In this dissertation I develop a Marxian class analysis of corn-producing family farms in the Midwestern United States during the early twentieth century. I theorize the family farm as a complex hybrid of mostly feudal and ancient class structures that has survived through a contradictory combination of strategies that includes the feudal exploitation of farm family members, the cannibalization of neighboring ancient farmers in a vicious hunt for superprofits, and the intervention of state welfare programs. The class-based definition of the family farm yields unique insights into three broad aspects of U.S. agricultural history. First, my analysis highlights the crucial, yet under-recognized role of farm women and children's unpaid labor in subsidizing the family farm. Second I offer a new, class-based perspective on the roots of the twentieth century "miracle of productivity" in U.S. agriculture, the rise of the agribusiness giants that depended on the perpetual, technology-induced crisis of that agriculture, and the implications of government farm programs. Third, this dissertation demonstrates how the unique set of contradictions and circumstances facing family farmers during the early twentieth century, including class exploitation, were connected to concern for their ability to serve the needs of U.S. industrial capitalist development. The argument presented here highlights the significant costs associated with the intensification of exploitation in the transition to industrial agriculture in the U.S. The family farm is implicated in this social theft. Ironically, the same family farm is often held up as the bedrock of American life. Its exalted status as an example of democracy, independence, self-sufficiency, and morality is enabled among other things by the absence of class awareness in U.S. society. When viewed through the lens of class, the hallowed family farm becomes example of one of the most exploitative institutions in the U.S. economy. The myth of its superiority takes on a new significance as one of the important non-economic processes helping to overdetermine the family farm's long survival, while participating in foreclosing truly radical transformations of these institutions to non-exploitative alternatives.

The central thesis is classical Marxian views concerning the peasant masses have been adopted regarding India; two causal factors are the Hindu Caste system and parliamentary democracy. Descriptive and analytical methodology is utilized to study classical and Indian Marxian theory and its relationship to "Marxist" practice in India. Four major elements involved are: wealthy landowners, poor and landless peasants, the Indian government, and Indian communists. Nonimplemented land reforms and recent capitalist farming compounded the problem. Attacks were launched on the Congress government by three communist parties. Government coalition has included the CPI, and has implemented agrarian reforms advocated by the CPI(M), thereby postponing possible militant communist success.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um exercício empírico, qual seja, transformar a contabilidade nacional oficial em categorias analíticas da economia clássica/marxiana. Esse processo é baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Shaikh e Tonak (1994). No primeiro capítulo nós apresentamos de forma sucinta os principais aspectos teóricos da distinção entre o trabalho produtivo e o trabalho não-produtivo do ponto de vista do capital. No segundo capítulo apresentamos tanto a análise crítica do sistema de contas nacionais quanto a metodologia para realizar o mapeamento da contabilidade nacional convencional para categorias clássicas/marxianas. No terceiro capítulo aplicamos esse mapeamento nas contas nacionais brasileiras. Assim, baseando-nos nos recentes desenvolvimentos da pesquisa empírica marxista, estamos aptos a calcular a taxa de mais-valia, a composição valor e material do capital e a taxa geral de lucro marxiana para os períodos entre 1990-1994, 1995-1999 e 2000-2004. / The aim of this dissertation is to present an empirical exercise of transforming the official accounts into the classical/marxian analytical framework. Our transformation procedure is based on the methodology developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994). Initialy we briefly present the mains theoretical aspects of the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. In the second chapter, it is presented both the critical analysis of the system of national accounts and the methodology for mapping conventional national accounts into the classical/marxian categories. In the third chapter we apply this mapping methodology to the Brazilian national accounts. Therefore, based on recent developments in Marxian empirical research, we were able to calculate the rate of surplus value, the value and materialized composition of capital and the general Marxian rate of profit for the 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 periods.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um exercício empírico, qual seja, transformar a contabilidade nacional oficial em categorias analíticas da economia clássica/marxiana. Esse processo é baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Shaikh e Tonak (1994). No primeiro capítulo nós apresentamos de forma sucinta os principais aspectos teóricos da distinção entre o trabalho produtivo e o trabalho não-produtivo do ponto de vista do capital. No segundo capítulo apresentamos tanto a análise crítica do sistema de contas nacionais quanto a metodologia para realizar o mapeamento da contabilidade nacional convencional para categorias clássicas/marxianas. No terceiro capítulo aplicamos esse mapeamento nas contas nacionais brasileiras. Assim, baseando-nos nos recentes desenvolvimentos da pesquisa empírica marxista, estamos aptos a calcular a taxa de mais-valia, a composição valor e material do capital e a taxa geral de lucro marxiana para os períodos entre 1990-1994, 1995-1999 e 2000-2004. / The aim of this dissertation is to present an empirical exercise of transforming the official accounts into the classical/marxian analytical framework. Our transformation procedure is based on the methodology developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994). Initialy we briefly present the mains theoretical aspects of the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. In the second chapter, it is presented both the critical analysis of the system of national accounts and the methodology for mapping conventional national accounts into the classical/marxian categories. In the third chapter we apply this mapping methodology to the Brazilian national accounts. Therefore, based on recent developments in Marxian empirical research, we were able to calculate the rate of surplus value, the value and materialized composition of capital and the general Marxian rate of profit for the 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 periods.

