Spelling suggestions: "subject:"heartland"" "subject:"swartes""
1 |
'n Ondersoek na gronderosie in die SwartlandGermishuys, Hendrik Johannes January 1992 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Civil Engineering))--Cape Technikon, 1992. / In the Western Cape, gully ("donga") erosion is characteristic of the Swartland area where the effects
of the problem have reached spectacular dimensions.
In 1942 the Social and Economic Planning Council commissioned an investigation into the distribution
and prevention of gully erosion. This investigation was led by Professor W J Talbot of the University of
Cape Town, with the collaboration of researchers from the University of Stellenbosch. This led to the
"Swartland and Sandveld" publication in August 1945.
Little progress has since been made. The gullies identified by Prof Talbot's team remain to this day.
In most cases they have grown even longer and deeper.
The present investigation aims to study a typical network in one catchment area and to propose
measures for the reclamation or stabilization of gullies. Such measures must not only be effective but
also economically justifiable.
In reclaiming or stabilizing a donga, a key factor is the establishment of a foundation structure. Such
a structure is essential for supporting semi-permanent structures and promoting the growth of grass and
bushes. At present, however, no satisfactory methods are known for the design and construction of supporting
walls In narrow, deep dongas, other than those methods that require a rock foundation. Furthermore,
conventional methods would require a buttress of length 17 m for a retaining wall of height 4,4 m. The
amount of concrete needed, would clearly be excessive. It is therefore one of the aims of this study to
develop a retaining wall with a relatively short buttress.
If finances permit, the retaining structure, will be built and the stabilization process carefully monitored
for possible applications in the future.
|
2 |
Verhoudings tussen boere en plaaswerkers in post-apartheid Suid-Afrika : die wisselwerking tussen formalisering en paternalismeLoxton, Christine 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An outcome of this thesis, done on farms in South-Africa in the Swartland area, is that
the labour structure in agriculture is still predominantly paternalistic and that
paternalism and empowerment coexist. This co-existence causes tension between
farmers and farm workers as it disrupts the relationship where farmers traditionally
had the authority and farm workers were subordinate, but in the modern farm setting
have a measure of independence. A qualitative approach was used to investigate how
farmers and farm workers perceived their relationship in the past and how they
experience it presently. Individual interviews were held with each farmer and focus
group discussions with workers on farms. The study discusses how farmers and farm
workers maintain paternalism on farms, in the context of the reduced support of the
state to white commercial farmers as well as the expansion and formalisation of
labour and tenure legislation of workers' rights.
The state acted as ‘patron’ to the farmers in the apartheid era, but the state’s patronage
to farmers came to an end with the political transition. Farmers feel frustrated and
miss the support they enjoyed previously. Legislation which challenges the power and
authority of farmers has been extended to farms and provides a framework for the
relationship between farmers and farm workers and establishes a context in which this
relationship occurs. This has brought about that the power and authority of the
“paternalistic” farmers have been exposed and challenged. These changes in farmers’
and farmworkers’ relationship with the state create uncertainties, changes and
adjustments in the relationship between farmers and farm workers on farms.
Farmers still take control of farms, regardless of any legislation. The farm workers
also still tend to define their position as depending on the farmer’s goodwill in
conjunction with formal legislation. However, although the workers are still
dependent on the farmer, they are also aware of their rights in the new democratic era
and they claim these rights. The “old paternalistic relationship” together with the
propagation of new legislation causes tensions as well as disruptions in the
relationship between famers and farm workers. But, forged in unequal relationships of
dependency and loyalty, farmers and farm workers keep commercial agriculture
going.
The information collected is intended to shed light on the complex relationships
between farmers and farm workers on farms. Hopefully this research on several farms
in the Western Cape, in the Swartland environment, can contribute to a better
understanding of the complex relationship between farmers and farm workers. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie, wat gedoen is op plase in Suid-Afrika in die Swartland-omgewing,
toon dat die arbeidsopset in die landbou oorwegend paternalisties is en dat
paternalisme en bemagtiging op plase saam bestaan. Hierdie saambestaan veroorsaak
spanning tussen die boere en plaaswerkers en lei tot ontwrigting in die verhouding
waar boere tradisioneel die outoriteit gehad het en die plaaswerkers ondergeskik was,
maar nou in die moderne plaasopset onafhanklik is. ’n Kwalitatiewe benadering is
gebruik om ondersoek in te stel na hoe boere en plaaswerkers die verhoudings met
mekaar in die verlede ervaar het en ook hoe hulle dit tans in die moderne plaasopset
ervaar. Daar is individuele onderhoude met die boere gevoer en fokusgroepe met die
plaaswerkers in hulle eie natuurlike omgewings gedoen. Die studie beredeneer hoe
beide boere en plaaswerkers paternalisme op plase in stand hou, ongeag die
verminderde ondersteuning van die staat aan wit kommersiële boere, asook die
uitbreiding en formalisering van arbeids- en verblyfregwetgewing om plaaswerkers se
regte te beskerm.
Die staat het in die apartheidsjare as “beskermheer” teenoor die boere opgetree, maar
daardie begunstiging van die staat aan die boere het met die politieke oorgang verval.
Boere voel gefrustreerd en mis die ondersteuning wat hulle vroeër ontvang het.
Wetgewing wat na plase uitgebrei is, verskaf nou sekere raamwerke waarbinne boere
en werkers moet optree en stel ook sekere eise wat die konteks bepaal. Dit het
veroorsaak dat die mag en outoriteit van die “paternalistiese boere” tot ’n mate
blootgelê en uitgedaag word. Dit veroorsaak verskeie onsekerhede, veranderinge en
aanpassings in die verhouding tussen boere en plaaswerkers op plase.
Boere neem nog altyd die beheer op plase ongeag wetgewing wat hulle beperk. Die
werkers is ook steeds geneig om hulle posisie te definieer as afhanklik van die boer se
welwillendheid, naas die formele wetgewing. Maar, alhoewel die plaaswerkers nog
altyd afhanklik van die boer is, is hulle tog as gevolg van wetgewing bewus van hulle
regte en maak hulle ook aanspraak daarop. Die “ou paternalistiese verhouding” en die
uitbreiding van formele wette wat boere beperk, veroorsaak dat spanning en
ontwrigting in die verhoudings tussen boere en plaaswerkers ontstaan. Maar, gesmee
in ongelyke verhoudings van afhanklikheid en lojaliteit hou boere en plaaswerkers die
kommersiële landbou aan die gang.
