A busca por moléculas de origem natural que ocupem um espaço químico diferente daquelas já existentes tornou-se uma necessidade para atender às novas demandas das indústrias farmacêuticas. A pesquisa envolvendo transformações microbianas de metabólitos secundários de origem vegetal pode ser utilizada como uma nova ferramenta na biosíntese destas novas substâncias, favorecendo a criação de bibliotecas ricas em estruturas com o emprego em diversos alvos biológicos. A tagitinina C é uma lactona sesquiterpênica isolada da Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). Essa substância possui diversas atividades biológicas descritas na literatura. Contudo, há certa ressalva no uso de lactonas sesquiterpênicas para fins terapêuticos devido à elevada toxicidade apresentada por essas substâncias. A biotransformação de substâncias naturais de elevado interesse farmacológico pode ser utilizada com o intuito de diminuir seus efeitos tóxicos ou ampliar sua capacidade terapêutica. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de fungos para a biotranformação da tagitinina C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os fungos de solo Aspergillus terreus e Mucor rouxii possuem a capacidade de biotransformar tagitinina C. O fungo Aspergillus terreus levou a formação de um produto biotransformado através de uma reação não usual de epoxidação entres os C4-C5 e ainda metoxilação do C1, formando então 1-metóxi-3-hidróxi-3,10-4,5-diepóxi-8-isobutiroilóxi-germacra-11(13)-en-6,12-olido. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho demostram que é possível a utilização de fungos na biotransformação da tagitinina C, levando a alterações na molécula que podem influenciar no seu potencial tóxico ou terapêutico. / The search for molecules of natural origin that place a chemical space which is different from the already existing has become that a need in process of discovery new chemical entities with pharmacological interest that support the demand of the pharmaceutical industries. Research involving microbial transformations the secondary metabolites from plants can be used as an alternative for the biosynthesis of such new compounds, thus facilitating the creation of libraries which are rich in structures to be screened against diverse biological targets. Tagitin C is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) that displays several biological activities already described in the literature. Howeever, due to several reports describing toxic effects of sesquiterpenes lactones, there is a concern in its oral use. Thus, the biotransformation of pharmacologically interesting substances can be carried out with the aim to decrease their toxic effects or amplify their therapeutic properties. Therefore, this work aimed at using of fungi to perform biotransformations of tagitin C. The results showed that the soil fungi Aspergillus terreus and Mucor rouxii have the ability to carry out biological transformations of tagitinin C. The fungus A. terreus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual reaction of epoxidation between C4-C5 and metoxilation of C1 of tagitinin C, the derivative 1-methoxy-3-hydroxy-3,10-4,5-diepoxy-8-isobutiroyloxygermacr- 11 (13)-en-6 ,12-olide. The results of this work show that it is possible to use soil fungi in the biotransformation of tagitinin C, leading to changes in the chemical structure that may influence its toxic or therapeutic potential.

