Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering: Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban University of Technology. Durban. South Africa, 2015. / Among various gravel roads distress prediction models in existence, a gravel loss prediction model is considered critical in selecting the optimal re-gravelling schedule for effective maintenance management of gravel roads. However, due to the number of variables contributing to deterioration of gravel roads and hence gravel loss, gravel loss prediction models are not readily transferable from one geographical location to another, particularly if the locations in question differ in climatic condition, gravel material characteristics, quality of construction and maintenance, terrain, traffic characteristics and driver behaviours. Addressing the aforementioned local characteristics pose a challenge to existing international gravel loss prediction models when employed locally, resulting in inaccurate prediction of gravel loss. Hence the need for a gravel loss prediction model to be formulated locally so as to address local characteristics influencing gravel roads deterioration. The main objective of this study was to formulate locally, a statistically accurate gravel loss prediction model for marginal gravel materials employed to surface gravel roads in Iringa region. The intention was to address local characteristics influencing gravel roads deterioration in the region. To promote research on gravel roads management, the author has published seven papers and presented ten papers in established journals and conferences respectively, as indicated in the Appendix 13. It is author expectation that, given the right impetus, locally formulated gravel loss prediction models can be incorporated, as one of a tool, in gravel roads management systems (GRMS). The literature review focused on the gravel road condition surveys, modelling exercises, gravel loss, and a review of existing gravel loss prediction models. The literature review also examined the version of GRMS currently practiced in Tanzania by its road organizations. The study used factorial experimental design. Parameters which are deemed to influence the gravel loss were collected and studied. A questionnaire was used to study the status of gravel road MMS in Tanzania. The data obtained from the questionnaire responses were analysed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. A detailed gravel road condition survey of each 300 m long test section was carried out during site visits. The measurement of gravel loss through the change in average height loss formed a crucial part of the study. The modelling of a gravel loss prediction model was performed using pavemetric principles, the term coined by this study, which is principally based on econometric principles. From the analysis of questionnaire responses, it was evident that each Tanzania Roads Agency (TANROADS) regional office and district council works department needs to have a unique MMS and GRMS which reflect their operating capacity. The results of the condition survey led to the formulation of a new range of grading coefficient (GC) to suit the local marginal materials. The gravel loss survey results assisted in establishing gravel loss thresholds. The thresholds were based on the rate of gravel loss noted in the study. These thresholds can be employed to enhance the quality control of gravel roads construction and maintenance practices. The study formulated a gravel loss prediction model for Iringa region. The process utilized average daily traffic, climate, and derivatives of sieve analysis and Atterberg limits. The model is statistically significant at 1 % level. The model gives a constant gravel loss of 0.1 mm per annum regardless the state of the six variables in the model. This was attributed to autonomous loss that is the amount of gravel material lost through mechanical and chemical weathering. Recommendations include the need for gravel loss prediction models to reflect local characteristics influencing the deterioration of the gravel roads in question and the modelling capacity of local road agencies. Areas for further studies are highlighted.