O objetivo dessa dissertação é apresentar um exercício empírico, qual seja, transformar a contabilidade nacional oficial em categorias analíticas da economia clássica/marxiana. Esse processo é baseado na metodologia desenvolvida por Shaikh e Tonak (1994). No primeiro capítulo nós apresentamos de forma sucinta os principais aspectos teóricos da distinção entre o trabalho produtivo e o trabalho não-produtivo do ponto de vista do capital. No segundo capítulo apresentamos tanto a análise crítica do sistema de contas nacionais quanto a metodologia para realizar o mapeamento da contabilidade nacional convencional para categorias clássicas/marxianas. No terceiro capítulo aplicamos esse mapeamento nas contas nacionais brasileiras. Assim, baseando-nos nos recentes desenvolvimentos da pesquisa empírica marxista, estamos aptos a calcular a taxa de mais-valia, a composição valor e material do capital e a taxa geral de lucro marxiana para os períodos entre 1990-1994, 1995-1999 e 2000-2004. / The aim of this dissertation is to present an empirical exercise of transforming the official accounts into the classical/marxian analytical framework. Our transformation procedure is based on the methodology developed by Shaikh and Tonak (1994). Initialy we briefly present the mains theoretical aspects of the distinction between productive and unproductive labour. In the second chapter, it is presented both the critical analysis of the system of national accounts and the methodology for mapping conventional national accounts into the classical/marxian categories. In the third chapter we apply this mapping methodology to the Brazilian national accounts. Therefore, based on recent developments in Marxian empirical research, we were able to calculate the rate of surplus value, the value and materialized composition of capital and the general Marxian rate of profit for the 1990-1994, 1995-1999 and 2000-2004 periods.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile, sowohl in ihrer Originalversion von David Ricardo als auch in der neoklassischen Variante, erläutert und der Marxschen Erklärung internationaler Warentauschverhältnisse gegenübergestellt. Theoretische und empirische Gründe sprechen für die Überlegenheit der Marxschen Theorie.

Η οικονομία της Ελλάδας από την μεταπολίτευση έως την είσοδό της στην Οικονομική Νομισματική Ένωση (Ο.Ν.Ε) και η δημοσιονομική πολιτική που ακολουθήθηκε από την εποχή διακυβέρνησης της χώρας από τα κόμματα που απετέλεσαν τον δικομματισμό μέχρι την κυβέρνηση συνεργασίας του 2012, θα αποτελέσουν την βάση για την ανάλυση του θέματος της παρούσας εκπονηθείσας εργασίας. Βασικός μας στόχος είναι να αναδείξουμε ομοιότητες και διαφορές στην ελληνική και πορτογαλική οικονομία, επικεντρώνοντας την ανάλυση και το ενδιαφέρον μας στην πορεία των μακροοικονομικών τους μεγεθών κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας παγκόσμιας οικονομικής κρίσης που ξέσπασε στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής (Η.Π.Α) το 2007 και επεκτείνοντας τις επιπτώσεις στον ευρωπαϊκό κόσμο εως το 2009. Παράλληλα, θα εξετάσουμε κατά πόσο η ένταξη της Ελλάδας και της Πορτογαλίας στο Διεθνές Νομισματικό Ταμείο και σε καθεστώς πολυετούς επιτήρησης , βοήθησαν ή επιδείνωσαν την πορεία των οικονομιών τους αναδεικνύοντας δυνατά και αδύνατα σημεία της πολιτικής της τρόικας. Επιπροσθέτως, ειδική μνεία θα γίνει σε βασικά μακροοικονομικά μεγέθη της πορτογαλικής οικονομίας και στην τάση τους την τελευταία δεκαετία (2002-2012), συγκρίνοντας τα ευρήματα με την πορεία των αντίστοιχων ελληνικών μακροοικονομικών μεγεθών.Βάση για την σύγκριση αυτών των δεικτών, θα αποτελέσουν τα άρθρα του Οικονομάκη Γεώργιου, Ανδρουλάκη Γεώργιου και Μαρκάκη Μαρίας «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» καθώς επίσης και «Η εξωστρέφεια και κρίση της ελληνικής οικονομίας-2014». / The economy of Greece from dictatorship to its entry into the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) and fiscal policy followed by the era of government by political parties which formed the bipartisanship until the two-party coalition government until 2012, will be the basis for the analysis of the issue of this work elaborated. Our main goal is to highlight similarities and differences in Greek and Portuguese economies, focusing on analysis and our interest in the course of the macroeconomic aggregates during the last global economic crisis that erupted in the United States of America ( USA ) in 2007 and expanding its impact on the European world by 2009 . Moreover, we will examine whether the inclusion of Greece and Portugal in the International Monetary Fund and a multi surveillance system helped or worsened the state of their economies highlighting strengths and weaknesses of policy Troika. In addition, special mention will be made in macroeconomic fundamentals of the Portuguese economy and the trend over the last decade (2002-2012), comparing the findings with the state of the corresponding Greek aggregates. Basis for comparison of these indicators will be the articles of Oikonomakis George, Androulakis George and Markaki Mary «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» and also «Extraversion and crisis Greek economy-2014".

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile, sowohl in ihrer Originalversion von David Ricardo als auch in der neoklassischen Variante, erläutert und der Marxschen Erklärung internationaler Warentauschverhältnisse gegenübergestellt. Theoretische und empirische Gründe sprechen für die Überlegenheit der Marxschen Theorie.:1. Einleitung 2. Die klassische Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile 3. Die neoklassische Theorie der komparativen Kostenvorteile 4. Karl Marx: Die Weiterentwicklung des klassischen Paradigmas 5. Das Wertgesetz und die internationalen Tauschverhältnisse 6. Zusammenfassung und resultierende Politikempfehlungen