O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a capacidade de adsorção de ferro pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae visando à incorporação em ração animal, utilizando, para isso, o sulfato ferroso. Foram realizados ensaios para determinar a tolerância de uma linhagem de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em concentração de ferro, onde se escolheu uma concentração para estudo de 5,36 mmoles de Fe +2 /L em função de inibição de crescimento e tempo para obtenção de massa satisfatória. Em seguida, foram realizadas cinco fermentações consecutivas para enriquecimento da levedura com Fe +2 , utilizando-se como inoculo todo o fermento recuperado da fermentação anterior descontada a alíquota tomada para a análise do teor de Fe +2 . Uma fermentação com células inativadas termicamente também foi realizada para determinar a capacidade de adsorção de Fe +2 pelas mesmas. Foi observado acúmulo crescente de Fe +2 na levedura a cada fermentação, iniciando-se por 1,43 mmoles de Fe +2 / kg de matéria seca para 6,68 mmoles de Fe +2 / kg de matéria seca após cinco fermentações consecutivas. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the iron adsorption capacity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, for animal food supplementation purpose. The iron tolerance of one Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was evaluated, choosing 5.36 mmoles Fe +2 as the concentration for the further assays. Five concecutive fermentation were done for the iron enrichment of the yeast, using as innoculum the whole biomass formed in the previous fermentation except for the amount employed for iron determination. A batch essay with inactive cells was also conducted for the determination of Fe +2 adsorption. Results showed an increasing accumulation of Fe +2 in all fermentation, from 1.43 mmoles kg -1 of dry mass at the beginning, to 6.68 mmoles kg -1 of dry mass, after five consecutive fermentations.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a capacidade de adsorção de ferro pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae visando à incorporação em ração animal, utilizando, para isso, o sulfato ferroso. Foram realizados ensaios para determinar a tolerância de uma linhagem de Saccharomyces cerevisiae em concentração de ferro, onde se escolheu uma concentração para estudo de 5,36 mmoles de Fe +2 /L em função de inibição de crescimento e tempo para obtenção de massa satisfatória. Em seguida, foram realizadas cinco fermentações consecutivas para enriquecimento da levedura com Fe +2 , utilizando-se como inoculo todo o fermento recuperado da fermentação anterior descontada a alíquota tomada para a análise do teor de Fe +2 . Uma fermentação com células inativadas termicamente também foi realizada para determinar a capacidade de adsorção de Fe +2 pelas mesmas. Foi observado acúmulo crescente de Fe +2 na levedura a cada fermentação, iniciando-se por 1,43 mmoles de Fe +2 / kg de matéria seca para 6,68 mmoles de Fe +2 / kg de matéria seca após cinco fermentações consecutivas. / The aim of this work was to evaluate the iron adsorption capacity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, for animal food supplementation purpose. The iron tolerance of one Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was evaluated, choosing 5.36 mmoles Fe +2 as the concentration for the further assays. Five concecutive fermentation were done for the iron enrichment of the yeast, using as innoculum the whole biomass formed in the previous fermentation except for the amount employed for iron determination. A batch essay with inactive cells was also conducted for the determination of Fe +2 adsorption. Results showed an increasing accumulation of Fe +2 in all fermentation, from 1.43 mmoles kg -1 of dry mass at the beginning, to 6.68 mmoles kg -1 of dry mass, after five consecutive fermentations.

No description available.

O Suplemento Literário de O Estado de S. Paulo, idealizado por Antonio Candido de Mello e Souza e dirigido durante dez anos por Décio de Almeida Prado (1956-1966) viria a ser considerado o modelo de todos os cadernos culturais que o sucederam. Uma publicação independente e autônoma, não-jornalística, mas artística e literária inserida em um jornal, é um desafio ao entendimento do processo histórico do jornalismo brasileiro. Desde 1966 e até o fim, em 1974, a publicação foi editada por Nilo Scalzo. Ingerências conjunturais – o golpe militar de 64 e a ditadura --; profissionais (rivalidades entre críticos e jornalistas da redação), mas especialmente as transformações tecnológicas, a partir dos anos 70, que começaram a revolucionar a forma de se fazer jornal, contribuíram para a morte do Suplemento. Depois, vieram o Suplemento Cultural, o Cultura e o Caderno 2. Os novos tempos, velozes e imersos no consumo de massas, não comportam uma publicação não-jornalística, apensa a um jornal, com a tradição da crítica reflexiva e formativa. / The literary supplement of O Estado de S. Paulo, idealized by Antonio Candido de Mello e Souza and run for ten years by Décio de Almeida Prado (1956-1966), would become the standard to all cultural supplements that followed. An independent and autonomous publication, non-journalist but artistic and literary, inserted in a newspaper is a challenge to the understanding of the historical process of Brazilian journalism. Circumstantial interventions such as the military coup in 1964 and the dictatorship that followed; rivalry between journalists and critics, but specially the technological advances that started to appear in the seventies and that revolutionized the process of making a newspaper, contributed to the death of the supplement, in 1974. The new times, fast and emerged on the mass consumption, do not comport a non-journalistic publication with the tradition of being critical and reflexive.

