This thesis seeks to investigate what shapes climate change policies in Kenya. Using Peter Haas' concept of usable knowledge, it argues the need to move beyond conventional perspectives on knowledge and power and provides a framework for understanding what knowledge and mechanisms are usable for policy makers. I argue that Kenyan climate policy is shaped by the interaction of knowledge and power across three crucial levels of influence - global, regional and national. As climate change forces us to rethink how we combine economic policies with environmental realities in Africa, each level encompasses distinct policy narratives where critical actors have an impact on national climate change policy. First, I argue that the standards, norms and regulations established by the global climate regime are directly reflected in national climate strategies of African countries, not only in terms of diplomatic moves to adhere to commitments made, but also in respect to benefiting from international mechanisms put in place to aid developing countries. Second, I examine the One Voice, One Africa narrative. This looks at the rise of the African Group of Negotiators within the global climate regime and their ability to influence Kenyan policy. Third, Kenya's climate change policy is shaped by the interaction of economic, political, and environmental constructs in national policy-making. The principle goal of this thesis is to open African environmental scholars and climate change policy analysts to a rigorous and flexible questioning of how climate policy processes operate in the African context.

El presente artículo busca reflexionar sobre el rol de las comunicaciones en el ámbito político, especialmente en la toma de decisiones y la adopción de compromisos ante problemáticas globales como el cambio climático. Se presenta una introducción, seguida de un marco político internacional que justifica tratar sobre esta temática en el marco de las COP20, COP21 y el Acuerdo de París. Luego se intenta brindar un panorama de la difícil tarea de implementación de las INDC y sus implicancias en el desarrollo.

After many years of climate negotiations, a universally binding agreement has become the main objective for many scientists and politicians in the field of international climate negotiations. The highly anticipated climate conference in Paris 2015 has been portrayed as a success by politicians, newspapers and international organisations worldwide. It seems reasonable to assume that the binding part of the agreement is one of the reasons to its perceived significance given the fact that a binding agreement, historically, has been difficult to achieve. Although the agreement has been celebrated and praised by several influential organisations such as the UN, this perspective has not been uncontradicted. Organisations such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth challenge the assumption that this is a milestone for humanity. This thesis seeks to explore this disagreement with a framing analysis. It is possible to identify two separate frames combatting for their beliefs to become perceived as the truth. The ”Successframe” is illustrated by the Swedish government. The successframe is challenged by the environmental organisations in what can be referred to as a counterframe, in this essay the counterframe is called the ”failureframe”. This thesis uses a theoretical framework inspired by Benford and Snow (2000), to explore why the successframe has become the dominating frame in the public discourse when discussing the Paris agreement.

I denna studie har en analys av svensk tidningsmedias representation av klimatfrågan genomförts. Genom en kritisk diskursanalys har tidningsartiklar, från tre olika tidningar, studerats för att undersöka hur tidningarna representerat klimatfrågan och varför det är viktigt hur tidningarna representerar klimatfrågan. Studien har även undersökt om antalet artiklar ökar i samband med COP21(Conference of Parties) i Paris under slutet av 2015, vilket även är studiens hypotes. I studien har en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ analys genomförts, utifrån dessa har olika diskurser identifierats i materialet. I studien identifierades tre större diskurser som dominerar studiens område, “Global uppvärmning som problem”, “Klimatet kräver förändrat beteende och livsstil” samt “Klimatet som kostnadsfråga”. I materialet kunde även några artiklar identifieras som faller in under en diskurs som identifierades av Anshelm (2012) “Den industriella fatalismen”. I studien kunde även en framtida diskurs identifieras, “Klimatflyktingar”, som anses vara på uppgång. Detta antas då antalet klimatflyktingar bara kommer att öka med åren som följd till klimatförändringarna. Utifrån studien kan man konstatera att medias representation av klimatfrågan är viktig för att allmänheten ska få en bra bild över omvärlden och pågående klimatförändringar. Man kan även se att media beskriver klimatfrågan främst som ett globalt miljöproblem och sambandet med COP21 påverkar antalet artiklar. / In this study, an analysis of the Swedish newspaper media's representation of the climate issue have been done. Through a critical discourse analysis, newspaper articles, from three different newspapers, have been studied to examine how newspapers represented the climate issue and why it is important how the newspapers represent the climate issue. The newspapers that have been studied are Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Norrköping´s Tidningar. These papers provide a broad picture of the Swedish newspaper media and represent different levels, a daily newspaper, a tabloid and a local newspaper. The study also investigated whether the number of articles increases during COP21 (Conference of Parties) in Paris in November/December 2015. The study's hypothesis is that the number of newspapers that represent the climate issue is increasing in the context of a climate event, where the selected climatic event for this study is the COP21. The critical discourse analysis leans against Faircloughs three-dimensional model as a tool to be able to make a critical discourse analysis. In the study a qualitative and quantitative analysis has been carried out. Based on these analysis, different discourses were identified in the material. The material consisted of 90 articles, 71 from Svenska Dagbladet, 13 from Expressen and 6 from Norrköping's Tidningar. The quantitative analysis examined the recurring concepts and how often the concepts reappeared in these articles and the qualitative analysis studied including the voices highlighted in the articles. This study identified three major discourses that dominate the study area, "Global warming as a problem," "The climate requires changes in behaviour and lifestyle," and "The climate as a cost issue." In the material, some items could also be identified which fall into a discourse identified by Anshelm (2012) "The industrial fatalism". In the study, a future discourse could also be identified, "Climate Refugees", which is considered to be on the rise. This is assumed as the number of climate refugees will only increase over the years as a result of climate change. From the study it can be concluded that the media's representation of the climate issue is important for the public to get a good picture of the outside world and ongoing climate change. One can see that the media mainly produces climate change as a global environmental problem, but also as an economic and social problems. Two aspects of the social problem are that we both need to change our behaviour, but also that women and the poor are most vulnerable and most affected by climate change. One can also see that a climate event, like COP21 affect the media's coverage of climate issues, providing an increased number of articles during the period of the event.

