Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School for Social Research, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 272-282).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--New School for Social Research, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 272-282).

My purpose in this work is to argue that the resolution of capitalism’s contradictions, as they are understood by Marx, fits the criteria of an economic movement towards sustainability. The Marxist analysis of capitalism, while accurate in many respects (especially with the explanation of contradictions generated in the capitalist free market), requires more explanation of the manner in which the economic process of valuation is to continue in the stages succeeding late capitalism. This work will provide an explanation of this economic transition that remains faithful to Marx’s understanding of history and the historical development of the productive forces and the relations of production. I will propose the inclusion of ideal capital (the valuation of non-material goods) as an economic component to help explain a sustainable economic arrangement under a Marxian framework. I will additionally address critiques arising from Bohm-Bawerk in my endorsement of a Marxian economic analysis.

Este trabalho procura mostrar a evolução do conceito de excedente na história do pensamento econômico. Busca expor como variados autores, através do uso do conceito de excedente e de valor excedente, pretendem explicar aspectos característicos e essenciais da economia capitalista em épocas específicas da história. Isto é feito, visto a enorme extensão possível de pesquisa, pela seleção de um conjunto de autores, em que se pode constatar as primeiras formulações do conceito, seu desenvolvimento e até a utilização dos conceitos de excedente e de valor excedente para mostrar aspectos característicos da época dos autores, da economia capitalista, e da sua evolução, tais como: a acumulação do capital, a grande empresa, o crescimento do setor serviços, o caráter rentista, a dimensão financeira do capitalismo contemporâneo, dentre outros aspectos. Assim, desde a origem com os fisiocratas, passando pelos economistas clássicos, por Marx, pelos denominados autores Marxistas, até autores contemporâneos como Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson se busca verificar como o excedente e o valor excedente estão inseridos nas concepções teóricas desses autores, para análise do capitalismo. Esse trabalho procura mostrar, portanto, que, dentro dessa diversidade o excedente e o valor excedente constituem-se em categorias fundamentais para a análise da economia capitalista. / The objective of this work is to show the evolution of the concept of surplus in the history of the Economic thought. It tries to show how different authors, through the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value, intend to explain essential and particular features of the capitalist economy in specific times of history. Taking into account the enormous range of possible research, this is done through a selection of a group of authors, from which it is possible to find the first formulations of the concept, its development and the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value to show specific features from the period of time the authors belong to, of the capitalist economy and its evolution, such as: the accumulation of capital, the big company, the growth of the retailing sector, the renting character, and the financial dimension of the contemporary capitalism among other aspects. Therefore, since its origins with the physiocrats, going from the classic economists, such as Marx, and the so called Marxist authors, to the contemporary authors such as Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson this work aims at examining how the surplus concept and the surplus value are embedded in the theoretical conceptualizations of these authors, to analyze the capitalism. This work intends to show, therefore, that among this diversity of approaches, the surplus concept and the surplus value, are fundamental categories to the analysis of the capitalist economy.

Este trabalho procura mostrar a evolução do conceito de excedente na história do pensamento econômico. Busca expor como variados autores, através do uso do conceito de excedente e de valor excedente, pretendem explicar aspectos característicos e essenciais da economia capitalista em épocas específicas da história. Isto é feito, visto a enorme extensão possível de pesquisa, pela seleção de um conjunto de autores, em que se pode constatar as primeiras formulações do conceito, seu desenvolvimento e até a utilização dos conceitos de excedente e de valor excedente para mostrar aspectos característicos da época dos autores, da economia capitalista, e da sua evolução, tais como: a acumulação do capital, a grande empresa, o crescimento do setor serviços, o caráter rentista, a dimensão financeira do capitalismo contemporâneo, dentre outros aspectos. Assim, desde a origem com os fisiocratas, passando pelos economistas clássicos, por Marx, pelos denominados autores Marxistas, até autores contemporâneos como Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson se busca verificar como o excedente e o valor excedente estão inseridos nas concepções teóricas desses autores, para análise do capitalismo. Esse trabalho procura mostrar, portanto, que, dentro dessa diversidade o excedente e o valor excedente constituem-se em categorias fundamentais para a análise da economia capitalista. / The objective of this work is to show the evolution of the concept of surplus in the history of the Economic thought. It tries to show how different authors, through the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value, intend to explain essential and particular features of the capitalist economy in specific times of history. Taking into account the enormous range of possible research, this is done through a selection of a group of authors, from which it is possible to find the first formulations of the concept, its development and the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value to show specific features from the period of time the authors belong to, of the capitalist economy and its evolution, such as: the accumulation of capital, the big company, the growth of the retailing sector, the renting character, and the financial dimension of the contemporary capitalism among other aspects. Therefore, since its origins with the physiocrats, going from the classic economists, such as Marx, and the so called Marxist authors, to the contemporary authors such as Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson this work aims at examining how the surplus concept and the surplus value are embedded in the theoretical conceptualizations of these authors, to analyze the capitalism. This work intends to show, therefore, that among this diversity of approaches, the surplus concept and the surplus value, are fundamental categories to the analysis of the capitalist economy.