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Miombo woodland occupies the greater portion of the Zambezian phytoregion where communities derive products and services for their livelihood. The managers of these resources have for many years neglected these crucial needs, which has important implications for silvicultural systems and management interventions. The overall objective of this study was to document the miombo species utilisation preferences by local communities in Tabora, Tanzania. This information was obtained using individual interviews and village meetings. A simple line transect inventory survey was carried out to assess the miombo resources adjacent to the studied villages. The villagers in Tabora have knowledge of the importance of their woodland resources and put different species to different uses, with some overlap where a species has multiple uses. The surveyed villages differ in the utilisation of miombo resources, where the choice and quantities used depend on their proximity to urban areas. There is strong preference for suitable species for building poles and due to scarcity some people now use mud bricks for house construction. Suitable timber tree species are scarce in the Urumwa Forest Reserve and now low quality species such as Sterculia quinqueloba are used. For firewood live trees are cut and dried, however any combustible material is used. Not surprisingly the community's use priorities differ from the management priorities of the Forest Department. The use of miombo products for income generation in the studied villages is influenced by the proximity to urban areas and villagers do not perceive commercialisation of these products as depriving them of resources. The use of woodlands for cultural and religious purposes in Tabora, though important to the spiritual wellbeing of people, has declined over the years. The fact that the villagers choose particular miombo trees for different purposes is an indication of some kind of local knowledge and management. The Urumwa Forest Reserve is now an open access resource as villagers have depleted wood resources adjacent to their settlements. Awareness of the causes of miombo resource depletion in these villages is positively correlated with the proximity to urban areas and wood scarcity. Community participation in management of natural resources is still new in Tabora as few villagers were aware of the new government management interventions of the Urumwa woodlands, and awareness seems to be limited largely to males and leaders. There is active management of indigenous trees protected on farms for various uses and exotic tree-planting mainly for fruits and shade, is done around homesteads, but with no de jure rights of ownership. Tree planting in this area is severely hindered by drought, insects and termite attack to seedlings and this has made people depend entirely on the miombo for their wood requirements. The simple wood resource inventory survey carried out in this study has showed that the Urumwa miombo woodland is heavily utilised. This has resulted in poor tree diameter distribution and species composition. The smaller tree diameters recorded in the Urumwa Reserve indicate that the potential of this woodland for timber production is low compared to other products. The priority products documented in this study form base-line information for management plans and silvicultural systems suitable for sustainable management and utilisation of these woodlands in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Miombo bosveld beslaan die grootste gedeelte van die Zambezi vegetasiestreek waarin 'n groot menslike bevolking produkte en dienste uit hierdie bioom genereer om 'n bestaan te maak. Bestuurders van hierdie bronne verwaarloos al jare hierdie kritiese behoeftes, en dit het belangrike implikasies vir boskundige sisteme en bestuurstussentredes. Die hoofdoel van hierdie studie was om die miombo spesiesbenutting-voorkeure van plaaslike gemeenskappe in Tabora, Tanzanië te bepaal. Inligting is bekom deur individuele onderhoude en dorpsvergaderings. 