The diploma thesis deals with a proposal of a marketing strategy for a company which develops and implements an information system. Based on collected theoretical groundwork and on the analysis of current state of the company, a new marketing strategy was proposed in order to obtain new customers.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering / Don Gruenbacher / Caterina Scoglio / Cyber physical systems emerge when physical systems are integrated with communication networks. In particular, communication networks facilitate dissemination of data among components of physical systems to meet key requirements, such as efficiency and reliability, in achieving an objective. In this dissertation, we consider one of the most important cyber physical systems: the smart grid. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) envisions a smart grid that aggressively explores advance communication network solutions to facilitate real-time monitoring and dynamic control of the bulk electric power system. At the distribution level, the smart grid integrates renewable generation and energy storage mechanisms to improve reliability of the grid. Furthermore, dynamic pricing and demand management provide customers an avenue to interact with the power system to determine electricity usage that satisfies their lifestyle. At the transmission level, efficient communication and a highly automated architecture provide visibility in the power system; hence, faults are mitigated faster than they can propagate. However, higher levels of reliability and efficiency rely on the supporting physical communication infrastructure and the network technologies employed. Conventionally, the topology of the communication network tends to be identical to that of the power network. In this dissertation, however, we employ a Demand Response (DR) application to illustrate that a topology that may be ideal for the power network may not necessarily be ideal for the communication network. To develop this illustration, we realize that communication network issues, such as congestion, are addressed by protocols, middle-ware, and software mechanisms. Additionally, a network whose physical topology is designed to avoid congestion realizes an even higher level of performance. For this reason, characterizing the communication infrastructure of smart grids provides mechanisms to improve performance while minimizing cost. Most recently, algebraic connectivity has been used in the ongoing research effort characterizing the robustness of networks to failures and attacks. Therefore, we first derive analytical methods for increasing algebraic connectivity and validate these methods numerically. Secondly, we investigate impact on the topology and traffic characteristics as algebraic connectivity is increased. Finally, we construct a DR application to demonstrate how concepts from graph theory can dramatically improve the performance of a communication network. With a hybrid simulation of both power and communication network, we illustrate that a topology which may be ideal for the power network may not necessarily be ideal for the communication network. To date, utility companies are embracing network technologies such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) because of the available support for legacy devices, traffic engineering, and virtual private networks (VPNs) which are essential to the functioning of the smart grid. Furthermore, this particular network technology meets the requirement of non-routability as stipulated by NERC, but these benefits are costly for the infrastructure that supports the full MPLS specification. More importantly, with MPLS routing and other switching technologies, innovation is restricted to the features provided by the equipment. In particular, no practical method exists for utility consultants or researchers to test new ideas, such as alternatives to IP or MPLS, on a realistic scale in order to obtain the experience and confidence necessary for real-world deployments. As a result, novel ideas remain untested. On the contrary, OpenFlow, which has gained support from network providers such as Microsoft and Google and equipment vendors such as NEC and Cisco, provides the programmability and flexibility necessary to enable innovation in next-generation communication architectures for the smart grid. This level of flexibility allows OpenFlow to provide all features of MPLS and allows OpenFlow devices to co-exist with existing MPLS devices. Therefore, in this dissertation we explore a low-cost OpenFlow Software Defined Networking solution and compare its performance to that of MPLS. In summary, we develop methods for designing robust networks and evaluate software defined networking for communication and control in cyber physical systems where the smart grid is the system under consideration.

&ldquo / Numerically Controlled&rdquo / (NC) machine tools, which are automatically operated by encoded (digital) commands, are capable of machining components with quality and quantity. Manufacturing industry heavily depends on these machines. Many different control architectures have been adapted in today&rsquo / s CNC technology. Centralized control system is quite popular in industry due to its ease of implementation. If the number of controlled axes on a CNC machine tool (&gt / 3), increases so does the computational burden on the central processors. Hence, more powerful processors are needed. An alternative architecture, which is not commonly used in CNC technology, is the decentralized (distributed) control. In this topology, the tasks handled by the distributed controllers that are interconnected to each other by a communication network. As the need arises, a new controller can be added easily to the network without augmenting the physical configuration. Despite its attractive features, this architecture has not been fully embraced by the CNC industry. Synchronization among the axes in the coordinated motion is proven to be quite challenging. In this thesis, alternative distributed controller architecture was proposed for CNC machine tools. It was implemented on a 3-axis CNC milling machine. Open-loop control performance was investigated under various conditions. Different communication protocols along with different physical communication interfaces and a number of controller hardware were devised. An industry-standard network (RS-485) was set up by interconnecting these distributed controllers. Different data transmission protocols were devised in order to establish appropriate communication methods. Also, computer software (a.k.a. graphical user interface), which can coordinate the interconnected controllers, interpret NC part programs and generate reference position data for each axis, was designed within the scope of this thesis.