Este trabalho procura mostrar a evolução do conceito de excedente na história do pensamento econômico. Busca expor como variados autores, através do uso do conceito de excedente e de valor excedente, pretendem explicar aspectos característicos e essenciais da economia capitalista em épocas específicas da história. Isto é feito, visto a enorme extensão possível de pesquisa, pela seleção de um conjunto de autores, em que se pode constatar as primeiras formulações do conceito, seu desenvolvimento e até a utilização dos conceitos de excedente e de valor excedente para mostrar aspectos característicos da época dos autores, da economia capitalista, e da sua evolução, tais como: a acumulação do capital, a grande empresa, o crescimento do setor serviços, o caráter rentista, a dimensão financeira do capitalismo contemporâneo, dentre outros aspectos. Assim, desde a origem com os fisiocratas, passando pelos economistas clássicos, por Marx, pelos denominados autores Marxistas, até autores contemporâneos como Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson se busca verificar como o excedente e o valor excedente estão inseridos nas concepções teóricas desses autores, para análise do capitalismo. Esse trabalho procura mostrar, portanto, que, dentro dessa diversidade o excedente e o valor excedente constituem-se em categorias fundamentais para a análise da economia capitalista. / The objective of this work is to show the evolution of the concept of surplus in the history of the Economic thought. It tries to show how different authors, through the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value, intend to explain essential and particular features of the capitalist economy in specific times of history. Taking into account the enormous range of possible research, this is done through a selection of a group of authors, from which it is possible to find the first formulations of the concept, its development and the use of the concepts of surplus and surplus value to show specific features from the period of time the authors belong to, of the capitalist economy and its evolution, such as: the accumulation of capital, the big company, the growth of the retailing sector, the renting character, and the financial dimension of the contemporary capitalism among other aspects. Therefore, since its origins with the physiocrats, going from the classic economists, such as Marx, and the so called Marxist authors, to the contemporary authors such as Sraffa, Kalecki e Robinson this work aims at examining how the surplus concept and the surplus value are embedded in the theoretical conceptualizations of these authors, to analyze the capitalism. This work intends to show, therefore, that among this diversity of approaches, the surplus concept and the surplus value, are fundamental categories to the analysis of the capitalist economy.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / With the advent of democracy, the ANC government was faced with the problem of addressing abject poverty, persistent unemployment and rank economic inequality that beset black South Africans under apartheid. To address these problems in a structured and comprehensive fashion, the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of 2003 (BBBEE Act) was promulgated. Several economists believed that growth in the economy is the bedrock upon which black economic empowerment would provide the foundation to correct these economic problems. This study sought to interrogate black economic empowerment as a means to address economic inequality and unemployment. The method of analysis and critique employed in this study is based on theories that Marx formulated in Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. In particular, this study draws on Marx’s theories of fictitious capital, surplus value production and appropriation, and the creation of the industrial reserve army. The thesis uses the theory to examine two BEE cases namely the Sanlam and Sasol equity transactions. It also analyses the relationship between productive capital and fictitious capital through an examination of Lonmin plc and Shanduka Pty Ltd, with a focus on the use of labour power to produce surplus value. Finally, it looks briefly at Sanlam and Sankorp to understand the rise of the black middle class in South Africa. Ultimately, this study charts a Marxist path to explain why black economic empowerment is unable to address economic inequality and unemployment. At the centre of this study is the problematisation of the capitalist mode of production on which black economic empowerment rests. The central argument advanced is that the very capitalist structure upon which this growth strategy was based, in fact laid the foundation for the reproduction of these self-same phenomena.