O Suplemento Literário de O Estado de S. Paulo, idealizado por Antonio Candido de Mello e Souza e dirigido durante dez anos por Décio de Almeida Prado (1956-1966) viria a ser considerado o modelo de todos os cadernos culturais que o sucederam. Uma publicação independente e autônoma, não-jornalística, mas artística e literária inserida em um jornal, é um desafio ao entendimento do processo histórico do jornalismo brasileiro. Desde 1966 e até o fim, em 1974, a publicação foi editada por Nilo Scalzo. Ingerências conjunturais – o golpe militar de 64 e a ditadura --; profissionais (rivalidades entre críticos e jornalistas da redação), mas especialmente as transformações tecnológicas, a partir dos anos 70, que começaram a revolucionar a forma de se fazer jornal, contribuíram para a morte do Suplemento. Depois, vieram o Suplemento Cultural, o Cultura e o Caderno 2. Os novos tempos, velozes e imersos no consumo de massas, não comportam uma publicação não-jornalística, apensa a um jornal, com a tradição da crítica reflexiva e formativa. / The literary supplement of O Estado de S. Paulo, idealized by Antonio Candido de Mello e Souza and run for ten years by Décio de Almeida Prado (1956-1966), would become the standard to all cultural supplements that followed. An independent and autonomous publication, non-journalist but artistic and literary, inserted in a newspaper is a challenge to the understanding of the historical process of Brazilian journalism. Circumstantial interventions such as the military coup in 1964 and the dictatorship that followed; rivalry between journalists and critics, but specially the technological advances that started to appear in the seventies and that revolutionized the process of making a newspaper, contributed to the death of the supplement, in 1974. The new times, fast and emerged on the mass consumption, do not comport a non-journalistic publication with the tradition of being critical and reflexive.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de teores crescentes de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros deslanados, foram realizados dois experimentos: Experimento I (desempenho dos animais) e Experimento II (digestibilidade dos nutrientes). No Experimento I foram utilizados 48 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês (peso inicial de 18,4 ± 0,4 kg e idade média inicial de 86 ± 2 dias) em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições. As dietas experimentais continham 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso (10% bagaço-de-cana hidrolisado e 10% bagaço-de-cana in natura), com teores de 14, 16, 18 e 20% PB na matéria seca. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e rendimento de carcaça. A concentração de N-uréico plasmático após 3 horas do fornecimento da alimentação não aumentou para as dietas contendo teores de PB acima de 16%. No Experimento II foram utilizados 5 ovinos da raça Santa Inês providos de cânulas ruminais (peso médio inicial de 43 kg e idade média inicial de 6 meses) em um delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 5x5. As dietas experimentais continham 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso (10% bagaço-de-cana hidrolisado e 10% bagaço-de-cana in natura), com níveis de 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20% PB na matéria seca. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica, da fibra em detergente neutro, da fibra em detergente ácido e do extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e a retenção de N (g/dia) foram maiores (P<0,05) para as dietas com 16, 18 e 20% PB em relação às dietas com 12 e 14% PB. O aumento da concentração protéica da dieta proporcionou um aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de N amoniacal no rúmen, entretanto não teve efeito (P>0,05) nos valores de pH e na produção de ácidos graxos voláteis. / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on high grain diets fed to ram lambs. In Exp. I (performance trial), 48 Santa Inês lambs (initial body weight 18.4 ± 0.4 kg and 86 ± 2 days old) were fed 4 experimental diets containing 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP, in a completely randomized block desing. Diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% sugarcane bagasse. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration did not increase in diets containing more than 16% CP. In Exp. II (metabolism trial), 5 Santa Inês lambs (43 kg body weigh) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5x5 Latin Square design. Diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% sugarcane bagasse with 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP.There were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ether extract apparent digestibilities in the total digestive tract. Crude protein apparent digestibility in the total digestive tract and N retention (g/day) were greater (P < 0.05) for diets with 16, 18 and 20% CP than for the diets with 12 and 14% CP. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary CP, however no differences (P > 0.05) were observed on pH and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de teores crescentes de proteína bruta (PB) em dietas com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros deslanados, foram realizados dois experimentos: Experimento I (desempenho dos animais) e Experimento II (digestibilidade dos nutrientes). No Experimento I foram utilizados 48 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês (peso inicial de 18,4 ± 0,4 kg e idade média inicial de 86 ± 2 dias) em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições. As dietas experimentais continham 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso (10% bagaço-de-cana hidrolisado e 10% bagaço-de-cana in natura), com teores de 14, 16, 18 e 20% PB na matéria seca. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e rendimento de carcaça. A concentração de N-uréico plasmático após 3 horas do fornecimento da alimentação não aumentou para as dietas contendo teores de PB acima de 16%. No Experimento II foram utilizados 5 ovinos da raça Santa Inês providos de cânulas ruminais (peso médio inicial de 43 kg e idade média inicial de 6 meses) em um delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 5x5. As dietas experimentais continham 80% de concentrado e 20% de volumoso (10% bagaço-de-cana hidrolisado e 10% bagaço-de-cana in natura), com níveis de 12, 14, 16, 18 e 20% PB na matéria seca. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos para digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da matéria orgânica, da fibra em detergente neutro, da fibra em detergente ácido e do extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e a retenção de N (g/dia) foram maiores (P<0,05) para as dietas com 16, 18 e 20% PB em relação às dietas com 12 e 14% PB. O aumento da concentração protéica da dieta proporcionou um aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de N amoniacal no rúmen, entretanto não teve efeito (P>0,05) nos valores de pH e na produção de ácidos graxos voláteis. / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein (CP) levels on high grain diets fed to ram lambs. In Exp. I (performance trial), 48 Santa Inês lambs (initial body weight 18.4 ± 0.4 kg and 86 ± 2 days old) were fed 4 experimental diets containing 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP, in a completely randomized block desing. Diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% sugarcane bagasse. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration did not increase in diets containing more than 16% CP. In Exp. II (metabolism trial), 5 Santa Inês lambs (43 kg body weigh) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 5x5 Latin Square design. Diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% sugarcane bagasse with 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20% CP.There were no differences (P > 0.05) in dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and ether extract apparent digestibilities in the total digestive tract. Crude protein apparent digestibility in the total digestive tract and N retention (g/day) were greater (P < 0.05) for diets with 16, 18 and 20% CP than for the diets with 12 and 14% CP. Ruminal ammonia-N concentration increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary CP, however no differences (P > 0.05) were observed on pH and ruminal volatile fatty acids concentration.