Die inligting wat versamel is beoog om lig te werp op die komplekse verhoudings
tussen boere en plaaswerkers op plase. Hopelik sal hierdie navorsing op enkele plase
in die Wes-Kaap, in die Swartland-omgewing, kan bydra tot ʼn beter begrip van die
komplekse verhouding tussen boere en plaaswerkers.
|
3 |
An analysis of the financial implications of different tillage systems within different crop rotations in the Swartland area of the Western Cape, South AfricaKnott, Stuart Charles 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The pressure on the world’s natural resources is increased by an expanding global
population. The majority of the growth is expected to take place in Africa and Asia. This
creates the need for sustainable agricultural practices. To sustain food security, the limited
natural resources must be utilised efficiently to optimise agricultural productivity.
Conservation agriculture (CA) is one of the most holistic sustainable agricultural practices
yet. It reduces environmental degradation, and concurrently it could enhance farm
profitability. The practice of CA is able to improve food security while sustaining the
environment for the benefit of future generations of both consumers and producers. A large
proportion of the commercial grain producers in the Western Cape have adopted CA to
varying degrees. A purer form of CA practice is continually pursued to realise its full benefits.
Adoption has taken place in the absence of any policy support framework directed to CA,
and thus, has been market driven. The reasons for and rates of CA adoption in other regions
of the world differed, but was mostly successful, which highlights the driving forces behind
adoption of CA in the Middle Swartland.
The physical/biological benefits of CA are well known. The financial implications of the
various systems within CA, at farm-level are still unknown. This study implements trial data
from Langgewens experimental farm to evaluate the financial implications of various farming
systems over an extended period.
Farm systems are complex, consisting of numerous interrelated components. A whole-farm
budget model is developed within a systems approach to compare various farming systems
designed within CA principles. A trustworthy whole-farm model providing an accurate
representation of a real life farm requires insight across many scientific disciplines. Multidisciplinary
group discussions are used to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge. To
serve as a basis for comparison, the whole-farm model was based on a typical farm within
the Middle Swartland relative homogeneous farming area. Trial data on crop rotations and
tillage systems from Langgewens experimental farm served as starting point for the
research. The data was fitted for use in financial analysis and as input to the typical farm
model. A key role of the inter-disciplinary expert group was to ensure that data and the model
design accurately reflect the underlying physical/biological processes of CA.
The financial evaluation of the various farming systems showed that conventional
agricultural practices of monoculture and deep tillage are financially unsustainable. Farming
systems under conventional tillage returned negative net present values (NPV) and an
internal rate of return on capital investment (IRR) lower than the real interest rate. This
implies that investment in conventional tillage will ultimately lead to financial losses. The
financial benefits of CA are directly related to improved soil health, lower weed and pest
stress and improved yields. The CA farming systems were less susceptible to variations in
external factors, highlighting the resilience of the system that incorporates crop rotation and
no-till. The farming systems operated under conventional practices are expected to be
unsustainable over a long-term period of 20 years. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Opsomming
Die druk op die aarde se natuurlike hulpbronne word verhoog deur ʼn groeiende wêreld
populasie. Die meeste van die groei word verwag in Afrika en Asië. Dit skep die nodigheid vir
volhoubare landboupraktyke. Om voedselsekerheid te volhou moet die beperkte natuurlike
hulpbronne doeltreffend benut word om landbouproduksie te optimeer.
Bewaringslandbou is die mees holistiese volhoubare landboupraktyk tot op hede. Dit
verminder omgewingsdegradasie terwyl boerderywinsgewendheid kan verbeter. Die praktyk
van bewaringslandbou is in staat om voedselsekuriteit te verbeter terwyl die omgewing
onderhou word tot voordeel van toekomstige generasies van beide produsente en
verbruikers. ʼn Groot gedeelte van kommersiële graanprodusente in die Wes-Kaap het
bewaringslandbou teen verskillende intensiteit aangeneem. ʼn Suiwer vorm van
bewaringslandbou word deurlopend nagejaag om die volle voordeel daarvan te benut. Die
aanneming van bewaringsboerdery het sonder regeringsbeleid plaasgevind en was dus
markgedrewe. Bewaringsboerdery is in ander wêrelddele vir verskillende redes aangeneem,
maar was meestal suksesvol. Dit beklemtoon die beweegrede vir die aanneming van
bewaringslandbou in die Middel Swartland.
Die fisies/biologiese voordele van bewaringslandbou is wel bekend. Die finansiële
implikasies van verskillende stelsels binne bewaringslandbou op plaasvlak is nog nie bekend
nie. Hierdie studie gebruik proefdata van Langgewensproefplaas om die finansiële
implikasies van verskillende boerderystelsels oor die langtermyn te evalueer.
Boerderystelsels is kompleks en bestaan uit interafhanklike komponente. ʼn Geheelplaas
begrotingsmodel is binne ʼn stelselsraamwerk ontwikkel om verskillende stelsels wat binne
bewaringslandboubeginsels ontwerp is, te evalueer. ʼn Geloofwaardige geheelplaasmodel
wat ʼn akkurate weerspieëling van realiteit verskaf benodig insig van verskeie wetenskaplike
dissiplines. Multidissiplinêre groepbesprekings is gebruik om die gaping tussen die
verskillende dissiplines te oorbrug. Die basis vir vergelyking wat gebruik is, is ʼn tipiese plaas
in die relatief homogene boerderygebied van die Middel Swartland. Proefdata van
verskillende gewasrotasie- en bewerkingstelsels is as die vertrekpunt vir die studie gebruik.
Die data is pasgemaak vir finansiële ontledings en om te dien as inset vir die
geheelplaasmodelle. ʼn Kern rol van die interdissiplinêre ekspert groep was om te verseker
dat die data en die model-ontwerp die onderliggende beginsels van bewaringslandbou
reflekteer.
Die finansiële evaluasie van die verskillende boerderystelsels wys dat konvensionele
landboupraktyke met monokultuur en diepbewerking nie finansieel volhoubaar is nie.