The main aim of the thesis is to optimize the management of the production process with the focus on the material flows in the manufacturing company Jung in Brno. The thesis takes into consideration the analysis of the current state of the company. In addition, the thesis describes the production programs and processes with the focus on the material flow and material stocks. The work also aims to identify and minimize bottlenecks in the production process. Apart from the main directions along which the material goes, the process of supply, removal from storage and efficiency of working with material during production is analyzed. The findings of the thesis of the work are suggestions that would make the operational business management effective, reduce production costs and increase the dynamics of the transformation process of production.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um exercício empírico, qual seja, transformar a contabilidade nacional oficial em categorias analíticas da economia clássica/marxiana. Esse processo é baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Shaikh e Tonak (1994). No primeiro capítulo nós apresentamos de forma sucinta os principais aspectos teóricos da distinção entre o trabalho produtivo e o trabalho não-produtivo do ponto de vista do capital. No segundo capítulo apresentamos tanto a análise crítica do sistema de contas nacionais quanto a metodologia para realizar o mapeamento da contabilidade nacional convencional para categorias clássicas/marxianas. No terceiro capítulo aplicamos esse mapeamento nas contas nacionais brasileiras. Assim, baseando-nos nos recentes desenvolvimentos da pesquisa empírica marxista, estamos aptos a calcular a taxa de mais-valia, a composição valor e material do capital e a taxa geral de lucro marxiana para os períodos entre 1990-1994, 1995-1999 e 2000-2004. / The aim of this dissertation is to present an empirical exercise of transforming the official accounts into the classical/marxian analytical framework. Our transformation procedure is based on the methodology developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994). Initialy we briefly present the mains theoretical aspects of the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. In the second chapter, it is presented both the critical analysis of the system of national accounts and the methodology for mapping conventional national accounts into the classical/marxian categories. In the third chapter we apply this mapping methodology to the Brazilian national accounts. Therefore, based on recent developments in Marxian empirical research, we were able to calculate the rate of surplus value, the value and materialized composition of capital and the general Marxian rate of profit for the 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 periods.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um exercício empírico, qual seja, transformar a contabilidade nacional oficial em categorias analíticas da economia clássica/marxiana. Esse processo é baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Shaikh e Tonak (1994). No primeiro capítulo nós apresentamos de forma sucinta os principais aspectos teóricos da distinção entre o trabalho produtivo e o trabalho não-produtivo do ponto de vista do capital. No segundo capítulo apresentamos tanto a análise crítica do sistema de contas nacionais quanto a metodologia para realizar o mapeamento da contabilidade nacional convencional para categorias clássicas/marxianas. No terceiro capítulo aplicamos esse mapeamento nas contas nacionais brasileiras. Assim, baseando-nos nos recentes desenvolvimentos da pesquisa empírica marxista, estamos aptos a calcular a taxa de mais-valia, a composição valor e material do capital e a taxa geral de lucro marxiana para os períodos entre 1990-1994, 1995-1999 e 2000-2004. / The aim of this dissertation is to present an empirical exercise of transforming the official accounts into the classical/marxian analytical framework. Our transformation procedure is based on the methodology developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994). Initialy we briefly present the mains theoretical aspects of the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. In the second chapter, it is presented both the critical analysis of the system of national accounts and the methodology for mapping conventional national accounts into the classical/marxian categories. In the third chapter we apply this mapping methodology to the Brazilian national accounts. Therefore, based on recent developments in Marxian empirical research, we were able to calculate the rate of surplus value, the value and materialized composition of capital and the general Marxian rate of profit for the 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 periods.