<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacija&nbsp; bio je razvoj&nbsp; novih, osetljivih, selektivnih i ekonomski<br />isplativih&nbsp; voltametrijskih&nbsp; radnih&nbsp; elektroda&nbsp; za&nbsp; praćenje&nbsp; odabranih&nbsp; analita&nbsp; kako&nbsp; u<br />laboratorijskim tako i pri terenskim uslovima.&nbsp; Ispitivana je&nbsp; mogućnost primene&nbsp; ovih&nbsp; radnih&nbsp; elektroda&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; voltametrijskih&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; kako&nbsp; u&nbsp; model&nbsp; rastvorima&nbsp; tako&nbsp; i&nbsp; u&nbsp; pojedinim realnim sistemima. SW-ASV&nbsp; zasnovana&nbsp; na&nbsp; elektrodama&nbsp; od&nbsp; staklastog&nbsp; ugljenika&nbsp; povr&scaron;inski modifikovanim&nbsp; Bi-MWCNT&nbsp; i&nbsp; BiOCl-MWCNT&nbsp; je&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp; za&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; jona&nbsp; Pb(II)&nbsp; i Cd(II)&nbsp; pri&nbsp; optimizovanim&nbsp; uslovima&nbsp; merenja.&nbsp; Određivanje&nbsp; ciljnih&nbsp; jona&nbsp; vr&scaron;eno&nbsp; je&nbsp; pri&nbsp; radnom potencijalu&nbsp; od&nbsp; -1,2&nbsp; V&nbsp; (izmeren&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; zasićenu&nbsp; kalomelovu&nbsp; elektrodu)&nbsp; i&nbsp; vremenu<br />elektrodepozicije jona&nbsp; od 120 s. Sva merenja su izvr&scaron;ena u rastvoru acetatnog pufera čija je pH-vrednost iznosila&nbsp; 4,0. Primenjeni koncentracioni opseg ciljnih analita iznosio je&nbsp; od 5 do 50&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm ^-3 .&nbsp; Primenom&nbsp; ovog&nbsp; tipa&nbsp; elektrode&nbsp; dobijene&nbsp; su&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; granice&nbsp; detekcije&nbsp; za&nbsp; jone Pb(II) i Cd(II) 0,57&nbsp; &mu;g dm ^-3i 1,2 &mu;g dm^-3 , redom. Dobijena RSD iznosila je manje od 10% za oba&nbsp; jona.&nbsp; Ova&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; je&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; ciljnih&nbsp; jona&nbsp; u&nbsp; realnom&nbsp; uzorku&nbsp; porne vode&nbsp; sedimenta&nbsp; a&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; dobijeni&nbsp; optimizovanom&nbsp; voltametrijskom&nbsp; metodom&nbsp; su&nbsp; u&nbsp; dobroj saglasnosti sa rezultatima koji su dobijeni primenom komparativne GFAAS metode. Bizmut oksihlorid-vi&scaron;ezidne ugljenične nanocevi kompozitni materijal je primenjen za povr&scaron;insko&nbsp; modifikovanje&nbsp; elektrode&nbsp; od&nbsp; staklastog&nbsp; ugljenika&nbsp; za&nbsp; brzo&nbsp; i&nbsp; jednostavno voltametrijsko&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; tragova&nbsp; Zn(II)-jona&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; SW-ASV&nbsp; metode.&nbsp; BiOClMWCNT/GCE je pokazala linearan analitički odgovor u&nbsp; osegu koncentracija od&nbsp; 2,50 do&nbsp; 80,0 &mu;g&nbsp; dm ^-3sa dobijenom vredno&scaron;ću GD 0,75 &mu;g&nbsp; dm^-3pri akumulacionom vremenu od&nbsp; 120 s&nbsp; i potencijalu&nbsp; elektrodepozicije&nbsp; -1,40&nbsp; V&nbsp; u&nbsp; odnosu&nbsp; na&nbsp; ZKE.&nbsp; Merenja&nbsp; su&nbsp; vr&scaron;ena&nbsp; u&nbsp; acetatnom puferu pH 4,5. Dobijena RSD iznosila je 4,8 %. Upoređene su performanse novodizajnirane BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE elektrode&nbsp; i&nbsp; tradicionalne elektrode na bazi bizmut filma (BiF/GCE), MWCNT/GCE,&nbsp; BiF-MWCNT/GCE&nbsp; i&nbsp; nemodifikovane&nbsp; GC&nbsp; elektrode.&nbsp; Novodizajnirana elektroda je primenjena za&nbsp; detekciju&nbsp; i određivanje&nbsp; Zn(II)-jona&nbsp; u realnim&nbsp; uzorcima kao &scaron;to su<br />dijetetski&nbsp; suplement&nbsp; i&nbsp; pekarski&nbsp; kvasac.&nbsp; Dobijeni&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; su&nbsp; uporedivi&nbsp; sa&nbsp; deklarisanom vredno&scaron;ću&nbsp; u&nbsp; slučaju&nbsp; dijetetskog&nbsp; suplementa&nbsp; a&nbsp; u&nbsp; slučaju&nbsp; pekarskog&nbsp; kvasca&nbsp; sa&nbsp; rezultatima dobijenih komparativnom FAAS .