A busca por moléculas de origem natural que ocupem um espaço químico diferente daquelas já existentes tornou-se uma necessidade para atender às novas demandas das indústrias farmacêuticas. A pesquisa envolvendo transformações microbianas de metabólitos secundários de origem vegetal pode ser utilizada como uma nova ferramenta na biosíntese destas novas substâncias, favorecendo a criação de bibliotecas ricas em estruturas com o emprego em diversos alvos biológicos. A tagitinina C é uma lactona sesquiterpênica isolada da Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae). Essa substância possui diversas atividades biológicas descritas na literatura. Contudo, há certa ressalva no uso de lactonas sesquiterpênicas para fins terapêuticos devido à elevada toxicidade apresentada por essas substâncias. A biotransformação de substâncias naturais de elevado interesse farmacológico pode ser utilizada com o intuito de diminuir seus efeitos tóxicos ou ampliar sua capacidade terapêutica. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a utilização de fungos para a biotranformação da tagitinina C. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os fungos de solo Aspergillus terreus e Mucor rouxii possuem a capacidade de biotransformar tagitinina C. O fungo Aspergillus terreus levou a formação de um produto biotransformado através de uma reação não usual de epoxidação entres os C4-C5 e ainda metoxilação do C1, formando então 1-metóxi-3-hidróxi-3,10-4,5-diepóxi-8-isobutiroilóxi-germacra-11(13)-en-6,12-olido. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho demostram que é possível a utilização de fungos na biotransformação da tagitinina C, levando a alterações na molécula que podem influenciar no seu potencial tóxico ou terapêutico. / The search for molecules of natural origin that place a chemical space which is different from the already existing has become that a need in process of discovery new chemical entities with pharmacological interest that support the demand of the pharmaceutical industries. Research involving microbial transformations the secondary metabolites from plants can be used as an alternative for the biosynthesis of such new compounds, thus facilitating the creation of libraries which are rich in structures to be screened against diverse biological targets. Tagitin C is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae) that displays several biological activities already described in the literature. Howeever, due to several reports describing toxic effects of sesquiterpenes lactones, there is a concern in its oral use. Thus, the biotransformation of pharmacologically interesting substances can be carried out with the aim to decrease their toxic effects or amplify their therapeutic properties. Therefore, this work aimed at using of fungi to perform biotransformations of tagitin C. The results showed that the soil fungi Aspergillus terreus and Mucor rouxii have the ability to carry out biological transformations of tagitinin C. The fungus A. terreus led to the formation of a different product through an unusual reaction of epoxidation between C4-C5 and metoxilation of C1 of tagitinin C, the derivative 1-methoxy-3-hydroxy-3,10-4,5-diepoxy-8-isobutiroyloxygermacr- 11 (13)-en-6 ,12-olide. The results of this work show that it is possible to use soil fungi in the biotransformation of tagitinin C, leading to changes in the chemical structure that may influence its toxic or therapeutic potential.

Lextraction par fluide supercritique fait partie des nouvelles techniques de préparation déchantillons solides qui ont émergé au cours de ces dernières années. Elle constitue une alternative intéressante aux techniques classiques dextraction liquide-solide car le pouvoir solvant du fluide supercritique est ajustable, non seulement par la température, mais aussi par la pression. Lextraction par le CO2 supercritique de la tagitinine C, lactone sesquiterpénique photo sensible à lactivité anti-inflammatoire, anti-malarique et anticancéreuse à partir des parties aériennes de Tithonia diversifolia constituait une application intéressante de ce procédé et a été sélectionnée comme molécule cible dans le cadre de ce travail. Son optimisation a impliqué des dosages répétés de lanalyte dont la vibration délongation de la fonction diénone absorbe intensément à des fréquences particulières dans le domaine de linfrarouge. Aussi, avons-nous tout dabord développé et validé, dans la première partie de ce travail, une technique IRTF danalyse en différé sélective, rapide, non destructrice et sensible fondée sur ses propriétés. Les différents paramètres (température, pression, quantité de CO2, granulométrie de léchantillon) influençant le rendement dextraction de lanalyte ont pu être étudiés à cette occasion. Dans les conditions optimales, nous avons montré que lextraction par le CO2 supercritique extrayait rapidement et avec une meilleure sélectivité la tagitinine C tout en conservant un taux de récupération comparable aux techniques classiques dextraction. Parallèlement à ces travaux et compte tenu de la photo-dégradation de la tagitinine C en tagitinine F, la formation de complexes dinclusion avec la β, 2,6-di-O-méthyle-β et la -cyclodextrine a été investiguée. Différentes techniques ont été employées pour caractériser les complexes formés au niveau de la stchiométrie, de la constante de formation et de la structure. Aucun effet photo-protecteur significatif na été démontré avec la β et