One of the greatest challenges in nonlinear optics microscopy is the search for new contrast mechanisms. This is one of the reasons of the increasing interest in polarimetric nonlinear optics in the last couple of decades. In this work we have explored the potential of four-wave mixing in probing vibrational and structural symmetries in molecular media. In particular, we have been concerned with coherent Raman scattering (CRS), either at resonance or not. We have developed a theoretical model allowing to determine the structures of the susceptibility tensors from symmetry considerations, involving both the spatial structure of the medium and the vibration of specific molecular modes. Experimental results on isotropic sample, crystals and biomolecular assemblies were successfully achieved. Polarimetric measurements at resonance provide information on the symmetry of the addressed vibrational modes and on departure from Kleinman symmetry conditions. Nonresonant polarimetric measurements are able to reveal departure from isotropy in cubic crystals and the symmetry order and orientation of molecular distribution in biomolecular assemblies, such as collagen fibers. In particular, we have shown that higher-order molecular symmetries can only be probed by high-order nonlinear optical processes. Finally, this work has demonstrated the great potential of polarimetric four-wave mixing as a powerful contrast mechanism, providing structural selectivity in microscopy imaging. When it is further associated with a resonant process (such as CRS), it provides also chemical selectivity, allowing a complete description of the sample, involving both structural and vibrational symmetries.