<br />Elektroda od ugljenične paste je povr&scaron;inski modifikovana pripremljenim kompozitom<br />koji je&nbsp; izgrađen od vi&scaron;ezidnih ugljeničnih nanocevi i čestica&nbsp; Sb₂O_3.&nbsp; Kompozitni&nbsp; materijal&nbsp; je okarakterisan&nbsp; primenom&nbsp; TEM,&nbsp; EDS&nbsp; i&nbsp; XRD&nbsp; mernih&nbsp; tehnika.&nbsp; Sb₂O₃-MWCNT/CPE&nbsp; je okarakterisana primenom ciklične voltametrije a merenja su vr&scaron;ena u rastvoru hlorovodonične kiseline&nbsp; (pH&nbsp; 2,0).&nbsp; Primenom&nbsp; SW-ASV&nbsp; metode&nbsp; ova&nbsp; radna&nbsp; elektroda&nbsp; je&nbsp; upotrebljena&nbsp; za određivanje&nbsp; jona Pb(II) i Cd(II)&nbsp; u&nbsp; koncentracionom opsegu 2,0-40,0&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm&nbsp; ^-3za&nbsp; Pb(II)-jon&nbsp; i 2,0-40,0&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm ^-3 za&nbsp; Cd(II)-jon&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; su&nbsp; dobijene&nbsp; dobre&nbsp; linearne&nbsp; zavisnosti&nbsp; za&nbsp; oba&nbsp; ciljna jona.&nbsp; Optimalna&nbsp; procedura&nbsp; uključuje&nbsp; primenu&nbsp; Sb2O3-MWCNT/CPE&nbsp; u&nbsp; 0,01&nbsp; mol dm ^-3<br />hlorovodoničnoj kiselini uz vreme elektrodepozicije jona iz rastvora od 120&nbsp; s&nbsp; na&nbsp; potencijaluod&nbsp; -1,2&nbsp; V,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; su&nbsp; dobijene&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; za&nbsp; GD&nbsp; 1,1&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm ^-3 Cd(II)&nbsp; i&nbsp; 1,6&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm ^-3 Pb(II). Optimizovana&nbsp; metoda&nbsp; zasnovana&nbsp; na&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; tipu&nbsp; voltametrijskog&nbsp; senzora&nbsp; je&nbsp; uspe&scaron;no primenjena&nbsp; za&nbsp; određivanje&nbsp; jona&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; u&nbsp; obogaćenom&nbsp; uzorku&nbsp; česmenske&nbsp; vode,&nbsp; gde&nbsp; su&nbsp; se dobijene vrednosti u&nbsp; saglasnosti sa očekivanom. Elektroda od ugljenične paste povr&scaron;inski je&nbsp; modifikovana primenom&nbsp; Sb₂O₃-MWCNT nanokompozitnog&nbsp; materijala&nbsp; i&nbsp; primenjena&nbsp; za&nbsp; direktno&nbsp; voltametrijsko&nbsp; određivanje imidakloprida&nbsp; u&nbsp; model&nbsp; rastvorima.&nbsp; U&nbsp; cilju&nbsp; postizanja&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; boljih&nbsp; analitičkih&nbsp; performansi optimizovani su eksperimentalni uslovi merenja kao &scaron;to su pH-vrednost rastvora pomoćnog elektrolita&nbsp; i&nbsp; kondicioniranje&nbsp; povr&scaron;ine&nbsp; voltametrijskog&nbsp; senzora.&nbsp; Kao&nbsp; optimalna&nbsp; pH-vrednost pomoćnog elektolita (Britton-Robinsonovog pufera) odabrana je pH 7,0, a ponavljanje ciklusa cikliranja najmanje 4 puta povoljno utiče na stabilnost&nbsp; voltametrijskih signala. Optimizovana metoda primenjena je za SW direktno katodno određivanje imidakloprida u koncentracionom intervalu od 1,41 do 32,77 &mu;g cm ^-3 uz dobijeni korelacioni faktor od 0,9995. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su razvijene analitičke metode pre svega&nbsp; osetljive,&nbsp; selektivne,&nbsp; reproduktivne&nbsp; i&nbsp;&nbsp; jednostavne&nbsp; &scaron;to&nbsp; omogućava&nbsp; njihovu&nbsp; primenu&nbsp; za veliki broj uzoraka.&nbsp; Merenjima u model i realnim rastvorima dokazana je mogućnost njihove primene&nbsp; u&nbsp;&nbsp; komplikovanim&nbsp; matriksima,&nbsp; pri&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; pH&nbsp; vredostima&nbsp; pri&nbsp; čemu&nbsp; su&nbsp; dobijeni<br />rezultati koji su u saglasnosti sa rezultatima primenjenih komparativnih metoda. Naravno, za dobijanje&nbsp; reprezentativnih&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; neohodno&nbsp; je&nbsp; izvr&scaron;iti&nbsp; optimizaciju&nbsp; uslova&nbsp; merenja&nbsp; &scaron;to podrazumeva sam odabir supstrat-elektrode, odabir povr&scaron;inskog modifikatora i optimizaciju eksperimentalnih uslova merenja.