The introductory part deals with the fundamental characteristics of communication, currently used communication models, analyze the communication process and describe social nature of communication using managers communication networks inside and outside the organization. After that, the work refers to specific forms of communication and their use with ICT technology. The practical part firstly examines the managers communication needs and then analyzes the claims and demands for communication strategy. The gained knowledge is then used to design specific management communications system.

The use of electricity from Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar powerwill impact the performance of the electricity network and this sets a limit to theamount of such renewables that can be connected. Investment in energy storage andcommunication technologies enables more renewables by operating the networkcloser to its limits. Electricity networks using such novel techniques are referred toas “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is analternative to traditional network planning like replacement of transformers orconstruction of new power line.The Hosting Capacity is an objective metric to determine the limit of an electricitynetwork to integrate new consumption or production. The goal is to create greatercomparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussionsbetween network operators and owners of Distributed Energy Resources on thequantity and type of generation that can be connected to a network. This thesisextends the Hosting Capacity method to the application of storage and curtailmentand develops additional metrics such as the Hosting Capacity Coefficient.The research shows how the different intermittency of renewables and consumptionaffect the Hosting Capacity. Several case studies using real production andconsumption measurements are presented. Focus is on how the permitted amountof renewables can be extended by means of storage, curtailment and advanceddistributed protection and control schemes. / Användningen av el från förnyelsebara energikällor som vind och sol kommer att påverka elnätet, som sätter en gräns för hur mycket distribuerad energiproduktion som kan anslutas. Investeringar i storskalig energilager och användning av modern kommunikationsteknologi gör det möjligt att öka andelen förnyelsebarenergi genom att nätet kan drivas närmare sina gränser. Elnät med sådana nya tekniker kallas ofta för ”Smarta Elnät". Implementering av sådana smarta elnät kan vara ett alternativ till traditionell nätplanering och åtgärder som utbyte av transformatorer eller konstruktion av nya kraftledningen.Nätets acceptansgräns är ett objektivt mått för att bestämma gränsen för nätets förmåga att integrera ny förbrukning eller produktion. Målet är att skapa större transparens och bidra till ett bättre faktaunderlag i diskussioner mellan nätoperatörer och ägare av distribuerade energiresurser. Denna avhandling utökar acceptansgränsmetoden för tillämpning med energilager och produktions nedstyrning och utvecklar ytterligare begrepp så som acceptansgränsen koefficienten.Forskningen visar hur varierbarheten hos olika förnyelsebara energikällor samverkar med förbrukningen och påverkar nätets acceptansgräns. Flera fallstudier från verkliga elnät och med uppmätt produktion och konsumtion presenteras. Fokus är på hur den tillåtna mängden förnyelsebara energikällor kan ökas med hjälp av energilagring, kontrollerad produktionsnedstyrning och med avancerad distribuerade skydd och kontroll applikationer. / Nicholas Etherden works at STRI AB (www.stri.se) in Gothenburg, Sweden. When he is not pursuing his half-time PhD studies he works as a specialist consultant in the field of Power Utility Automation, specialising on the IEC 61850 standard for power utility automation (today widely used in substations as well as some wind parks, hydro plants and DER and Smart Grid applications such as vehicle-to-grid integration). The author of this thesis received his Master of Science in Engineering Physics from Uppsala University 2000. Side tracks during his engineering studies included studies in theoretical philosophy, chemistry, ecology and environmental sciences as well as chairing the Swedish student committee of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and Worlds Affairs and later board member of the International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES) and chair of Swedish Scientists and Engineers Against Nuclear Arms. He has been a trainee at ABB in Västerås Sweden and spent six years as developer and team leader for the application development of a new relay protection family (ABB IED 670 series). In parallel to his professional work he studied power system engineering at Mälardalens University and travelled to all continents of the world. Since 2008 he is responsible for the STRI IEC 61850 Independent Interoperability Laboratory and a member of IEC Technical Committee 57 working group 10 "Power system communication and associated data models” and UCA/IEC 61850 User group testing subcommittee. He is co-author of IEC 61850-1 and main contributor to “Technical Report on Functional Test of IEC 61850 systems” and has held over 25 hands-on courses around the world on IEC 61850 “Communication networks and systems for power utility automation”. / SmartGrid Energilager