'n Eenvoudige lyn-transek opname is uitgevoer om die miombo-bronne langs die bestudeerde dorpies te bepaal. Die dorpsbewoners in Tabora dra kennis van die belangrikheid van hul bosveld bronne en gebruik verskillende spesies vir verskillende doele, met oorvleuling waar spesies meervoudige gebruike het. Die dorpies wat ondersoek is verskil in die benutting van miombo bronne waar die keuses en kwantiteite wat gebruik word bepaal word deur die nabyheid aan stedelike gebiede. Daar is 'n sterk voorkeur vir spesies geskik vir boupale en as gevolg van skaarste van die spesies gebruik sommige inwoners nou klei bakstene vir huiskonstruksie. Geskikte spesies vir die produksie van hout is skaars in die Urumwa Forest Reserve en lae kwaliteit spesies soos Sterculia quinqueloba word gebruik. Lewende bome word gekap en gedroog vir brandhout alhoewel enige brandbare materiaalook gebruik word. Dit is nie verbasend dat die gemeenskap se gebruiksprioriteite verskil van die bestuurs-prioritiete van die Departement Bosbou nie. Die gebruik van miombo-produkte vir inkomste-generasie in die bestudeerde dorpies word beinvloed deur die nabyheid aan stedelike gebiede en dorpsbewoners beskou nie dat die kommersialisering van sulke produkte hul van hulpbronne ontneem nie. Die gebruik van bosveld vir kulturele en godsdienstige doeleindes in Tabora, wat belangrik is vir die geestelike gesondheid van die inwoners, het oor die jare afgeneem. Die feit dat dorpsbewoners besondere miombo-bome kies vir verskillende gebruike is 'n aanduiding van 'n mate van plaaslike kennis en bestuur. Die Urumwa Bosreserwe is nou 'n vrye toegang hulpbron omdat dorpsbewoners houtbronne na aan hul dorpies uitgeput het. Bewustheid van die oorsake van die uitputting van miombo hulpbronne naby die dorpies is positief gekorreleerd met die nabyheid aan dorpsgebiede en houtskaarste. Gemeenskapsdeelname by die bestuur van natuurlike hulpbronne is 'n nuwe konsep in Tabora omdat min dorpsbewoners bewus is van nuwe bestuursintredes deur die regering by die Urumwa bosveld en bewustheid blyk beperk te wees tot mans en leiers. Daar is aktiewe bestuur van inheemse bome wat vir spesefieke gebruike beskerm word op plase en uitheemse boomaanplantings, hoofsaaklik vir vrugte en skadu, word by huise gemaak. Daar is geen de jure regte in die geval nie. Boomaanplantings in die gebied word ernstig beperk deur droogte, insekte en termietaanvalle op saailinge en dit veroorsaak dat mense uitsluitlik op miombo staat maak vir hul houtbehoeftes. Die eenvoudige houthulpbron-opname wat in die studie onderneem is het bewys dat die Urumwa miombo bosveld strafbenut word en dat daar geen balans tussen aanwas en hout benutting is nie. Dit veroorsaak swak boomdeursnit-verspreiding en spesies samestelling. Die kleiner boomdeursnitte wat in die Urumwa Bosreserwe aangeteken is dui daarop dat die potensiaal van hierdie bosveld vir houtproduksie laag is en slegs beperk is tot ander produkte. Die voorkeur-produkte wat in hierdie studie gedokumenteer is vorm kerninligting vir bestuursplanne en boskundige sisteme wat geskik sal wees vir die toekomstige volhoubare bestuur en benutting van hierdie bosvelde.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please refer to full text for abstract. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verwys asseblief na die volteks vir opsomming.

Tropical African forests are thought to be declining due to human activity, resulting in serious threat to local communities and wildlife. The threatened status of populations of Juniperus procera and Olea africana was studied in Loliondo, Tanzania. Three hundred persons were interviewed in ten Maasai communities concerning tree utilization for fence and house construction, firewood, traditional medicine and gourd sterilization. By comparing the indices for 169 species, J. procera and O. africana usage was significantly higher than all other species (Kruskal-Wallis, chi2 = 15.3, DF = 2, p = 0.0005). Ninety-six percent of interviewees have witnessed local decline in J. procera and O. africana. In conjunction with interviews, ecological sampling was carried out in community forests to determine species status. The correlations of size class distributions are not typical of "healthy" plant populations. If current trends continue local extinction of J. procera and O. africana may occur.

No description available.