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Le transport durable est un enjeu contemporain primordial. La santé humaine risque aujourd'hui d'être menacée par une gestion approximative de ce problème qui ne permettrait pas de combattre la pollution, notamment quand ce phénomène est en contact direct avec la population. En utilisant le prisme du droit, avec l'analyse de la production législative internationale, communautaire et régionale dans le domaine du transport durable, cette recherche vise à identifier les problématiques principales, trier les meilleures solutions, proposer des alternatives fonctionnelles, pour pouvoir concilier mobilité et durable. La norme EURO, le projet de test antipollution unifié au niveau international (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures), la multi modalité, le véhicule intelligent, la stratégie du marketing du durable, sont des exemples des différentes mesures prises pour remédier au problème de la pollution. La souveraineté territoriale reste l'un des obstacles majeurs à dépasser pour que les décisions politiques favorisant le développement durable, incarnées dans des traités internationaux, puissent être vraiment contraignantes pour les états signataires. Le droit est l'instrument privilégié pour faire coïncider un développement économique et social avec une protection environnementale, mais une prise de conscience généralisée de l'importance de cet enjeu, et notamment du rôle joué par les transports, est indispensable pour atteindre cet objectif. L'urgence dictée par la détérioration de l'environnement pousse à ce que des actions soient entreprises par les gouvernements avec courage et rapidité. / Sustainable transport is a major contemporary issue. Human health may be threatened by a superficial management of this problem that would undermine a most needed fight against pollution, especially when this phenomenon is in direct contact with the population. Using the prism of law, with the analysis of international, European and regional legislations on sustainable transport, this research aims at identifying the main problems, sorting the best solutions and proposing functional alternatives to reconcile mobility with sustainability. The EURO standard, the Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure, the multi-modality, the intelligent vehicle and the sustainable marketing strategy are examples of the various measures taken to remedy the problem of pollution. Territorial sovereignty is still one of the major factors hindering a full implementation of all sustainable development policies embodied in international treaties and making them truly binding on the signatory States. Law is the ideal instrument to align economic and social development with environmental protection, but a widespread awareness of the importance of the environment, and in particular the role played by transport, is essential to achieve this objective. The urgency given by the deterioration of the environment demands world governments to take actions as fast and brave as possible.

Ever since the governments began to meet for the Conferences of the Parties (COP) to try to come to agreement over an international climate agreement, civil society organizations involved in the climate issue have also gathered for their own conferences in relation to the COP. Still the role of these re-occurring “COP counter summits” in global climate governance have not been researched in depth. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the role the COP counter summit in climate governance in general, the aim of this study is to conduct a qualitative single-case study of one of these meetings. This is carried out by a field study to the COP counter summit in Paris 2015 with methods of participatory observation and semi-structured interviews with informants. An analytical framework was developed based on theory within related research fields, like parallel summits, social movements and globalization studies. The study contributes with research about what functions of the COP counter summit in Paris had for civil society and how these functions were performed.

The study of climate change communication has become a vital research field. It has evolved into being an essential translator between the scientific community and the public. The Conference of the Parties (COP) met in December 2015 to discuss the basis of a 54-page document on how the world will proceed with the challenges of climate change in the future. Throughout the conference the media was an important tool in spreading opinions and information about the on-going negotiations. This study analyzes how the COP21 was framed by the British newspaper the Guardian. Therefore, the empirical material consists of online newspaper articles from the period of the conference. A qualitative research approach was used to identify four frames and formulate themes. The findings mirror the central discussion points from the past 20 years of climate change negotiations: mitigation, adaptation, leadership, scientific proof of climate change and the urgency of change. In addition, the study identifies the politics of climate policy.

Focus of this thesis is climate policy of the European Union set in the time frame of years 2009 - 2015. Reason for this is that 2009 and 2015 were the years when the future of global climate regime was to be decided. Climate conference COP15 in year 2009 failed to negotiate treaty which would establish meaningful climate regime. COP21 in 2015, however, was successful in facilitating an agreement about future climate regime. The EU claims to be a leader in climate politics, however, what does this term entail and what part did the EU play in creating global climate regime? Did the EU change the operation of its climate policy between 2009 and 2015 and what made the agreement in 2015 possible as opposed to 2009? Thesis aims to answer these questions using analysis of external and inner policy of the EU. Thesis examines changes in the EU climate policy and if they were quantitative (new policies) or qualitative (development of existing policies) and the impact of these changes on global climate regime.

Being the world’s largest greenhouse gas emitter and second largest economy, China’s role in international climate negotiations has been the topic of much heated debate over the past 10 years. However, few studies have sought to understand China ́s role in the Global Environmental Governance and Chinese leadership therefore remains a lacuna in need of further investigation. This generates one central question: How does leadership theory bring insight into China ́s role in the international climate change negotiations? The research is designed as a qualitative case study, applying an analytical framework by Young (1991). A content analysis in conjunction with the analytical framework is applied to policy documents, speeches and official reports produced by the Chinese Government, UNFCCC and IISD as a way to understand China ́s negotiation strategies and climate change goals. The findings suggest that China has shown weak leadership during the climate summit in 2009, since there was a huge lack of leadership capabilities applied in their negotiation strategies. However, in 2015 China met all leadership indicators to a certain degree and can therefore be seen to have exercised strong leadership capabilities. It can therefore be argued, that China has become a leading actor in the climate change regime due to their shift in negotiation approach from 2009 to 2015, through their influence and position in shaping the global climate change agenda.