The literature attributes a great deal of activity in many UK local authorities to their commitment to the •sustainable development green ideology of the Earth Summit's Agenda 21 action plan for managing our Planet's future. Most studies of this response have focused on behaviour and process, including that of some of the four UK Environment City local authorities, alleged front runners in this field ie. Leicester, Middlesbrough, Leeds and Peterborough. This thesis, however, examines closely the degree of actual political commitment by the leaderships of these local authorities and the effect which the EC Programme has had on them. The assessment of EC leadership commitment is made against the radical assertion that Agenda 21 expects local authorities to lead a major shift of both behaviour and altitude. In part, the assessment relies on a novel use of Schein's (1987) method for uncovering levels of culture in combination with a new typology of political commitment. It is found that actual, as opposed to declared and organisational, ideological commitment is generally weak though varying widely between the local authority leaderships and is strongest in Leicester, the 'lead' Environment City. Explanations are presented for this. From public policy agenda building and implementation theory perspectives, the designation of 'Environment City', itself, is judged to have been effective in influencing behaviour and to a more limited extent, deeper levels of commitment. Theory improvement helps to explain this through several newly defined concepts including those of 'public policy franchising', 'issue wooden horsing' the 'politics of embarrassment' and 'grand mastery'. Other insights into how greater commitment by local authority leaderships is encouraged is drawn from the case studies including the utilized opportunity for greater local governmental power offered by the Agenda 21 role and the existence of environmental 'statesmanship'. Citizens in the Environment Cities are found to be more environmentally positive than has been reported of the UK population at large. Also, local level evidence is presented of the nationally observed positive relationship between our concern for each other as 'welfarism' and our concern for the rest of nature as 'environmentism'.

The Summit Camp, now abandoned, is located seven miles north of the town of Greenwood in south-central British Columbia. Mineral deposits in skarn zones of the camp were mined for their copper, gold, and silver values. The oldest rocks in the Summit Camp are the contorted grey cherts of the Knob Hill Formation of Paleozoic (?) age. The Knob Hill Formation is overlain nonconformably by the Paleozoic Attwood Series, made up of the shales of the basal Rawhide Formation; the limestones, chert breccia, and limestone breccia of the Brooklyn Formation; and the pyroclastics, lavas, and greenstones of the Eholt Formation. The chert and limestone breccias of the Brooklyn Formation, interpreted by some earlier workers as the results of silicification and tectonic brecciation respectively, are considered to be of clastic sedimentary origin. There is a pronounced nonconformity between the Brooklyn and Eholt Formations. These sedimentary rocks were intruded in Mesozoic (?) time by the Emma Intrusive consisting of quartz diorite, diorite and minor gabbro. This event was followed by the emplacement of the Lion Creek Intrusive, which consists of quartz diorite and syenite. In Oligocene time the arkoses of the Kettle River Formation were deposited in fresh-water basins in the area. Earlier rocks were intruded by Miocene (?) phonolite and pulaskite, that also gave rise to flows of similar composition. Miocene (?) basic dikes are the latest rocks of the area. Mineral deposits of the camp contain magnetite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite in a gangue of skarn minerals. Skarn has formed from Brooklyn limestone as a result of the addition of heat and large amounts of Si, Al, and Fe⁺⁺⁺ from the Lion Creek Intrusive. The intrusive assimilated large amounts of Ca and CO₂ in the process. Skarn zones are controlled by proximity to the Lion Creek stock, or by a contact of limestone with other rocks, or by the presence of channelways such as faults or permeable beds. Metallic minerals were introduced into the skarn zones along fractures and foliation planes with falling temperature. Epithermal precious metal veins that occur close to the Mesozoic (?) intrusives of the Boundary District are not found in limestone. It is believed that these veins were emplaced during a late stage in the cooling of the plutonic rocks. The earlier, higher temperature release of metals into the skarn deposits may be the result of the assimilation of CO₂ that locally prevented the solidification of the shell of the consolidated intrusive body. The mineralizing fluids responsible for the epithermal veins were trapped within the shell and released at a late stage by fracturing due to cooling. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

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Diploma thesis "EU as an actor of world environmental policy with special focus on agreements concerning climate protection" tries to find answer to the question of the relevance and strength of European Union in the field of world climate protection. The analysis of three important world meetings (Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, negotiations of COP5 in Kyoto, Japan in, 1997, and Copenhagen Summit in 2009) is the main tool in the search of the answer to the question, what makes EU relevant and strong actor in the world climate policy, whether its position is strong and what makes it an actor. Diploma thesis focuses not only on European powers in international arena, but also on its powers towards its member states. In this area, thesis focuses on EU powers towards its members, how the powers are used during the phase of enforcement and implementation of EU legislative and how successful the EU is in enforcing its will towards its member states in the field of climate protection. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate, to what extend EU can be considered to be an international actor in the field of climate protection policy and find out, if it has powers to influence other actors, negotiations and agreements and whether it can be considered a strong actor.

The thesis examines the alterations in the attitude of the UN conferences towards the environmental protection from the perspective of international law. It presents developments and changes in international environment protection in articulation with its fundamental milestones being the UN conferences in 1972 in Stockholm, in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro and in 2002 in Johannesburg. These and other conferences, adopted international documents and treaties that comprise the contemporary framework of the protection of the environment. The thesis explicates the key concepts of the environmental law, describes the role of the UN and other international organizations and summarizes the most significant conferences, events and documents. It concludes with prospects of the future development of the international environmental protection.

