maintenance needs.