Agriculture is an important enterprise in Africa and indeed in Tanzania where it is one of the major economic sectors, embracing all its population. Agriculture contributes about 60% to the Gross Domestic Product, generates about 75% of the total export earnings and employs 84% of the Tanzanian active labour force. Information plays a critical role in agricultural development in most countries. However, one of the most serious reasons adduced for the low agricultural production in Africa is the limited access to adequate information support to all stakeholders in agricultural production. This affects all sectors of research, extension and training. Inadequate access to and use of agricultural information by research scientists undermines the potential to fulfil their information needs. They often lack access to current, relevant and timely information. This results in duplication of research efforts. Lack of access to scientific literature in the agricultural field in Tanzania has been attributed to the ineffectiveness of the various information providers in the country, among which the key ones are agricultural libraries and documentation centres. Studies by agricultural information specialists and international organizations have established that agricultural libraries and documentation centres in Less Developed Countries have not excelled in providing agricultural information to users. This has been attributed to several reasons. The major one being the non-implementation of policies, strategies and recommendations advanced by scholars, international organizations and consultants for more availability, accessibility and use of agricultural libraries' services and facilities. The main objectives of this study were to establish the extent to which Tanzania has implemented the key policies, strategies and recommendations for enhancing accessibility and use of agricultural libraries and documentation centres' services and facilities. Some of the key policies and strategies recommended by scholars include; increasing the libraries' capacity in human, financial and material resources. Such policies and strategies include, among many others: library staff development, cooperation and networking among agricultural libraries and documentation centres at national regional and international levels and formulation of national information policies to give guidance to agricultural information acquisition, organization, management and provision. They also include formulation of Information and Communication Technologies' policies for standardization in operating systems and data formats. Two main data collection instruments were used in the study namely; a self administered questionnaire and an interview schedule. The instruments were supplemented by on site observations of the libraries' operational activities. The sample size comprised 34 agricultural libraries and documentation centres located in all seven agricultural zones and 18 interviewees from the Ministry of agriculture, agricultural institutions and research stations. The Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) for Windows version 9.0 was used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data. The problems facing agricultural libraries and documentation centres in Less Developed Countries today are many and varied, and differ from one country to another. In Tanzania, the study findings established that these problems can be classified into six major categories: lack of adequate resources/materials; inadequate number of qualified personnel at managerial, professional and technical levels; lack of cooperation and coordination among existing libraries and documentation centres; limited financial resources; lack of explicit and operational training programmes for library personnel and lack of a national information policy per se. Tanzania has a number of sectoral policies in place, related to information, technology and research. These "little sectoral policies" are fragmented and need a policy framework to provide the missing coordination. The study established that the number of skilled information staff in the national agricultural library system was small. Libraries and documentation centres in many agricultural institutions and research stations were poorly equipped and lacked professional trained staff. Furthermore, operational budgets were limited and hence lack of current and relevant library materials including Subscriptions to scientific journals. Contacts of agricultural information personnel with regional and international circuits on development were found limited. The study findings also revealed that the agricultural library information system in Tanzania was lacking in efficiency and effectiveness in meeting the diversified information needs of agriculturalists, particularly the research scientists. To this effect, where information was abundantly available, it was often inaccessible due to lack of technical know-how in documentation, organization and management for awareness of its availability to users. The study assumed that the global Information and Communication Technologies (lCTs) and current technological developments in the publishing industry could facilitate effective agricultural information organization and management, including repackaging of information for extension personnel and farmers, and resource sharing via electronic networking. However, the poor economic growth of Tanzania, as in other Less Developed Countries, has posed limitations to the full utilization of ICTs through lack of resources, policy guidelines and frameworks for the implementation of such policies. The study concluded that there has not been an effective and efficient implementation of policies, strategies and recommendations for access and use of agricultural information in Tanzania due to a number of problems, the main ones being: lack of awareness of the policies and strategies among the libraries, parent organizations and policy makers and lack of capacity of the libraries and documentation centres to implement the policies, strategies and recommendations. The study recommended that agricultural libraries and documentation centres in Tanzania be given priority in budget allocation for acquisition of basic equipment, such as photocopiers and microcomputers and for training library personnel at all levels. The more affluent libraries, such as the Sokoine National Agricultural Library and the Division of Research and Development library of the Ministry of agriculture, should audit their resources to determine the best ways to assist the documentation centres in remote research stations to organize and adequately present the required information to users. Agricultural libraries' managers and information specialists should become more assertive, focused, and committed in finding out about the policies and recommendations and eventually working out the requirements for their implementation and monitoring. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