In the past decades, the renewable penetration in power systems has steadily increased, and is also expected to grow exponentially in the following years. Encountering this fast growing trend, the underfrequency load-shedding schemes, as the last resort of power systems in terms of frequency stability, have been implemented in a decentralized way where the settings are predefined and fixed. The purpose of the underfrequency load-shedding scheme is to disconnect a certain amount of loads to reduce load-generation imbalance following generator outages, while the renewable energy sources, implemented as distributed generation units can result in the situations where substantial amount of distributed generation can be disconnected together with loads at the same time. This can to some extent cancel out the effect of shedding loads, and in some extreme cases, aggravate frequency response. Apart from the impact of distributed generation, in some power systems there can be several areas where large amount of power is always exchanged in between. Inappropriate load-shedding amount and location can increase the risks of tie-line overloading, further resulting in tripping of tie-lines. In order to tackle these problems, an adaptive underfrequency load-shedding scheme was proposed which utilizes distributed feeder power measurements, measurements from distributed generation, as well as the SCADA system that serves as the main role of monitoring and control. The implementation of the proposed architecture is also explained in the thesis. The results exhibit that the proposed scheme is able to alleviate the stress of tie-line power flow to some extent following power outages, while also be affected by generation loss size and location. Besides, the proposed scheme also provides contribution to frequency stabilization by shedding less distributed generation. / Under de senaste decennierna har andelen förnybar produktion i elkraftsystem globalt ökat markant ökat och förväntas också fortsätta växa avsevärt under de kommande åren. Samtidigt med denna utveckling är det viktigt att beakta de systemvärn som består av belastningsfrånkoppling för frekvensåterställning som implementerats med fördefinierade inställningar på ett decentraliserat vis. Avsikten med ett sådant system värn är att koppla bort en viss mängd last för att undvika att frekvensen sjunker under tillåtna gränsvärden i samband med ett större fel, t.ex. att en större generator kopplas bort. Eftersom den förnybara produktionen ofta är distribuerad i nätet, kan en sådan från koppling av last dock medföra att stora mängder förnybar produktion kopplas bort samtidigt. Detta kan i vissa fall tänkas innebära att lastfrånkopplingen innebär en försämrings av frekvensen. Utöver effekterna på distribuerad produktion som ett systemvärn för lastbortkoppling kan ha, så kan det även innebära försämringar i kraftsystem bestående av flera områden, s.k. multiarea kraftsystem där enstaka förbindelser utgör flaskhalsar för överföringen. En olämpligt vald bortkoppling av last kan leda till överbelastning av de ledningar som går mellan områdena i kraftsystemet. I syfte att hantera bägge dessa problem föreslås i detta arbete en adaptiv lastfrånkopplingsmekanism som använder mätningar i distributionsnätet via SCADA systemet, vilket utgör basen i lösningen. Föreliggande rapport presenterar lösningen i detalj, resultaten visar att lösningen kan minska belastningen på förbindelserna mellan områden i ett kraftsystem för vissa fall. Dessutom bidrar den föreslagna lösningen till ett bättre bidrag till frekvensstabiliteten genom att en lägre mängd distribuerad förnybar kraft kopplas bort.

The diploma thesis focuses on creation of the marketing plan for the HR information system Kompas2 that is produced and distributed by PC HELP, a.s. The theoretical part also deals with mapping of modern marketing trends. When designing marketing activities, great attention is paid to Internet marketing, with an emphasis on content marketing.

In control technique there is evident highly expressive trend of shifting from efficient central managing systems towards smaller systems which are distributed on technology and which are connected by communication bus. There is no need to link all signals to central management system, operation is then distributed and realized directly in individual parts of technology. That’s why these systems are called distributive managing systems. Distributive managing systems are widely used not only in industrial applications but also in buildings, cars, etc..