The pyrrole imidazole alkaloids (PIA) is an ever-growing family of structurally related natural products isolated from several species of sponges which now features more than one hundred memebrs. Their complex molecular architectures, and in some cases, significant biological activities, have made these alkaloids the synthetic targets of a number of research groups across the world. In our approach, following early biosynthetic proposal by Kinnel and Scheuer and Al-Mourabit and Potier, it was envisioned that several of these alkaloids, namely palau’amine, axinellamine, konbu’acidin, styloguanidine and massadine, could be derived from a common chlorocyclopentane precursor through different modes of intramolecular cyclization. Building on the work done previously in our research group by Dr. Anja Dilley, Dr. Paul Dransfield, and Dr. Shaohui Wang, my investigations led to the synthesis of the angular aza-triquinane core of axinellamine and the peculiar transazabicyclo[ 3.3.0]octane core of palau’amine. In my further studies mono- and bis-pyrrole advanced intermediates were synthesized that contain the complete carbon framework of the target natural products. However, attempts to induce the pivotal, potentially biomimetic cyclizations expected to deliver the cores of the target alkaloids proved to be rather challenging, resulting in inconsistent and irreproducible results and leading to the exploration of an alternative, “abiotic” approach. My efforts in this direction resulted in the synthesis of a pentacyclic enamine precursor to styloguanidine and a pentacyclic carbinolamine suitable for the synthesis of palau’amine. Final attempts to complete the target natural products were however unsuccessful.

This thesis describes the chemical investigations of several ascidian species collected from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. The thesis is divided into two separate components, Part A focuses on the isolation and structure elucidation of 11 previously undescribed ascidian metabolites. All structures were assigned using a combination of spectroscopic and/or chemical methods. Part B relates to the isolation and chemical conversion of a natural product to a combinatorial template. The natural product template was subsequently used in the generation of a solution-phase combinatorial chemistry library. A further two combinatorial libraries were generated from a synthesised model compound that was related to the natural product template. Part A. Investigation of Aplidium longithorax collected from the Swains Reefs resulted in the isolation of two new para-substituted cyclofarnesylated quinone derived compounds, longithorones J (30) and K (31). The former compound had its absolute stereochemistry determined by the advanced Mosher method. From an Aplidium longithorax collected from Heron Island, two new cyclofarnesylated hydroquinone compounds, longithorols C (46) and D (47) and a novel macrocyclic chromenol, longithorol E (48) were isolated. Longithorol C (46) had its absolute stereochemistry determined by the advanced Mosher method. Chemical investigation of the deep-purple colonial ascidian, Didemnum chartaceum collected from Swains Reefs led to the isolation of five new lamellarin alkaloids, which included the 20-sulfated derivatives of lamellarins B (94), C (95) and L (96), the 8-sulfated derivative of lamellarin G (97) and the non-sulfated compound, lamellarin Z (98). The known lamellarins A (63), B (80), C (64), E (65), G (67), and L (71) plus the triacetate derivatives of lamellarin D (82) and N (83) were also isolated. An aberration in the integration of signals in the 1H NMR spectra of the 20-sulfated derivatives (94-96) led to NMR relaxation studies. T1 values were calculated for all protons in the sulfated lamellarins (94-97) and their corresponding non-sulfated derivatives (80, 64, 71, 67). The protons ortho to the sulfate group in compounds (94-97) had T1 values up to five times larger than the corresponding protons in their non-sulfated derivatives (80, 64, 71, 67). A specimen of Eudistoma anaematum collected from Heron Island was shown to contain a new b-carboline alkaloid, eudistomin V (130), in addition to the two known metabolites, eudistomin H (105) and I (106). Part B. The known natural products, 1,3-diphenethylurea (29), 1,3-dimethylxanthine (30), 1,3-dimethylisoguanine (31) and the salts of tambjamine C (16), E (18) and F (19) were isolated from the ascidian, Sigillina signifera collected in Blue Lagoon, Lizard Island. Base hydrolysis on mixtures of the salts of tambjamine C (16), E (18) and F (19) resulted in the production of 4-methoxy-2,2-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde (26). This natural product template (26) was used in the generation of an enamine combinatorial chemistry library (98, 103-111) using solution-phase parallel synthesis. The biaryl compound, 4-(2-thienyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (59) was successfully synthesised using Suzuki-Miyaura coupling conditions and subsequently used as a template in the generation of an amine (67, 77, 80-87) and imine (78, 92-95) combinatorial library using solution-phase parallel synthesis.

