Spa building as a symbiotic organism of the park. Principle pouring mass between the trees comes from finding intimacy important for the spa, and the genius loci of the park. The dialogue and the interpenetration of interior and exterior, walking in the park and inside the building, the play of light and vistas are the subject of this work, which produces organic architecture, not as a mere form, but as a result of a thorough analysis of the Site. Park becomes part of the building, creating green bays, thanks to which all the rooms gain the same qualities. Architecture defined by the flow of air and light, scent of spa water. Visitation of the spa as an irreducible complex of impressions that stimulate our senses.

Microorganisms interact frequently with each other and with higher organisms. This contact and communication takes place at the molecular level. Microbial interactions with eukaryotes can be pathogenic or mutualistic. One of the best-studied symbioses is the complex interaction between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria, termed rhizobia, and legumes. This symbiosis culminates in the elaboration of a new organ, the root nodule. Many of the molecular signals exchanged between the host plant and the invading rhizobia have been deduced, but there is still much that remains to be discovered. The molecular determinant of host range at the genus level of the plant host has been determined to be lipochitooligomers called Nod factors. The molecular determinants of host range at the species and cultivar level are less well-defined. Part of my work has been to identify and characterize accessory plasmids that disrupt the normal progression of symbiosis between legumes of the genus Medicago and their rhizobial symbiont, Sinorhizobium meliloti. A cre--loxP-based system capable of making large, defined deletions was developed for the analysis of these plasmids. This system is also being employed to cure the laboratory strain, S. meliloti Rm1021 of its two megaplasmids-a loss of nearly half of its genome. I have also done work to determine whether locally-collected sinorhizobia are native, invasive, or native with symbiosis genes acquired horizontally from invasive sinorhizobia. Finally, I have studied Sinorhizobium meliloti as a host by identifying an outer membrane porin that several bacteriophages use to adsorb to the S. meliloti cell surface.

