Various cognitive learning theories have been examined for the purpose of considering music as an activity developing cognitive processes. It was felt that an exploration of these theories could offer insights into how music can be used to demonstrate cognitive development in learning and in children with learning disabilities. In an attempt to illustrate the relationship between music and cognition, concepts in the theories of Piaget, the Neo-Piagetians (Case, Pascaul-Leone, Biggs and Collis), Bruner, Ausubel, Vygotsky, Luria and Leont'ev have been discussed in association with music activities. It is argued that music can be identified as a cognitive activity and applied to learning and to learning disabilities through recognised special education approaches; these include perceptual-motor, multi-sensory, languagedevelopment related, developmental and behavioural. The theories of Vygotsky, Luria and Leont'ev - the 'troika' - are considered in greater detail. Their theories, although focussing on concepts of language in cognitive development, appear to offer a means for the wider application of music to cognitive development. Vygotsky's developmental hierarchy, Luria's brain functional system, and Leont'ev's theory of activity have been amalgamated into a theoretical framework demonstrating the processing of information through music activity leading to cognitive development. This framework provides for an investigation into learning capacities and learning potential, relevant to cognitive development in learning and in the learning disabled child.

[pt] De acordo com a visão neogramsciana, instituições internacionais tem o papel de fortalecer hegemonias por serem propagadoras de ideologias e serem capazes de fortalecer a criação de consensos, como também de silenciar tentativas contra-hegemônicas. O Fundo Monetário Internacional, desde sua criação em 1944, vem auxiliando na sustentação de ideologias hegemônicas, sofrendo transformações e adaptando-se aos desafios que o sistema global de acumulação capitalista o impõe na medida em que crises emergem. Com crise da Grécia, o FMI após anos de críticas sobre seus programas de financiamento, foi requisitado em conjunto às instituições europeias Banco Central Europeu e Comissão Europeia, estabelecendo o que ficou conhecido como Troika para auxiliar nas políticas de reestruturação macroeconômica da Grécia. Entretanto, a hipótese que se investiga é de que, em vez da atuação do Fundo nas políticas da Troika tenha se apresentado como uma oportunidade para a instituição recuperar sua legitimidade internacional, na verdade, a instituição teve um papel reduzido, sendo utilizada como válvula de escape para fortalecer o discurso de austeridade na União Europeia na construção das condicionalidades dos programas de financiamento, que restringiram o conjunto de alternativas macroeconômicas da Grécia em concordância mais aos interesses europeus do que país. / [en] According to the Neogramscian thought, the role of international institutions is to strength hegemonies by being sponsors of ideologies and being able to strengthen the creation of consensus, and to silence counter-hegemonic attempts as well. The International Monetary Fund, since its creation in 1944, has been helping to support hegemonic ideologies, undergoing transformations and adapting to the challenges that the global capitalist system imposes when accumulation crisis emerges. With the Greece s crisis, the IMF after years of criticism was asked jointly work with European Central Bank and European Commission, establishing what became known as Troika to assist in Greece s macroeconomic restructuring policies. However, the hypothesis being investigated is that instead of the Fund s actions in the Troika s policies presented as an opportunity for the institution to recover its international legitimacy, in fact the institution played a reduced role, being used as a space goat to strengthen the austerity discourse in the European Union for implementation of the conditionalities in the financial programs, that restricted the set of macroeconomic alternatives of Greece more in accordance with the European interests than the country itself.

The purpose of this study is to analyze if the workmethods in the European Commission's crisis management had post-bureaucratic characteristics, more specifically less hierarchy, horizontal communication, collective decision-making and own responsibility, during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. To carry out an analysis this study identifies four characteristics of a post-bureaucratic organization, in order to use the theory as a tool to clearly identify if there are any post-bureaucratic characteristics in the Commission's workmethods during the Greek crisis 2010-2015. The material used in the study is based on published reports from the European Parliament, European Court of Auditors, International Monetary Fund and the European Commission where facts on the European Commission’s crisis management are presented. This study's analysis shows that post-bureaucratic characteristics can be identified on the workmethods the Commission used in some situations during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. The study's conclusion is summarized by the fact that the European Commission’s workmethods in relation to post-bureaucratic characteristics are only found in some instances. Therefore the study can not conclude that the European Commission is a post-bureaucratic organization during the Greek crisis 2010-2015.

Η οικονομία της Ελλάδας από την μεταπολίτευση έως την είσοδό της στην Οικονομική Νομισματική Ένωση (Ο.Ν.Ε) και η δημοσιονομική πολιτική που ακολουθήθηκε από την εποχή διακυβέρνησης της χώρας από τα κόμματα που απετέλεσαν τον δικομματισμό μέχρι την κυβέρνηση συνεργασίας του 2012, θα αποτελέσουν την βάση για την ανάλυση του θέματος της παρούσας εκπονηθείσας εργασίας. Βασικός μας στόχος είναι να αναδείξουμε ομοιότητες και διαφορές στην ελληνική και πορτογαλική οικονομία, επικεντρώνοντας την ανάλυση και το ενδιαφέρον μας στην πορεία των μακροοικονομικών τους μεγεθών κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας παγκόσμιας οικονομικής κρίσης που ξέσπασε στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες Αμερικής (Η.Π.Α) το 2007 και επεκτείνοντας τις επιπτώσεις στον ευρωπαϊκό κόσμο εως το 2009. Παράλληλα, θα εξετάσουμε κατά πόσο η ένταξη της Ελλάδας και της Πορτογαλίας στο Διεθνές Νομισματικό Ταμείο και σε καθεστώς πολυετούς επιτήρησης , βοήθησαν ή επιδείνωσαν την πορεία των οικονομιών τους αναδεικνύοντας δυνατά και αδύνατα σημεία της πολιτικής της τρόικας. Επιπροσθέτως, ειδική μνεία θα γίνει σε βασικά μακροοικονομικά μεγέθη της πορτογαλικής οικονομίας και στην τάση τους την τελευταία δεκαετία (2002-2012), συγκρίνοντας τα ευρήματα με την πορεία των αντίστοιχων ελληνικών μακροοικονομικών μεγεθών.Βάση για την σύγκριση αυτών των δεικτών, θα αποτελέσουν τα άρθρα του Οικονομάκη Γεώργιου, Ανδρουλάκη Γεώργιου και Μαρκάκη Μαρίας «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» καθώς επίσης και «Η εξωστρέφεια και κρίση της ελληνικής οικονομίας-2014». / The economy of Greece from dictatorship to its entry into the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) and fiscal policy followed by the era of government by political parties which formed the bipartisanship until the two-party coalition government until 2012, will be the basis for the analysis of the issue of this work elaborated. Our main goal is to highlight similarities and differences in Greek and Portuguese economies, focusing on analysis and our interest in the course of the macroeconomic aggregates during the last global economic crisis that erupted in the United States of America ( USA ) in 2007 and expanding its impact on the European world by 2009 . Moreover, we will examine whether the inclusion of Greece and Portugal in the International Monetary Fund and a multi surveillance system helped or worsened the state of their economies highlighting strengths and weaknesses of policy Troika. In addition, special mention will be made in macroeconomic fundamentals of the Portuguese economy and the trend over the last decade (2002-2012), comparing the findings with the state of the corresponding Greek aggregates. Basis for comparison of these indicators will be the articles of Oikonomakis George, Androulakis George and Markaki Mary «Profitability and crisis in the Greek economy (1960-2012): an investigation-2013» and also «Extraversion and crisis Greek economy-2014".

With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction. / Criminology / D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)

With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)