</p> / <p>The&nbsp; aim of this&nbsp; Ph.D. thesis&nbsp; was the development of new, sensitive, selective and economically&nbsp; viable&nbsp; voltametric&nbsp; working&nbsp; electrode&nbsp; for&nbsp; continuous&nbsp; monitoring&nbsp; of&nbsp; different target&nbsp; analytes.&nbsp; The&nbsp; use&nbsp; of&nbsp; these&nbsp; advantaged&nbsp; working&nbsp; electrodes&nbsp; was&nbsp; investigated&nbsp; using voltametric methods both in model solutions and in certain real systems.SW-ASV&nbsp; based on glassy carbon&nbsp; electrode surface modified with&nbsp; Bi- MWCNT and BiOCl-MWCNT&nbsp; were&nbsp; applied&nbsp; for&nbsp; determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; Pb(II)&nbsp; and&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; ions.&nbsp; Voltametric determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; Pb(II)&nbsp; and&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; ions&nbsp; was&nbsp; performed&nbsp; at&nbsp; working&nbsp; potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; -1.2&nbsp; V (measured against the saturated calomel electrode) and time of electrodeposition of 120 s. All measurements were performed in acetate buffer solution pH 4.0. Concentration range of targetanalites were&nbsp; 5-50 &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 . Using this type of electrode,&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; detection limits for&nbsp; Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions&nbsp; were&nbsp; 0.57&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 and 1.2&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 , respectively, with RSD lower than 10%.This&nbsp; method&nbsp; was&nbsp; applied&nbsp; for&nbsp; target&nbsp; ions&nbsp; determination&nbsp; in&nbsp; sediment&nbsp; pore&nbsp; water&nbsp; sample,&nbsp; and obtained results are comparable with those who are obtained using GFAAS method. Bismuth oxychloride-multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite material was applied for&nbsp; surface&nbsp; modification&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; glass-carbon&nbsp; electrode&nbsp; for&nbsp; quick&nbsp; and&nbsp; simple&nbsp; voltametric determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; Zn(II)&nbsp; ions&nbsp; using&nbsp; the&nbsp; SW-ASV&nbsp; method.&nbsp; BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE&nbsp; showed&nbsp; a linear&nbsp; analytical&nbsp; response&nbsp; in&nbsp; a&nbsp;&nbsp; concentration&nbsp; from&nbsp; 2.50&nbsp; to&nbsp; 80.0&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 with&nbsp; a&nbsp; value&nbsp; of detection limit 0.75 &mu;g dm -3 at a acumulation time of 120 s and an electrodeposition potential of&nbsp; -1.40 V vs. saturated&nbsp; calomel electrode.&nbsp; Measurements were carried out in acetate buffer pH 4.5. The obtained&nbsp; value of the RSD&nbsp; was&nbsp; 4.8%. The performance of the newly designed BiOCl-MWCNT/GCE&nbsp; electrode,&nbsp; traditional&nbsp; bismuth-based&nbsp; electrode&nbsp; (BiF/GCE), MWCNT/GCE,&nbsp; BiF-MWCNT/GCE&nbsp; and&nbsp; unmodified&nbsp; GC&nbsp; electrodes&nbsp; were&nbsp; compared.