La machinerie pour l’exploitation des ressources minérales qui se trouvent au fond des océans est déjà opérationnelle et la délivrance de permis miniers est imminente malgré d’inquiétantes lacunes de connaissances sur ces écosystèmes. En effet, dans une optique de sauvegarde, il est particulièrement important de mieux connaître les processus clés de l’écologie des profondeurs. Quelles sont les conséquences évolutives de la symbiose si répandue dans les écosystèmes profonds? Comment les sources hydrothermales sont-elles connectées? Quelles adaptations permettent la résilience des espèces endémiques de ces milieux? Dans le Pacifique est, la faune hydrothermale est caractérisée par de denses populations de palourdes de la famille Vesicomyidae et de vers polychètes tubicoles qui servent de niche à une multitude d'autres espèces. Ces deux groupes d'invertébrés dépendent pour leur nutrition de bactéries symbiotiques chimiolithotrophes. Celles-ci sont directement transmises de génération en génération chez les palourdes, et acquises de novo à partir de sources environnementales chez les vers. De plus, les vers possèdent une grande plasticité phénotypique associée aux conditions environnementales très variées (en terme de température, d’oxygène et de concentration de minéraux) dans lesquelles ils se retrouvent. Du fait du contraste dans leurs mode de transmission des symbiotes, de leur distribution étendue, et de leur rôle écologique important, ces deux groupes taxonomiques sont un excellent modèle pour étudier l’évolution, la connectivité et la résilience dans les écosystèmes marins profonds basés sur la chimiosynthèse. Ainsi, les objectifs de ma thèse sont de 1) déterminer les conséquences du mode de transmission des symbiotes sur leur évolution, 2) comparer la connectivité inter-sources entre les populations d’hôtes et de symbiotes, et 3) caractériser la méthylation de l'ADN chez les polychètes des sources hydrothermales et déterminer si ce mécanisme épigénétique joue un rôle adaptatif important. Ces objectifs sont abordés dans trois études indépendantes qui révèlent que 1) des processus à la fois neutres et sélectifs façonnent les génomes des symbiotes bactériens, 2) les populations de symbiotes bactériens dans les cheminées hydrothermales ne sont pas panmictiques mais sont influencées par des modèles locaux de connectivité, et 3) la méthylation de l'ADN est un mécanisme important d'adaptation dans les grands fonds marins. Ultimement, ces études permettent d'établir des lignes directrices en matière de conservation pour les opérations minières, et aident à l’établissement d’aires marines protégées. / The mining industry is ready to exploit the mineral resources lying on the seafloor and the issuing of mining permits is imminent despite concerning knowledge gaps about the key evolutionary and ecological processes at play in these ecosystems. What are the evolutionary consequences of symbioses which are ubiquitous in deep-sea benthic ecosystems? How are chemosynthetic-based ecosystems connected? What kind of adaptations enable the resilience of vent endemic species to their extreme environment? In the eastern Pacific, chemosynthetic-based communities are characterized by dense aggregations of vesicomyid clams (in hydrocarbon seeps) or tubeworms (in hydrothermal vents) both of which offer habitat for many other species. Both invertebrates rely on chemolithotrophic bacteria for their nutrition. In the clams these symbionts are transmitted directly to the next generation through the eggs whereas in the tubeworms the symbionts are acquired de novo from the environment. The tubeworms also display striking phenotypic plasticity according to the physico-chemical conditions of their habitat. Because of their contrasting symbiont transmission mode, extended distribution, and ecological significance, these two taxonomic groups constitute an excellent model to study evolution, connectivity, and resilience in deep-sea chemosynthetic-based ecosystems. Thus, the objective of my thesis are to 1) identify the consequences of symbiont transmission mode on their evolution, 2) compare host and symbiont populations connectivity, and 3) characterize DNA methylation in deep-sea polychaetes and assess whether this epigenetic mechanism could explain their resilience. These objectives were addressed in three independent studies which revealed that 1) both neutral and selective processes participate in shaping the genomes of bacterial symbionts, 2) the populations of bacterial symbionts in hydrothermal vents are not panmictic but are influenced by local patterns of connectivity, and 3) DNA methylation is an important mechanism of adaptation in the deep-sea. Ultimately, these studies provide conservation guidelines for mining operations and help with the establishment of marine protected areas.

Climate and agricultural practice interact to influence both crop production and soil microbes in agroecosystems. Here, we carried out a unique experiment in Central Germany to simultaneously investigate the effects of climates (ambient climate vs. future climate expected in 50–70 years), agricultural practices (conventional vs. organic farming), and their interaction on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inside wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots. AMF communities were characterized using Illumina sequencing of 18S rRNA gene amplicons. We showed that climatic conditions and agricultural practices significantly altered total AMF community composition. Conventional farming significantly affected the AMF community and caused a decline in AMF richness. Factors shaping AMF community composition and richness at family level differed greatly among Glomeraceae, Gigasporaceae and Diversisporaceae. An interactive impact of climate and agricultural practices was detected in the community composition of Diversisporaceae. Organic farming mitigated the negative effect of future climate and promoted total AMF and Gigasporaceae richness. AMF richness was significantly linked with nutrient content of wheat grains under both agricultural practices.

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Symbiosis has been an important factor in evolution, and continues to drive speciation and allows organisms to fill new ecological niches. Symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit from the association, or mutualisms, are ubiquitous in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Many of the symbionts in these associations are photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria that fix carbon through photosynthesis and translocate a portion of this energy to their hosts. Host organisms utilize this fixed carbon for a variety of physiological processes, including growth and development, thus, photosynthetically-fixed carbon is vital for many hosts. The following chapters will describe carbon fixation and translocation in two algal symbioses: the freshwater association between the alga Oophila and the eggs of Ambystoma maculatum salmanders, and the relationship between the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium and marine zoanthids. These chapters will discuss carbon flux in symbiosis, and reveal some of the ways in which environmental factors alter photosynthesis in algal mutualisms. / Biology