Boerdery stelsels onder konvensionele bewerking genereer ʼn negatiewe netto huidige
waarde en ʼn opbrengs op kapitaal investering wat laer as die inflasie vlak is. Dit beteken dat investering in konvensionele uiteindelik tot finansiële verlies kan lei. Die finansiële voordele
van bewaringslandbou is direk geassosieer met verbeterde grondgesondheid, laer onkruid
en plaag-druk en beter opbrengste. Die bewaringslandbou boerderystelsels is ook minder
blootgestel aan veranderinge in eksterne faktore wat die gehardheid van die stelsels wat
gewas-wisselbou en geenbewerking inkorporeer, beklemtoon. Die boerderystelsel onder
konvensionele praktyke sal na verwagting nie volhoubaar wees oor ʼn langer periode van 20
jaar nie.
|
4 |
An analysis of financial implications of switching between crop production systems in Middle SwartlandMakhuvha, Mmbengeni Constance 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainability issues and the structural over-supply of wheat in the Western Cape since the
middle 1990‟s have caused the introduction of alternative crop rotation systems in the Middle
Swartland, a dry-land winter cereal production area of the Western Cape. Crop rotation
systems typically consist of cereals and oilseed crops and pastures. Alternative crop rotations
systems are currently scientifically evaluated at the Langgewens Experimental farm.
Currently more than half the cultivated area in the Swartland is still under wheat production,
a third of which is wheat monoculture. An issue regarding the adoption of such a crop
rotation system is the cash flow and affordability of implementing such an alternative system.
The goal of this study is to determine the cash-flow implications of a shift from wheat
monoculture to a crop rotation system. Typical strategies available to producers to support
such a shift are investigated. The complexity of farm systems as well as the interrelationships
between crops within such a crop rotation system necessitates the implementation of a
systems approach. A multi-period, whole-farm budget model was constructed to capture the
interrelationships of the farm system and to express the financial performance thereof in
standard profitability criteria.
The farm model is based on a typical farm for the Middle Swartland. The model was used to
determine the expected profitability of various crop rotation systems and to evaluate
alternative strategies to accommodate the shift to alternative systems. The Langgewens crop
rotation trial results are used to determine expected profitability of various crop rotation
systems. A wheat-monoculture system serves as basis for the shift to alternative systems with
the focus on the practical implications of such as shift.
The profitability calculations show that various crop rotation systems are expected to be more
profitable than wheat monoculture. The most profitable system is one year canola followed
by three years of wheat, followed by a wheat/medic system with Dohne Merino sheep on the
medic pastures. The shift from wheat monoculture is simulated by four scenarios. The first
evaluated the financial implications of a shift form monoculture to the three year wheat and
one year canola system. The second simulates a shift from monoculture to a wheat/medic
system within two years and using own funds. The third scenario simulate the same shift with
own funding, but over a ten year period. The fourth is similar to the second, but borrowed
money is used to fund the shift.Lower input costs and consistently higher yields results in higher expected gross margins for
the crop rotation systems, especially with nitrogen fixing plants. The inclusion of medic and
medic/clover pastures and alternative cash crops such as canola and lupins show a higher
yield on investment than wheat monoculture. Insight into the factors that producers should
consider was also generated by this study, concerning changes to crop rotation systems.
These factors include; time period over which a shift is planned and the availability of
financing options. It seems that a quicker shift, using borrowed funds, is more profitable over
the longer term. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volhoubaarheidskwessies, en die strukturele ooraanbod van koring in die Wes-Kaap, het
sedert die middel 1990‟s, gelei tot alternatiewe gewasproduksiestelsels in die Swartland, ʼn
droëland wintergraanproduserende area van die Wes-Kaap. Gewasproduksiestelsels bestaan
tipies uit graan- en oliesaad- en weidings gewasse. Alternatiewe gewas-wisselboustelsels
word wetenskaplik gevalueer op die Langgewens proefplaas. Tans is meer as die helfte van
die area in die Swartland steeds onder koring produksie, ʼn derde daarvan is koring
monokultuur. ʼn Bekommernis rakende die aanneem van wisselboustelsels is die kontantvloei
en bekostigbaarheid van die implementering van so ʼn alternatiewe stelsel.
Die doel van hierdie studie is om te bepaal wat die kontantvloei implikasies van ʼn skuif van
ʼn koringmonokultuurstelsel na ʼn wisselboustelsel is. Tipiese strategieë beskikbaar aan
produsente om so skuif te finansier is ook ondersoek. Die kompleksiteit van boerderystelsels
en die interverwantskap tussen gewasse in ʼn wisselboustelsel noodsaak die insluiting van ʼn
stelselsbenadering. ʼn Multi-periode, geheelplaasbegrotingsmodel is ontwikkel om die
interverwantskap van die boerdery te verenig en finansiële prestasie uit te druk in erkende
winsgewendheid kriteria.
Die boerderymodel is gebaseer op ʼn tipiese plaas vir die Middel-Swartland. Die model is
gebruik om die winsgewendheid van verskillende wisselboustelsels te bepaal en om
verskillende strategieë te assesseer wat die oorgang van wisselboustelsel kan akkommodeer.
Die Langgewens wisselbouproefdata is gebruik om die winsgewendheid van verskillende
wisselboustelsels te bepaal. „n Koringmonokultuurstelsel dien as basis vir die oorskakeling na
alternatiewe wisselboustelsels, met die fokus op die praktiese implikasies van so ʼn skuif.
Die winsgewendheid bepaling wys dat verskeie wisselboustelsels meer winsgewend is as
koring monokultuur. Die mees belowende stelsels is een jaar canola gevolg deur drie jaar
koring en ʼn koring/medic stelsel met Dohne Merino skape op die medic weidings. Die
oorskakeling vanaf koring monokultuur is gesimuleer deur vier scenario‟s. Die eerste
scenario evalueer die finansiële implikasie van ʼn skuif van koringmonokultuur na ʼn
wisselboustelsel met een jaar canola. Die tweede scenario evalueer ʼn skuif na ʼn koring medic
stelsel binne twee jaar met eie fondse. Die derde scenario simuleer dieselfde skuif maar oor ʼn
tien jaar tydperk, met eie fondse. Die vierde scenario simuleer dieselfde skuif na
koring/medics maar oor ʼn twee jaar periode met geleende fondse.