la -cyclodextrine. En revanche, nous avons mis en évidence une diminution de la vitesse de la photo-dégradation en présence de la 2,6-di-O-méthyle-β-cyclodextrine. Malheureusement, celle-ci reste trop limitée pour envisager lutilisation de cette cyclodextrine pour éviter la dégradation de la tagitinine C lors de son exposition à la lumière directe. Dans la dernière partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement focalisés sur linterfaçage EFSC/IRTF qui constituait un indéniable défi. Le développement de linterfaçage a été réalisé à laide de fibres optiques en chalcogène darsenic entre un extracteur à fluide supercritique et un spectrophotomètre IR et a ainsi permis deffectuer le dosage en ligne de la tagitinine C dans le CO2 supercritique après passage de celui-ci au travers dune cartouche dextraction contenant la matrice végétale. Par ailleurs, le développement de cet outil répond parfaitement aux nouvelles approches (Process and Analytical Technology) préconisées par la FDA. Le processus dextraction de lanalyte a pu dès lors être étudié de manière approfondie et en temps réel en fonction des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du fluide supercritique et de la durée de lextraction. Lutilisation de la vibration délongation CH comme marqueur a permis de mettre en évidence lobtention dextraits de composition variable qui pourront être utilisés directement dans des études defficacité thérapeutique. Enfin, la méthode dextraction et de dosage en ligne de la tagitinine C a fait lobjet dune validation poussée selon la nouvelle approche faisant appel aux profils dexactitude dans un intervalle de dosage allant 500 à 2500 µg. Sur la base des différents profils dexactitude obtenus, le modèle de régression linéaire a été choisi pour décrire la relation concentration-réponse. En effet, ce modèle présentait des valeurs de biais relatif inférieures à 2%, des valeurs de coefficient de variation ne dépassant pas 4% et des limites de tolérance comprises dans les limites dacceptation de ±15% sur toute la gamme de concentration. De plus, le modèle de régression linéaire était en parfaite adéquation avec la méthode des ajouts dosés. In the last two decades, supercritical fluid extraction processing with carbon dioxide has emerged as an alternative to the conventional solvent extractions of solid matrices and especially for the extraction of natural products for foods and medicines. Indeed, carbon dioxide is an inert, inexpensive, widely available, odourless, environment-friendly solvent and its solvent strength can be tuned by changing the pressure and temperature conditions. In the first part of our work, supercritical fluid extraction of tagitinin C, a known sesquiterpene lactone which shows significant antiplasmodial and antiproliferative activity, was investigated using an off-line FTIR method for the determination of this compound in the aerial parts of Tithonia diversifolia. Different parameters as temperature, pressure, solvent mass and sample granulometry governing the supercritical fluid extraction process were optimised. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimised supercritical fluid extraction gave extraction yields comparable to those of the classical methods of extraction but with an improvement of the selectivity and a reduction of the extraction time. At the same time, the formation of inclusion complexes of tagitinin C with β-, 2,6-di-O-methyl-β and -cyclodextrin was investigated according to its photochemical conversion into tagitinin F. Several techniques were used to characterize the tagitininC/CyD complexes in order to understand and to interpret the data obtained from the photochemical study. This letter mainly showed that the photodegradation rate of tagitinin C was slowed in presence of 2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin while no significant effect was observed in presence of β- and -cyclodextrin. The second part of our work was devoted to the SFE/FTIR interfacing which was a great challenge. This interface was constructed from a stainless steel cross cell equipped with chalcogenide-glass infrared fibers. This hyphenated system allowed to determine on-line tagitinin C in supercritical CO2 after this one flowed through the extraction vessel containing the plant material. Consequently, the extraction process of the analyte was studied thoroughly and in real time according to the physicochemical characteristics of the supercritical fluid and to the extraction time. The use of the CH stretching vibration as tracer allowed to highlight the composition change of extracts which could be used directly in studies of therapeutic efficiency. In addition, the development of this tool answers perfectly the new approaches (Process and Analytical Technology) recommended by the FDA. Finally, the extraction and on-line determination method of tagitinin C was successfully validated using a new approach based on accuracy profiles as decision tool. On this basis, a linear regression model was chosen for the calibration curve. Regarding trueness, precision and accuracy, mean measured values were close to the theoretical concentrations (lower than 1.6%) and the RSD values were relatively low (less than 4% for the middle of the range). Moreover, the method was found to be accurate as the two-sided 95 % beta-expectation tolerance interval did not exceed the acceptance limits of 85 and 115 % on the concentration range from 500 to 2500 µg.