From the inception of Christianity, Jesus Christ and his followers, who had worked closely with Him, had certain objectives and perception about the faith. Jesus Christ, the fulfillment of the prophecies became the ideal of the new religion. In the fulfillment of time, God had revealed Himself to His people. Each person who accepted Christianity was urged to become Christlike. The major objective of Christianity was to reveal the Father and to win followers for Him through His Son. This was first preached to the Jewish people who were then the 'chosen people*. With the exception of a small community of followers in Jerusalem, these people rejected both Christ and His message. After this rejection, Christianity was preached to the Gentiles and spread to the countries of Asia Minor, North Africa and finally Europe. The major strategy of the propagators of the Gospel message was the preaching of equality of human beings as children of God and fraternal love. By the time Christianity came to the rest of Africa and Tanzania in particular, it had gone through various interpretations and modifications. It had experienced schisms and heresies and the African, who was at the receiving end, became a victim of divisions', sects and sub-sects. The missionaries addressed themselves to individuals and through the individuals to society. Their major aim was not only to convert the individuals but also society. Those individuals who became converted to the new religion accepted not only its ethics but also new religious values that contradicted their primal understanding of God. To answer the question of how they could become Christian yet remain African, some broke away from the European type of Churches to form African Indigenous Churches. Others felt that they were called to 'give light from within' their Churches. These were the revivalists and they are numerous in Africa. This study focuses on the Revival Movement (Uamsho), in the Anglican Church of Tanzania, which emphasizes 'new life'. The Revivalists who brought this particular Uamsho did not aim to form new Churches but to reform the Church, which had ignored some important truths of the Gospel. This study discusses the origins and Theology of this Uamsho in the Tanzanian Anglican Church. The first chapter, which serves as an introduction, includes also the reasons why this is an important study and the methodology used in the research. The second chapter gives background information about the political, religious, social and economic factors that have contributed to the emergence of the Uamsho. The chief aim of chapter three is to explain the emergence and spread of Uamsho. In order to clarify the development of Uamsho, three phases are identified. This order helps to identify the main theological emphasis of wanauamsho (revivalists). The Theological issues raised in the above chapters are then drawn out and discussed in the next two chapters. Chapter four discusses the distinguishing theological characteristics of Uamsho: the meaning of being saved, the processes that lead to being saved and the life of a saved one. Following on from chapter four, chapter five discusses the Uamsho understanding of Salvation. This is then developed to the discussion of the Uamsho Christology, Pneumatology, Theodicy, and Ecclesiology. The purpose of this chapter is to test the authenticity of the Uamsho theology. We finally conclude our discussion by stating that Uamsho emerged to revive the Church that had ignored some truths of the Gospel. This chapter also suggests some recommendations to the Anglican Church in Tanzania that may challenge to be relevant to members. / Thesis (M.Th.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

In this study, an analysis of laws pertaining to environmental protection in the mining in Tanzania is done. The study develops understanding of various environmental laws and institutions for the purposes of setting context and clarity for the subsequent chapters. The major discussion evolves around environmental protection offered in Tanzania mining and investment laws. In understanding this, a detailed discussion of coverage of environmental issues in the Tanzania Mining Act, 5 of 1998 and the Tanzania National Investment Act, 26 of 1997 is made. After this discussion, the recommendations are given. Despite Tanzania mining, especially large-scale mining being one of the main growing industries in Tanzania, it is concluded that environmental management in mining has been hindered by inadequate legal protection, lack of coordination, insufficient funding and expertise. As a result there has been uncontrolled extraction of minerals and the use of unsafe mining methods and severe environmental damage and appalling living conditions in the mining communities. The challenge associated with the mining sector today in Tanzania is ensuring sustainability and integrating environmental and social concerns into mineral development programmes. Sustainable mining development requires balancing the protection of the flora and fauna and the natural environment with the need for social and economic development. To address the environmental problems associated with mining, the Government's policy is to reduce or eliminate the adverse environmental effects of mining, improve health and safety conditions in mining areas, and address social issues affecting local communities. EIA is recommended as one of the major tools for achieving these solutions and has been discussed. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Rapidly increasing concerns about energy security coupled with detrimental environmental impacts posed by the dependence on fossil fuels, and an urgent need for rural development in Africa are key drivers for the search for fuel alternatives. The international effort into the development of criteria and indicators for sustainable bioenergy production clearly recognizes that bioenergy production must not be at the expense of biodiversity and food security. Owing to its multi-purpose capabilities i.e. its ability to rehabilitate eroded lands, drought resistance as well as its biophysical and maintenance requirements, Jatropha was selected as a potential candidate for the production of biodiesel. Jatropha is not new to the people of Tanzania, the study area of the project. Research has shown that, its associated social, environmental and economic benefits are crucial to economic development of the country. At present, all of Tanzania’s petroleum based products are imported; about 90% of the energy consumed is derived from biomass; road, rail and electricity networks are underdeveloped. Environmental degradation is also a concern in the country. The aim of the study was to identify three optimal locations for large scale Jatropha cultivation for biodiesel production in Tanzania’s semi arid regions. Geographical Information Systems was used to overlay several remotely sensed data from previous research namely semi arid regions delineations, agro-ecological sub-zones that had Jatropha potential as well as the administrative zones of Tanzania. The unavailable and/unsuitable areas were verified against literature and this enabled the areas that were under cultivation, were housing biodiversity or were generally constrained to be filtered out from the study area. The three largest, available and potentially suitable areas that the study identified for large scale Jatropha cultivation occupied about 7.6 million hectares. Assuming an optimal seed yield and an oil content of 35%, these areas are capable of producing about 14.4 million litres of Jatropha oil per annum. Targeting a SADC fuel import substitution of 10%, these 14.4 million litres of Jatropha oil that the three areas will meet about 83% of the country’s energy needs. Owing to the state of electricity generation in Tanzania, these three areas are able to generate about six percent of electricity and this can contribute to some extend to the country energy needs. From the analysis it was clear to note that the production of biodiesel for blending or for electricity generation is going to be economically viable from the three selected regions. The available and suitable areas that were not consolidated within the three selected regions can be used for small scale Jatropha cultivation and their produce can be fed to large scale commercial oil production or they can use the biodiesel to produce their own electricity. Jatropha will have to be irrigated to enhance a viable economic yield; infrastructure will need to be constructed to areas that are not served by roads and railway lines. All of this bodes well for enhancing rural development. The government has already had the foresight to establish the National Biofuels Task Force which will need to monitor investors to ensure no enforced human displacement and/or exploitation in areas where the large scale farms are to be established. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.

What can we learn from the programmes which have attempted to improve the conditions of an estimated 190 million children around the world who are chronically undernourished? It is evident from the literature that there is a dramatic increase in the risk of death amongst malnourished children, many of whom die from minor diseases which become fatal in the presence of malnutrition. Implementation of successful nutrition programmes seems to be an effective way of not only preventing the waste of human resources which are vital for development but also as an empowering process for communities to solve their own problems and ensure sustainable development. In addition, improved nutrition is viewed as a means to ensure the rights of children to life and an improved quality of life. At the same time it is regarded as a way of saving scarce resources which would have been spent on malnourished children and instead to spend the money in other sectors of the economy. A review of different nutrition related programmes revealed that there is no "magic bullet" for solving nutrition related problems in different communities. However, there are basic elements which need to be considered if successful and sustainable implementation of nutrition related programmes is desired. This exploratory study aims at increasing the understanding of some of the elements which enhanced successful implementation processes of the Child Survival, Protection and Development (CSPD) programme in two regions of Tanzania, namely Mara and Singida. In order to accomplish the study a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were employed. Districts and villages involved in the study were randomly selected. The study revealed that there were eight main elements which enhanced implementation of the programme in the two regions. The elements included awareness, training, commitment, appropriate structures, an effective monitoring system, good leadership, adequate linkage with other programmes and positive outcomes within a reasonable time. Furthermore itwas found that no single element was enough on its own to facilitate adequate implementation ofthe programme and hence the combination of the elements was an important factor. Finally, recommendations are provided on how to incorporate the elements effectively into the implementation of the nutrition related programmes in order to ensure success and sustainability. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.