Laer insetkoste en konstante hoër opbrengste lewer hoër brutomarges vir die
wisselboustelsels, veral die met stikstofbindende weidingsgewasse. Die insluiting van medic
en medic/klawer weidings en alternatiewe kontantgewasse soos canola en lupiene wys ʼn
beter opbrengs op kapitaal investering in vergelyking met koringmonokultuur. Bykomende
daartoe verskaf die resultate van die studie insig in die faktore wat graanprodusente behoort
te oorweeg wanneer ʼn oorskakeling na alternatiewe wisselboustelsels oorweeg word. Die
faktore sluit in, die tydperk waaroor die oorskakeling beoog word en die beskikbare
finansieringsopsies. Dit blyk dat ʼn vinniger oorskakeling, selfs teen die koste van
finansiering, oor die langtermyn meer winsgewend is.
|
5 |
Commercial agriculture in the Swartland : investigating emerging trends towards more sustainable food productionMetelerkamp, Luke 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis was to determine whether or not examples exist of commercial grain farmers
in the Swartland region of South Africa moving away from high-external-input agricultural
production systems towards production systems based on ecologically restorative partnerships with
soils and other natural systems. The research also sought to understand why these farmers were
changing their approach to farming, as well as investigating the specific technologies and practices
they were implementing in order to achieve these changes. In addition, the thesis also considered
the theoretical implications of these changes on food security in the Western Cape.
Three research approaches were employed: qualitative case studies of seven progressive farmers in
the region; a literature review; and an analysis of secondary data. Throughout these three
approaches, Swilling and Annecke’s conceptualisation of a multifaceted global polycrisis was used as
a conceptual reference point. This was done with the intention of providing an agricultural analysis
which looks beyond the farm gate and takes cognisance of the broader socio-ecological issues which
affect and are affected by agriculture.
The research identified seven farmers who are shifting towards lower-external-input production
methods, which focus on enhancing beneficial partnerships with natural systems. The on-site
interviews and observations revealed that the degree to which these seven farmers were altering
their practices varied significantly. However, four key technologies and practices were identified as
being common to all seven farmers: the use of legume rotations, reduced tillage, new styles of
planters and increasing farm size.
With regard to food security, the research suggested that current changes in these farmers’
agricultural practices could assist in keeping food prices and food production levels more stable in
future, compared to production using high-external-input practices previously employed by the
farmers. The potential improvement in production stability was shown to result mainly from
improvements in soil health, as these improvements give crops increased resilience to unfavourable
weather conditions, greater disease-resistance and improved vitality. The potential improvement in
price stability stemmed predominantly from increased input-use efficiency and the utilisation of
natural fertility and pest-management practices which were less susceptible to monopolistic input
sales structures, international shortages and the increasing cost of fossil fuels.
Due to the small size of the case study sample and the fact that this research focussed specifically on
farmers who were considered progressive, the findings presented in this thesis cannot be viewed as
representative of the larger agricultural region. The intention was rather to establish the positive
changes currently underway, in order to provide useful pointers for similarly beneficial changes to be
implemented elsewhere. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis was om vas te stel of voorbeelde bestaan van kommersiële graanboere in
die Swartlandgebied van Suid Afrika wat wegbeweeg van hoë-eksterne-inset produksie sisteme na
sisteme wat gebasseer is op vennootskappe met grond en ander natuurlike sisteme. Die doel van dié
vennootskappe isom ekologiese herstellingte bewerkstellig. Die navorsing het ook gepoog om te
verstaan hoekom hierdie boere hulle boerderytegniekeverander; spesifieke tegnologieë en praktyke
wat gebruik word om verandering mee te bringis ondersoek. Daarenbowe oorweeg hierdie tesis ook
die teoretiese implikasies van die veranderings op voedselsekuriteit in die Wes-Kaap.
Drie navorsings benaderings is te werk gestel: kwalitatiewe gevallestudies van sewe
vooruitstrewende boere in die area; ‘n literatuurstudie; en ‘n analise van sekondêre data. Swilling en
Annecke se konsepsualisering van die veelvoudig-gefasetteerde globale polikrisis is deurlopend
gebruik as ‘n konsepsuele verwysingspunt. Dit is gedoen om‘n boerdery analise daar te stel wat
verby die plaashek kyk na wyer maatskaplike en ekologiese kwessies wat ‘n wederkerige verhouding
met boerdery het.
Die navorsing het sewe boere geidentifiseer wat na laer-eksterne-inset produksie metodes beweeg.
Hierdie metodes fokus daarop om voordelige verhoudings met natuurlike sisteme te versterk.
Onderhoude en waarnemings op die plase het vasgestel dat die graad van praktykverandering
merkwaardig tussen die sewe boere verskil. Nietemin, vier gemeenskaplike sleuteltegnologieëenpraktyke
is geidentifiseer: die rotasie van peulgewasse, verminderde grondbewerking, nuwe
plantermodelle en die vergroting van plaasgroottes.
Met betrekking tot voedselsekuriteit vind die navorsing dat huidige veranderings in die wyse
waarop geboer word, in vergelyking met die voorafgaande hoe-eksterne-inset produksie praktyke,
kospryse en produksievlakke kan stabiliseer. Die navorsing wys daarop dat ‘npotensiële verbetering
in produksie stabiliteit ‘n uitkoms van gesonder grond is. Gesonder grond verhoog gewasse se
vermoëom effektief op ongunstige weerkondisies te reageer, bevorder hulle pes-afweringvermoë en
verbeter die lewenskragtigheid van gewasse. Die potensiele verbetering in die stabiliteit van pryse is
‘n nagevolg van meer effektiewe gebruik van insette en die gebruik van natuurlike vrugbaarheid en
pesbestuurpraktyke wat minder vatbaar is vir monopolistiese inset-verkoopstrukture, internasionale
tekorte en die prysverhoging van fossielbrandstowwe.
Na aanleiding van die klein skaal van die gevallestudies en die feit dat die navorsing spesifiek gefokus
het op vooruitstrewende boere, verteenwoordig die bevindings in hierdie tesis nie die omliggende
landbou area nie. Die veronderstelling was eerder om die positiewe veranderings wat tans
onderweg is vas te stel om sodoende bruikbare advies aan soortgelyke voordelige veranderings wat
elders geimplementeer kan word te verskaf.
|
6 |
Farm planning for a typical crop-livestock integrated farm : an application of a mixed integer linear programming modelGhebretsadik, Amanuel Habte 12 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MSc) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In an integrated crop-livestock production farm, the profitability and sustainability of farm
production is dependent on the crop rotation strategy applied. Crop rotations have historically
been applied to maintain long-term profitability and sustainabiliry of farming production by
exploiting the jointly beneficial interrelationships existing among different crop types and the
animal production activity.