&nbsp; The applied electrode shows very good electroanalytic properties when determining this target ion. Obtained results are in good agreement with declared value in case of dietetic suplement, and in the brewer&rsquo;s yeast sample results were comparable with FAAS results. Carbon&nbsp; paste&nbsp; electrode&nbsp; surface&nbsp; modified&nbsp; with&nbsp; new&nbsp; composite&nbsp; material&nbsp; based&nbsp; on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and&nbsp; Sb2O3&nbsp; particles. The composite is characterized by TEM, EDS and&nbsp; XRD measurment. Sb2O3- MWCNT/CPE was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and measurements were carried out in a&nbsp; hydrochloric acid&nbsp; solution&nbsp; (pH 2.0). Using the SWASV&nbsp; method,&nbsp; this&nbsp; working&nbsp; electrode&nbsp; was&nbsp; used&nbsp; to&nbsp; determine&nbsp; Pb(II),&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; ions&nbsp; in&nbsp; the concentration range&nbsp; from&nbsp; 2.0&nbsp; to 40.0&nbsp; &mu;g dm -3 for Pb(II) and 2.0-40.0&nbsp; &mu;g dm -3 for Cd(II) ions. Newly&nbsp; designed&nbsp; sensor&nbsp; showed&nbsp; good&nbsp; linear&nbsp; dependences&nbsp; for&nbsp; both&nbsp; target&nbsp; ions.&nbsp; The&nbsp; most optimal&nbsp; procedure&nbsp; involving&nbsp; application&nbsp; of&nbsp; Sb2O3-MWCNT/CPE&nbsp; in&nbsp;&nbsp; .01&nbsp; mol&nbsp; dm -3 hydrochloric&nbsp; acid,&nbsp; with&nbsp; electroposition&nbsp; time&nbsp; of&nbsp; target&nbsp; ions&nbsp; 120&nbsp; s&nbsp; at&nbsp; a&nbsp; electrodeposition potential&nbsp; of&nbsp; -1.2&nbsp; V.&nbsp; Obtained&nbsp;&nbsp; values&nbsp; of&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LOD&nbsp; 1,1&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 for&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; and&nbsp; for&nbsp; 1,6&nbsp; &mu;g&nbsp; dm -3 Pb(II)&nbsp; ions.&nbsp; An&nbsp; optimized&nbsp; method&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; this&nbsp; type&nbsp; of&nbsp; voltametric&nbsp; sensor&nbsp; has&nbsp; been successfully&nbsp; applied&nbsp; for&nbsp; determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; Cd(II)&nbsp; ion&nbsp; in&nbsp; a&nbsp; spiked&nbsp; tap&nbsp; water&nbsp; sample.&nbsp; Results obtained during this measurment were in tune with expected results. CPE&nbsp; was&nbsp; surface&nbsp; modified&nbsp; using&nbsp; Sb2O3-MWCNT&nbsp; nanocomposite&nbsp; material&nbsp; and tested&nbsp; for&nbsp; direct&nbsp; voltametric&nbsp; determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; imidacloprid&nbsp; in&nbsp; model&nbsp; solutions.&nbsp; In&nbsp; order&nbsp; to achieve the best analytical performance, experimental conditions of measurement such as the pH value of the supporting electrolyte and conditioning of the voltametric sensor surface havebeen&nbsp; optimized.&nbsp; As&nbsp; an&nbsp; optimum&nbsp; pH&nbsp; value&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; supporting&nbsp; electrolyte&nbsp; (Britton-Robinson buffer), a pH 7.0 was selected, and the repeating cycles of the cycling process at least 4 times favorably&nbsp; influenced&nbsp; the&nbsp; stability&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; voltametric&nbsp; signals.&nbsp; The&nbsp; optimized&nbsp; method&nbsp; was applied for the SW direct cathodic determination&nbsp; of&nbsp; imidacloprid in the concentration range from 1.41 to 32.77 &mu;g cm -3&nbsp; with obtained correlation factor of 0.9995. Based on results it can be concluded that developed analytical methods are sensitive, selective, reproducibile and simple, which can enable their application for various number of samples. Measurements in the model and real solutions have demonstrated the possibility of their&nbsp; application&nbsp; in&nbsp; complicated&nbsp; matrices,&nbsp; at&nbsp; different&nbsp; pH,&nbsp; whereby&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; are&nbsp; in accordance&nbsp; with&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; applied&nbsp; comparative&nbsp; methods.&nbsp; For&nbsp; obtainig&nbsp; of representative&nbsp; results&nbsp; it&nbsp; is&nbsp; necessary&nbsp; to&nbsp; optimize&nbsp; conditions&nbsp; of&nbsp; measurment&nbsp; which&nbsp; include: selection of substrat electrode, surface modifier and optimization of experimental condition.</p>