Orientador: Lúcia Helena Brito Baptistella / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T19:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Avanzi_ClaudiadeJesusAguiar_M.pdf: 7514328 bytes, checksum: 45b623664e84c807b0d4d3a0a9b9b5b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A natureza é uma rica fonte de moléculas estruturalmente diversas, capa-zes de exercer os mais variados efeitos biológicos, e por isso, de grande valor farmacológico, que têm inspirado a confecção de novas drogas não-naturais, potencialmente mais efetivas que as de origem. Num contexto mais amplo, o estudo visou a utilização de moléculas simples e abundantes na natureza, como os terpenos R-(-)-linalol (1) e a-(-)-bisabolol (2), para a síntese de outras mais elaboradas, como o acetato do (1S)-1-hidróxi-óxido de bisabolol A (3), sesquiterpeno com conhecida atividade antimalária, e de derivados análogos. Na maioria dos casos, a etapa principal seria o preparo de sistemas tetraidropiranos (THP's) 2,2,3,6,6-pentassubstituídos, idênticos ou análogos ao anel THP de 3, inicialmente utilizando reações de cicloeterificação da cadeia lateral hidroxílica ?,d-insaturada desses terpenos, ativada como um epóxido, sob catálise de ácidos de Lewis impedidos. Em estudos com o linalol R-(-)-1, os éteres cíclicos THP's foram obtidos em bons rendimentos e em alta regios-seletividade quando a epoxidação da olefina em posição ?,d em relação à hidroxila foi feita com reagente de Shi e a cicloeterificação dos álcoois bisho-moepóxidos com triflato de triisopropilsilil (TIPSOTf). Aplicada ao bisabolol (-)-a-2, em oposição às nossas expectativas, a metodologia não alcançou resul-tados satisfatórios, sendo verificada a formação de diversos produtos, principalmente derivados tetraidrofuranos (THF's), onde se observou o efeito do grupo volumoso p-mentânico de (-)-a-2 na seletividade para produtos de ciclização 5-exo-tet. Em menor extensão, comparativamente às reações do linalol, foi também possível a obtenção de anéis THP's do bisabolol com o uso de triflatos de silício impedidos na etapa de ciclização. Após estas constações, alguns métodos alternativos testados sobre (-)-a-2 foram conduzidos, visando o preparo estereosseletivo de intermediários epóxi-álcoois, mas não foram bem sucedidos, fato atribuido à baixa seletividade dos agentes oxidantes e/ou ineficiência de tamponamento, com ciclizações espontâneas para sistemas THF's. Uma série de outros produtos puderam ser isolados e identificados. Teste de oxidação alílica sobre o derivado THP de (-)-a-2 com o complexo CrO3/3,5-dimetilpirazol forneceu indícios de produto regioisomérico ao desejado. Paralelamente, de posse dos derivados THP's de R-(-)-1, estudos em reações de cicloadição [4+2] foram conduzidos, utilizando-os como dienófilos em presença de silil ceteno acetais conjugados como dienos. Infelizmente, tanto os estudos efetuados nesses casos quanto com outros dienos ricos em elétrons foram insuficientes para se chegar ao cicloadutos de Diels-Alder desejados. Alguns resultados permitiram sugestões, mas que ainda necessitam de melhor investigação. Adicionalmente, foram efetuadas análises biológicas de alguns dos com-postos sintetizados, sendo que dois deles exibiram promissora atividade de inibição de proteínas tirosina fosfatases (PTPs) / Abstract: Nature is a rich source of structurally diverse molecules, able to exercise the most varied biological effects, and therefore of pharmacological value, which have inspired the design of new non-natural drugs, potentially more effective than those of origin. In a broader context, this investigation aimed at the use of simple molecules, abundant in nature, such as the terpenes R-(-)-linalool (1) and a-(-)-bisabolol (2), for the synthesis of other more elaborated, such as the (1S)-1-hydroxy-bisabolol oxide A acetate (3), a sesquiterpene with well-known antimalarial activity, and similar derivatives. In most cases, the key step was the preparation of the 2,2,3,6,6-pentasubstituted tetrahydropiran systems (THP's), identical or similar to the THP ring of 3, using regioselective cyclization reactions of the hydroxylic ?,d-unsaturated portion of these terpenes, activated as an epoxide and catalysed by hindered Lewis acids. THP's cyclic ethers from linalool R-(-)-1 were obtained in good yields and high regioselectivity when the ?,d-hydroxy olefin was submitted to the Shi epoxidation and cycloetherification of the corresponding bishomoepoxy alcohols with triisopropylsilyl triflate (TIPSOTf). Applied to the (-)-a-2, in contrast to our expectations, the methodology has not achieved satisfactory results, leading to several sesquiterpene analogues, with tetrahydrofuran derivatives (THF's) as major products, where it was recognized the effect of the bulky p-menthane group of (-)-a-2 on the selectivity for 5-exo-tet cyclization products. At small extention, when compared to linalool reactions, cyclization with sterically bulkier silyl triflates leads to desired THP's rings of bisabolol. Some alternative methods were also performed envisaging the preparation of hydroxy-epoxide intermediates from (-)-a-2 in a stereoselective manner, but they have not been successful, and it was attributed to low selectivity of the oxidizing agents and/or buffer inefficacy, leading to THF's systems by spontaneous cyclization reactions. A number of others products could be isolated and identified. Allylic oxidation essays on the THP derivatives of (-)-a-2 performed with CrO3/3,5-dimethylpyrazole complex provided evidences to afford a regioisomeric product of the expected one. At the same time, studies on [4+2] cycloaddition reactions with the THP's derivatives of R-(-)-1 were conducted, employing then as dienophiles in the presence of conjugated silyl ketene acetals as dienes. Unfortunately, all our efforts were not sufficient to provide the Diels-Alder cycloadducts, neither then other electron rich dienes were used. A better investigation of these cycloaddition reactions is still necessary. Additionally, biological enzymatic essays of two compounds obtained in this research project displayed promising inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestra em Química

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