Monocrop (specifically wheat) growers in the Swartland area of the Western Cape are
struggling to maintain long-term profitability and sustainability of the crop production,
challenging them to rethink about the introduction crop rotation in the production planning.
By making proper assumptions, this paper develops a mixed integer linear programming
model to suggest a decision planning for the farm planning problem faced by an integratedcrop-
livestock production farmer. The mathematical model developed includes crop
production, dairy production and wool sheep production activities, which permitted the
consideration of five crop types within a crop rotation system. By assuming that a farmer
uses a cycle of at most three years, the crop rotation model was incorporated in the composite
mixed integer linear farm planning model.
In order to demonstrate the application of the mathematical farm planning model formulated,
a case study is presented. Relevant data from the Koeberg area of the Swartland region of the
Western Cape was applied. For each planning period, the model assumed that the farm has
the option of selecting from any of 15 cropping strategies. A land which is not allocated to
any of the 15 crop rotation strategies due to risky production situation is left as grass land for
roughage purposes of the animal production. Results of the mathematical model indicated that farm profit is dependent on the cropping
strategy selected. Additionally, animal production level was also dependent on the crop
strategy appl ied. Furthermore, study results suggest that the profit generated from the
integrated crop-livestock farm production by adopting crop rotation was superior to profit
generated 1'1'0111 the farm activities which are based on monocrop wheat strategy. Empirical
results also indicated that the complex interrelationship involved in a mixed crop-livestock
farm operation play a major role in determining optimal farm plans. This complex
interrelationships favour the introduction of crop rotation in the crop production activities of
the farm under investigation.
Crop production risk is the major risk component of risk the farmer faces in the farm
production. In this study, risk is incorporated in the mixed integer programrnmg farm
planning model as a deviation from the expected values of an activity of returns. Model
solution with risk indicated that crop rotation strategy and animal production level is sensitive
to risk levels considered. The Results also showed that the incorporation of risk in the model
greatly affects the level of acreage allocation, crop rotation and animal production level of the
farm.
Finally, to improve the profitability and sustainability of the farm activity, the study results
suggest that the introduction of crop rotation which consist cereals, oil crops and leguminous
forages is of paramount importance. Furthermore, the inclusion of forage crops such as
medics in the integrated crop livestock production is beneficial for sustained profitability from
year to year. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wisselbou is baie belangrik om volhoubare winsgewindheid te verseker in 'n geintegreerde
lewendehawe I gewasverbouing boerdery in die Swartland gebied van Wes-Kaap. "n
Monokultuur van veral koring produksie het ernstige problerne vir produsente veroorsaak.
In hierdie studie word 'n gemengde heeltallige liniere prograrnmerings-model gebruik om te
help met besluitneming in sulke boerderye.Die wiskundige model beskou die produksie van
kontant- en voer-gewasse (5 verskillende soorte) asook suiwel- en wol/vleis-produksie
(beeste en skape) .Daar word aanvaar dat die boer "n siklus van hoogstens 3 jaar in die
wisselbou rotasie model gebruik ..
'n Gevallestudie word gedoen met behulp van toepaslike data van 'n plaas in die Koeberg
gebied. Die model aanvaar dat die produsent 'n keuse het uit 16 wisselbou strategic .Resultate
toon dat winsgewindheid afhanklik is van die strategie gekies en dat wisselbou beter resultate
lewer as in die geval van "n monokultuur.Dit wys ook dat die wisselwerking tussen diereproduksie
en gewasproduksie baie belangrik is in die keuse van 'n optimale strategie.
Die risiko in gewasverbouing is die belangrikste risiko factor vir die produsent.In hierdie
studie word risiko ook ingesluit in die gemengde heeltallige model, naamlik as 'n afwyking
van die verwagte opbrengs-waardes .Die model toon duidelik dat gewasproduksie en
lewendehawe-produksie baie sensitief is ten opsigte van die gekose risiko vlak.
Die studie toon ook dat 'n wisselbou program wat die produksie van graan (veral koring)
.oliesade asook voere insluit belangrik is vir volhoubare winsgewindheid Die insluiting van
klawers (bv "medics") is veral belangrik hier.
|
7 |
n Finansiële evaluasie van wisselboustelsels vir die SwartlandHoffmann, W. H. (Willem Hendrik) 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Crop rotation present a possible alternative to wheat mono culture production in the
Middle Swartland region where farming circumstances became increasingly more
difficult since 1996 due to decreasing profit margins. Crop rotation as such presents a
number of advantages like higher yield for wheat within the system and reduced inputs
costs mainly due to cuts in fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Crop rotation trials are
currently undertaken at the Langgewens experimental farm in which canola and lupines
are used in rotation with wheat while medics and medic/clover mixtures are used as
pasture crops in rotation with wheat.
The trials is scheduled to run over a period of 20 years, a study of the possible financial
effect crop rotation might have on the typical farm can be of some importance to decision
makers in the wheat industry. Due to a lack in reliable information the knowledge of a
multi disciplinary panel of experts were use to obtain information concerning certain
aspects of crop rotation. The expected profitability could thus be determined. To be able
to determine the expected financial implications on farm level a typical farm model was
developed with the help of the panel of experts. The typical farm of 630 ha was used for
the model. The expected profitability and financial implications of the implementation of
the eight different crop rotation systems on such a typical farm were estimated making
use of long term budgets. The dispersion of rainfall over time was identified as the single
most influential factor on the yields of the different crops in the region and was taken into
account determining the profitability of the systems over time. The period used for the
calculations were thus divided into good, average or poor rainfall years.
The IRR (internal rate of return) was used as financial criteria in calculating the expected
profitability of the different / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wisselbou bied 'n moontlike alternatief vir koringmonokultuurverbouing in die Middel
Swartland waar boerdery omstandighede sedert 1996 toenemend moeiliker word weens
dalende winsmarges. Wisselbou as sulks bied verskeie voordele ten opsigte van
verhoogde opbrengste vir veral koring wat in die wisselboustelsel voorkom, sowel as
insetbesparings ten opsigte van hoofsaaklik bemesting en spuitprogramme.
