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Linearity Aspects of Dynamic PA Supply-Modulation Systems with Emphasis on Modulator Modeling and non-linearitiesPerea Tamayo, Robert Glen January 2012 (has links)
Modern communication systems operate with high peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) over wide bandwidth. Linearity requirements force operation in a low efficient highly linear back-off region. Then increasing efficiency is becoming critical. One of the most promising technologies to accomplish this is using supply modulation, e.g. envelope tracking (ET) and envelope elimination and restoration (EER). Supply modulated systems have been studied extensively in the past years, but no systems have been presented with flexibility in the envelope amplifier circuit. In this work the supply modulator amplifiers have been studied. The focus is on hybrid switching amplifier (HSA) as envelope amplifier. Two envelope amplifier prototypes P-I and P-II have been designed. They are both designed for 15W output but P-II has 28V maximum supply voltage and P-I has 15V maximum supply voltage. P-II developed in version A, using silicon (Si) based switching transistor and version B using gallium-nitride (GaN) switching transistor. The efficiency is limited to a maximum 97 % possible by the circuit components. The linearity was mainly analyzed by AM-AM diagrams. P-I, P-IIA and P-IIB, were analyzed in simulations and measurements. Results show high possibility of improvement with digital processing, i.e. digital pre-distortion (DPD). Linearization will improve the overall performance in the supply modulator (SM) systems, improving the delay issues and distortion produced by the implementation of the system. The developed flexible board has made it possible to investigate alternative technologies of ET, focused in the hybrid switching amplifier (HSA). This has given the possibility to compare the overall performance for a traditional Si based switch with the novel Ferdinand Braun Institute’s (FBH) GaN-HEMT based switch with regards to bandwidth, efficiency and non-linearities introduced by the envelope tracking amplifier. P-I and P-II show high efficiency (> 60%) in results. For signals with adequate average power levels the efficiency is high, with around 70% efficiency for WCDMA signals. Phase distortions are evident already at a 5 MHz bandwidth.
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Design methods and considerations of supply modulated switched RF power amplifiersHietakangas, S. (Simo) 29 May 2012 (has links)
Abstract
This thesis studies the design methods and properties of supply-modulated switch-mode radio frequency power amplifiers. Besides simulation based studies and theory review, two amplifiers were designed: a discrete MESFET class E amplifier (0.5 W at 1 GHz), and an integrated pHEMT class E-1 amplifier (2.0 W at 1.6 GHz) with an on-chip resonator.
The existing design methods of the resonant output network of switching amplifiers were reviewed and some extensions on the handling of nonlinear capacitances were proposed. The effects of varying supply voltage were studied and suggestions were given to minimize Vdd / AM and Vdd / PM distortion in supply modulated amplifiers. The implementation of the bias feed was also discussed resulting in proposing a combination of a short transmission line and a small inductor, which provides both fast supply modulation and little effect on harmonic impedances.
The main contributions are related to the study of the input impedance of a class E power amplifier, where the effects of supply dependent input impedance and timing skew generated by injected harmonic distortion were analyzed. The stabilization of the amplifier was also discussed.
Based on the findings, a push-pull class E amplifier with extra cross-coupled feedback capacitors and second harmonic traps at the gates appears to be a very good starting point for a further study. / Tiivistelmä
Tämä väitöstyö käsittelee radiotaajuuksilla toimivien käyttöjännitemoduloitujen kytkintehovahvistimien ominaisuuksia ja suunnittelumenetelmiä. Suunnittelumenetelmiin liittyvän katsauksen ja simulaatioihin perustuvan tutkimusten lisäksi kaksi vahvistinta toteutettiin väitöstutkimuksen aikana: diskreettikomponentein toteutettu E-luokan vahvistin (MESFET, 0.5 W ja 1 GHz) ja integroituna piirinä toteutettu käänteinen E-luokan vahvistin (pHEMT, 2.0 W ja 1.6 GHz), jonka lähdön resonaattoripiiri sisällytettiin integroituun piiriin.
Kytkinvahvistimien suunnittelumenetelmiä verrattiin ja kehitettiin edelleen siten, että suunnitteluvaiheessa voidaan ottaa huomioon esim. transistoripiirin takaisinkytkennässä olevan kapasitanssin epälineaarisuus. Työssä tutkittiin myös käyttöjännitemodulaation vaikutusta kytkinvahvistimien toimintaan, ja tutkimuksen tuloksena annettiin muutamia ehdotuksia käyttöjänniteriippuvan amplitudi- (Vdd / AM) ja vaihemodulaation (Vdd / PM) vähentämiseksi. Lähdön biasointipiirin toteutukseen suositeltiin pienen kelan ja siirtolinjan yhdistelmää. Yhdistelmän avulla pyritään maksimoimaan modulaationopeus ja minimoimaan vaikutukset harmonisiin impedansseihin.
Pääkohtina väitöksessä ovat E-luokan kytkinvahvistimesta saadut tutkimus- ja mittaushavainnot käyttöjännitteen funktiona muuttuvasta transistorin tuloimpedanssista sekä suurikokoisen transistorin tuloissa tapahtuvan, säröytymisen aiheuttaman tulosignaalien ajoitusvirheen analyysi. Näiden lisäksi vahvistimen stabiilisuuteen kiinnitettiin huomiota.
Saatujen havaintojen perusteella voimme todeta, että push-pull -tyyppinen E-luokan vahvistin olisi mielenkiintoinen valinta jatkotutkimuksille.
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