Ever since the governments began to meet for the Conferences of the Parties (COP) to try to come to agreement over an international climate agreement, civil society organizations involved in the climate issue have also gathered for their own conferences in relation to the COP. Still the role of these re-occurring “COP counter summits” in global climate governance have not been researched in depth. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the role the COP counter summit in climate governance in general, the aim of this study is to conduct a qualitative single-case study of one of these meetings. This is carried out by a field study to the COP counter summit in Paris 2015 with methods of participatory observation and semi-structured interviews with informants. An analytical framework was developed based on theory within related research fields, like parallel summits, social movements and globalization studies. The study contributes with research about what functions of the COP counter summit in Paris had for civil society and how these functions were performed.

Haemoglobin and its functions in various organisms is well known; it increases the ability to obtain precious oxygen and it is crucial in aerobic performance. However, if high values of haemoglobin are always beneficial, why is there a large natural variation? This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of haemoglobin on several stages in the lifespan of Red Junglefowl: egg production and hatching, chicken growth, haemoglobin and summit metabolism. Red Junglefowl were tested for fertility in both eggs laid and eggs hatched. The offspring were individually measured for whole blood haemoglobin concentration and tested for growth and summit metabolism. The results show that there is a difference in haemoglobin after two weeks of age and that growth differs at the same time. High Hb animals do not lay smaller nor fewer eggs than low line birds but their offspring are smaller at the same time as there is a difference in haemoglobin levels. There was also a difference in the summit metabolism between the lines, where the high line animals performed better. Importantly the increase in haemoglobin did effect the growth of the animals negatively, and this would imply that higher levels of haemoglobin is not detrimental to growth.

L'atmosphère des régions centrales des calottes polaires constitue un terrain privilégié pour appréhender la réponse de notre environnement atmosphérique à des phénomènes naturels globaux. Cependant, la méconnaissance des mécanismes régissant l'incorporation des impuretés dans la neige limite l'interprétation des paléodonnées chimiques extraites des carottes polaires en terme de composition chimique de l'atmosphère passée. Cette étude s'est focalisée sur le transfert air neige du nitrate, du chlore et de l'ammonium en région centrale du Groenland (Summit). Nous avons montré qu'il était possible de mesurer des espèces telles que l'acide nitrique, l'acide chlorhydrique, présentes en été à l'état de traces gazeuses dans l'atmosphère de Summit. Nous avons montré la viabilité en régions polaires de la méthode de collecte par tubes dénudeurs enduits de fluorure de sodium. L'autre méthode de piégeage employée lors de nos prélèvements (filtres Nylon), montrait qu'elle n'était pas adaptée aux collectes effectuées en régions polaires. Nos mesures de chlore et de nitrate ont démontré clairement que ces deux espèces étaient présentes en été sous forme gazeuse dans la troposphère de Summit. L'étude de suivis de puits et de neiges fraîches ont montré que ces deux espèces chimiques n'étaient pas incorporées avec la même efficacité au sein de la précipitation mais que leurs comportements étaient similaires une fois déposées sur le manteau neigeux. Concernant l'ammonium présent à l'état de particule dans la troposphère de Summit, nous avons mis au point un protocole strict permettant d'effectuer des mesures correctes de cet aérosol. Nous montrons que le signal atmosphérique de l'ammonium n'est pas déformé lors de sa transcription par la précipitation et lors de l'évolution du manteau neigeux. Nous en avons déduit que la majeure partie des études atmosphériques de ces particules qui n'étaient pas cohérentes avec les mesures au sein du manteau neigeux étaient à revoir du fait de la difficulté de la mesure analytique de NI-4+.

The first known self-draining of Summit Lake occurred in December 1961, followed by similar events in November 1965, September 1967, and November 1968. It has been noted that the rate of draining increases rapidly until the lake is empty (Mathews 1969). In August 1967 it was also noted that the runoff per unit area from the basin of Summit Lake, based on the rate of water volume change in the lake and overflow from the lake, was approximately one half the runoff per unit area from a glacierized basin to the north. It was suspected that at least part of this difference was due to leakage through the ice dam. More detailed observations made in July and August 1968 of the water balance of the lake basin indicate that, in August, there probably existed a leak possibly as large as 3 to 5 m³ sec ̄¹ . The tracing of lake water with fluorescent dye on three occasions also indicated the existence of a leak. Records of lake temperature from surface to bottom were kept from July through September with the results that: a) the warmest water was found at the bottom, and the coldest at approximately one third depth in most cases, b) the warmest temperatures occurred in the north end of the lake in early July; water temperatures decreased southward toward the ice dam and at all locations through the summer, and c) a mean water temperature of approximately 1°C is estimated for July decreasing to 0.7°C by September. For the 1965 draining a lake water temperature of 0.2°C is sufficient with the heat generated due to loss of potential energy to account for the enlargement of the tunnel in the terminal stages of draining, whereas a water temperature of 0.9°C is required for the 1967 flood. No evidence of sudden density overturn of the lake water could be found either from the temperature measurements or the results of dye tracing in the lake water in 1969. Water temperature records on three streams flowing into the lake indicate that from the entire drainage basin approximately 320 x 10¹º calories per day of heat may have been advected to the lake in August 1968. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

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