Wisselbouproewe word tans op Langgewens Proefplaas onderneem om wisselboustelsels
waarin kanola en lupien as wisselbougraangewasse en medies en medics/klawer
kombinasies as wisselbouweidingsgewasse saam met koring ondersoek word.
Die proef is geskeduleer om oor 'n 20 jaar tydperk uitgevoer te word, maar 'n voortydige
finansiële ontleding van die verwagte effek wat wisselbou vir die tipiese plaas kan inhou,
kan waardevol wees vir besluitnemers in die betrokke bedryf Weens 'n tekort aan
toepaslike betroubare inligting is van 'n multidissiplinêre span van kundiges gebruik
gemaak om inligting ten opsigte van sekere aspekte van wisselbou te genereer. So kan die
verwagte winsgewendheid van die geïdentifiseerde wisselboustelsels bepaal word. Ten
einde die finansiële implikasies van gewaswisselbou relatief tot
koringmonokultuurverbouing op plaasvlak te ondersoek, is van 'n tipiese plaasmodel
gebruik gemaak wat met behulp van die paneel kundiges ontwikkel is. 'n Tipiese plaas
van 630 ha is gebruik as ontledingsmodel. Die verwagte winsgewendheid en finansiële
implikasies van die implementering van eik van agt verskillende wisselboustelsels is
beraam deur middel van langtermyn begrotings. Reënval en reënvalverspreiding is
geïdentifiseer as die faktore wat die grootste invloed op die opbrengs prestasie van
gewasse in die betrokke omgewing uitoefen en is in ag geneem met die beraming van die
finansiële prestasie van die stelsels oor die langtermyn. Die berekeningstermyn is
gevolglik ingedeel in goeie, gemiddelde en swak reënvaljare ten einde die invloed van
reënval op die opbrengste van die verskillende gewasse in ag te neem.
Die lOK (interne opbrengskoers van kapitaal) is gebruik as finansiële maatstaf vir die
meet van die winsgewendheid van eike wisselboustelsel, soos geïmplementeer op die tipiese plaas. Wisselboustelsels met kanola en lupien saam met koring toon goeie
finansiële resultate, terwyl stelsels met weidingsgewasse en koring oor die algemeen
meer winsgewend vertoon as koringmonokultuur.Na verwagting behoort die stelsel waar
koring en medics/klawennengsel afgewissel word, die beste te vaar ten opsigte van
winsgewendheid.
|
8 |
The effect of crop rotation and tillage practice on soil moisture, nitrogen mineralisation, growth, development, yield and quality of wheat produced in the Swartland area of South AfricaWiese, Jacobus Daniel 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was done during 2010 and 2011 as a component study within a long-term
crop rotation/soil tillage trial that was started in 2007 at the Langgewens Research
Farm near Moorreesburg in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The aim of
this study was to determine the effect of crop rotation and soil tillage on the soil
moisture content, mineral-N levels of the soil, leaf area index, chlorophyll content of
the flag leaf, biomass production, grain yield and grain quality of spring wheat
(Triticum aestivum L).
The experimental layout was a randomised complete block design with a split-plot
treatment design replicated four times. Wheat monoculture (WWWW), lupin-wheatcanola-
wheat (LWCW) and wheat-medic (McWMcW) crop rotation systems were
included in this study and allocated to main plots. This study was confined to wheat
after medic/clover, wheat after canola and wheat monoculture. Each main plot
was subdivided into four sub-plots allocated to four tillage treatments namely:
Zero-till (ZT) – soil left undisturbed until planting with a star-wheel planter
No-till (NT) – soil left undisturbed until planting and then planted with a no-till planter
Minimum-till (MT) – soil scarified March/April and then planted with a no-till planter
Conventional-till (CT) – soil scarified March/April, then ploughed and planted with a
no-till planter.
Soil samples were collected every two weeks from just before planting until before
harvest, from which gravimetric soil moisture and total mineral-N (NO3--N and NH4+-N)
were determined. Plant samples were collected every four weeks until anthesis,
starting four weeks after emergence. From these leaf area index and dry-matter
production were determined. Chlorophyll content and light interception were
measured at anthesis. At the end of the growing season the total biomass, grain
yield and grain quality was determined.
Crop rotations which included medics (McWMcW) or canola/lupins (LWCW) led to
higher mineral-N content of the soil at the start of the 2011 growing season when
compared to wheat monoculture, but did not have an effect on soil moisture.
Conservation tillage (minimum- and no-till) practices resulted in higher soil moisture
whilst conventional-till resulted in the highest mineral-N content for 2010. There was however no differences in mineral-N content between tillage methods for 2011,
whilst soil moisture content was affected in the same way as the previous year.
Both crop rotation and tillage influenced crop development and biomass
production. In general, increased soil disturbance together with wheat after medics
and wheat after canola resulted in better development of the wheat crop with
regards to dry matter production and leaf area index. The positive effect of medic
and canola rotations was also evident on chlorophyll content and light interception.
Grain yield was positively influenced by wheat after medics and wheat after canola,
with both systems out-yielding wheat monoculture in 2010 and 2011. Minimum- and
no-till resulted in the highest grain yield in both years. Crop rotation and tillage
practice showed no clear trends with regards to grain quality. This illustrated the
important effect of environmental conditions during grain-filling.
Environmental factors such as rainfall and temperature had significant effects in
both years of the study, but the importance and advantages of crop rotation,
especially with a legume crop such as medics included, was evident even though
this component study was done early in terms of the long-term study. The positive
effect of implementing conservation tillage practices such as minimum- and no-till
were also clearly shown in results obtained throughout this experiment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is gedurende 2010 en 2011 uitgevoer as ‘n deelstudie van ‘n langtermyn
grondbewerking- en wisselbouproef op die Langgewens proefplaas naby
Moorreesburg in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie
was om die effek van grondbewerking en wisselbou op grondvog, minerale stikstof
in die grond, blaaroppervlakindeks, chlorofilinhoud van die blare, graanopbrengs en
-kwaliteit van lente koring (Triticum aestivum L) te kwantifiseer.
Die eksperiment is uitgelê as ‘n volledig lukrake blokontwerp met ‘n verdeelde
perseel ontwerp met vier herhalings. Wisselboustelsels wat aan hoofpersele
toegeken is sluit koring monokultuur (WWWW), lupien-koring-kanola-koring (LWCW)
en medic-koring (McWMcW) in. Grondbewerking is toegeken aan subpersele. Die
grondbewerkingsbehandelings het ingeslui:
Zero-bewerking (ZT) – die grond is onversteurd gelaat en koring is met ‘n
sterwielplanter geplant, Geen-bewerking (NT) – die grond is onversteur gelaat tot en
met planttyd waar koring met ‘n geenbewerking (no-till) planter geplant is,
Minimum-bewerking (MT) – die grond is in Maart/April met ‘n tandimplement bewerk
en met ‘n geen-bewerking planter geplant, Konvensionele-bewerking (CT) – die
grond is in Maart/April met ‘n tandimplement bewerk die grond is in Maar/April
geploeg met ‘n skaarploeg en met ‘n geenbewerking planter geplant.
Grondmonsters is elke twee weke versamel van net voor plant tot net voor oes.
Vanaf die versamelde monsters is die grondwaterinhoud grawimetries bepaal en
ook die totale minerale stikstofinhoud (NO3--N en NH4+-N). Plantmonsters is
vierweekliks versamel beginnende vier weke na opkoms tot en met antese.
Blaaroppervlakindeks en biomassaproduksie is bepaal. Die chlorofilinhoud en
ligonderskepping is tydens antese bepaal. Aan die einde van die groeiseisoen is
totale biomassa, graan opbrengs asook graankwaliteit bepaal.
Wisselboustelsels, wat medics (McWMcW) of kanola/lupine (LWCW) ingesluit het, het
‘n hoër minerale stikstofinhoud aan die begin van die 2011 groeiseisoen getoon.
Wisselbou het egter geen effek op grondvog gehad nie. Minimum- en geenbewerking
het ‘n hoër grondvoginhoud tot gevolg gehad, terwyl die persele onder
konvensionele bewerking ‘n hoër minerale stikstof inhoud gehad het in 2010. In 2011
was daar geen verskille in die minerale stikstofinhoud tussen verskillende die bewerkingsmetodes nie en grondvog gedurende 2011 is op dieselfde wyse as in
2010 beïnvloed.
Beide wisselbou en bewerkingsmetode het ‘n invloed gehad op gewasontwikkeling
en biomassaproduksie. Die algemene tendens was dat, soos grondversteuring
toegeneem het in die koring na medics en koring na kanola, het beter
gewasontwikkeling plaasgeving met betrekking tot droëmassaproduksie en
blaaroppervlakindeks. Die positiewe effek van wisselbou is ook waargeneem in die
chlorofilinhoud van die blare en die ligonderskeppingspotensiaal van die blaredak.
Graanopbrengs is positief beïnvloed deur die wisselboustelsel, met beide koring na
medics en koring na kanola wat hoër graanopbrengste as koring monokultuur vir
beide jare gelewer het. Die hoogste graanobrengs is ook gekry onder die minimumen
geen-bewerkingsbehandelings vir 2010 en 2011. Wisselbou en
bewerkingsmetodes het geen duidelike invloed op koringkwaliteit gehad nie. Dit is
‘n weerspieëling van die belangrike invloed van omgewingsfaktore gedurende die
korrelvulstadium van koring. Omgewingsfaktore soos reënval en temperatuur het betekenisvolle effekte in beide
jare van die studie gehad, maar die belang van ‘n wisselbou wat ‘n stikstofbinder
soos medics insluit, was reeds in hierdie vroeë stadiums van die langtermynproef
opvallend. Die positiewe effek van minimum- en geen-bewerking was ook duidelik
sigbaar gedurende die verloop van die studie. / The Western Cape Agricultural Trust for the opportunity and the finances to do this
study
|
9 |
Swartland social development policy and strategyHoltzhausen, Marguerite 03 1900 (has links)
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research question answered by this study is what policy and strategy would give the necessary direction to Swartland Municipality’s (SM’s) social development programmes to maximise its impact on the social well-being of the community? The motivation for the study is the need to prioritise social development projects in order to improve effectiveness and efficiency in this field. The methodology used was a qualitative study by means of a conceptual analysis of the term social development, a literature study of international, national and local legislation and policies as well as group interviews with internal and external stakeholders.
Social development was defined for the purposes of this study as the process of strengthening the relationships/ partnerships and linkages between people, resources and/or systems within the scope of poverty reduction, expansion of employment opportunities and social integration, with the goal to achieve well-being for individuals, groups and/or communities. Furthermore a literature study explored relevant legislation and policy documents to give clarity on the municipality’s role of social development. Main findings were that the SA Constitution as supreme law, clearly states the municipal objective is to promote social development and states four functions that relate to social development namely child facilities, basic infrastructure, public amenities and sports facilities. Furthermore social development functions in all municipal departments need to co-ordinate to maximise social development resources. Lastly the municipality’s social development programmes must be supplementary and supportive to the work of the Department of Social Development.
Furthermore, engagements were held with internal and external stakeholders of Swartland Municipality and the strategic direction was determined by means of a vision, mission and strategic focus areas. The vision identified is: We build and create sustainable social development partnerships with all our people for strengthening the social fabric of the Swartland community. The social development mission is: We initiate, build and promote social development opportunities with the focus on sustainability, which specifically refers to financial viability in the long term, forming partnerships with the community and service providers, not harming the environment and operating within legal powers and functions.
Five strategic focus areas flowing from the vision and mission were identified. To promote collaboration and co-ordination is the pivotal focus area. Social development has to be co-ordinated by means of a social development forum represented of all sectors (government, NGO, faith-based, business, agriculture). The other focus areas were: promoting child development/establishing child facilities, lobbying for the vulnerable, facilitating access to the economy and promoting youth development. The impact of service delivery according to the five focus areas must be measured in totality by means of the Human Development Index and reflected in the integrated development plan.
|
10 |
Effect of climate and soil water status on Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines in the Swartland region with special reference to sugar loading and anthocyanin biosynthesisMehmel, Tara Olivia, Van Heerden, Tara Olivia 23 November 2010 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosach, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cabernet Sauvignon, the most planted red wine cultivar in South Africa, is prone to vigorous
growth with low yields. The aim of the study was to describe how Cabernet Sauvignon
grapevines react to climate and irrigation within the Swartland region. Such knowledge would
assist growers in decisions regarding long term as well as short term cultivation practices. This
study was part of a larger project carried out by the Infruitec-Nietvoorbij institute of the
Agricultural Research Council at Stellenbosch to determine effects of soil type and climate on
yield and wine quality of Cabernet Sauvignon. The larger project was carried out in selected
grape growing regions, i.e. Stellenbosch, Swartland, Lower Olifants River and Lower Orange
River.
Due to the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, the study area in the Swartland region could
be divided into two climatic regions for viticulture. Grapevines near Philadelphia closer to the
ocean experienced less water constraints compared to those further inland near Wellington.
Variation in stem water potential could also be related to soil water matric potential. Climate
tended to have a more pronounced effect on the grapevine response to water constraints
further inland than closer to the ocean. Vegetative growth, berry size and yield depended on
water constraints experienced by the grapevines. In the warmer climate, severe constraints
reduced yield.
In the warmer climate, grapes started to ripen earlier than those in the cooler climate.
Sugar concentration (mg/mL) was highest where grapevines experienced moderate water
constraints. These seemingly balanced grapevines had the highest sugar accumulation,
probably due to optimum photosynthesis and carbohydrate utilization. Low water constraints
increased vegetative growth which could have been a sink for sugar loading. In addition to
sugar loading, degree Balling (°B) increases could also have been due to a concentration effect
where water constraints reduced berry volume. Therefore, °B is probably not a representative
indicator of grapevine functioning.
Anthocyanin biosynthesis, as quantified on a per berry basis, showed that sugar and
anthocyanin could be co-regulated, with anthocyanin biosynthesis reaching a plateau when the
sugar content per berry reached 200 mg/mL to 220 mg/mL. At véraison, the most intense grape
colour occurred where grapevines experienced moderate water constraints, i.e. single drip line
at Wellington and no irrigation at Philadelphia. However, at harvest grapes from the cooler
climate tended to have more intense colour and higher phenolics, indicating that lower
temperatures favoured anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results supported earlier findings that
grapevine water status influences berry volume and dynamics of berry ripening.
Water constraints tended to increase sensorial wine colour intensity, as well as wine
fullness. Moderate water constraints at both localities resulted in the best sensorial wine quality.
Yet there were indications that too severe water constraints could be detrimental to wine quality. Irrigation can be used to manipulate grapevine growth in warmer climates, but might be less
effective in cooler climates. In warmer climates, moderate water constraints required to achieve
balanced grapevine functioning can be obtained with single drip irrigation, but this might not be
the case in cooler climates. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Cabernet Sauvignon, die mees aangeplante rooiwynkultivar in Suid-Afrika, is geneig tot kragtige
groei met lae opbrengste. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om te beskryf hoe Cabernet
Sauvignon-wingerdstokke reageer op klimaat en besproeiing in die Swartland-streek. Hierdie
kennis sal kwekers help wanneer hulle besluite moet neem oor langtermyn sowel as korttermyn
verbouingspraktyke. Hierdie studie was deel van ‘n groter projek deur die Infruitec-Nietvoorbij
Instituut van die Landbounavorsingsraad op Stellenbosch om die effekte van grondtipe en
klimaat op die opbrengs en wynkwaliteit van Cabernet Sauvignon te bepaal. Die groter projek is
in geselekteerde wingerdverbouingstreke uitgevoer, nl. Stellenbosch, Swartland, Benede
Olifantsrivier en Benede Oranjerivier.
As gevolg van die nabyheid daarvan aan die Atlantiese Oseaan kon die studiegebied in
die Swartland-streek in twee klimaatstreke vir wingerdbou verdeel word. Wingerdstokke by
Philadelphia, wat nader aan die oseaan is, het minder waterstremming ervaar as dié verder
binnelands naby Wellington. Veranderinge in stamwaterpotensiaal hou moontlik ook verband
met die grondwater- matrikspotensiaal. Klimaat het ‘n groter effek op die reaksie van die
wingerdstok op waterstremming verder binnelands as nader aan die oseaan. Vegetatiewe groei,
korrelgrootte en opbrengs was afhanklik van die waterstremminge wat deur die wingerdstokke
ervaar is. In die warmer klimaat het die ernstige stremminge opbrengs verminder.
In die warmer klimaat begin druiwe vroeër ryp word as in die koeler klimaat.
Suikerkonsentrasie (mg/ml) was die hoogste waar wingerde matige waterstremming ervaar het.
Hierdie skynbaar gebalanseerde wingerdstokke het die hoogste suikerakkumulasie vertoon,
moontlik as gevolg van optimum fotosintese en koolhidraatverbruik. Lae waterstremming het
vegetatiewe groei verhoog, wat ook ‘n vraagpunt vir suikerlading kon wees. Benewens
suikerlading kon verhogings in grade Balling (°B) ook moontlik aan ‘n konsentrasie-effek
toegeskryf word in terme waarvan waterstremming die korrelvolume verminder het. °B is dus
moontlik nie ‘n verteenwoordigende indikator van wingerdstokfunksionering nie.
Antosianienbiosintese, soos gekwantifiseer op ‘n per-korrel basis, het getoon dat suiker
en antosianien saam gereguleer kon word, en dat antosianienbiosintese ‘n plato bereik het
wanneer die suikerinhoud per korrel 200 mg/mL tot 220 mg/mL was. By deurslaan het die mees
intense druifkleur voorgekom waar die wingerdstokke matige waterstremming ervaar het, d.w.s.
enkel druplyn op Wellington en geen besproeiing op Philadelphia. Teen oes was die druiwe in
die koeler klimate egter geneig om meer intense kleur en meer fenole te bevat, wat aandui dat
laer temperature antosianienbiosintese bevoordeel. Hierdie resultate ondersteun vroeër
bevindings dat die waterstatus van die wingerdstok ‘n invloed op korrelvolume en die dinamika
van korrelrypwording het.
Waterstremming neig om die sensoriese wynkleurintensiteit te verhoog, asook die
volheid van die wyn. Matige waterstremming op beide liggings het aanleiding gegee tot die beste sensoriese wynkwaliteit. Tog was daar aanduidings dat waterstremming wat te straf was,
nadelig kon wees vir wynkwaliteit. Besproeiing kan gebruik word om wingerdgroei in warmer
klimate te manipuleer, maar is moontlik minder effektief in koeler klimate. In warmer klimate kan
die matige waterstremming wat benodig is vir gebalanseerde wingerdstokfunksionering, verkry
word deur enkel drupbesproeiing, maar dit is moontlik nie die geval in koeler klimate nie.
|
Page generated in 0.0874 seconds