There is a fundamental shift in the way people are living on the planet. Over half of the world's population now lives in cities, yet many of these cities continue to struggle to provide basic services, infrastructure and food security for the billions of people who live in cities. Despite decades of intervention by international and national development agencies, cities in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa are increasingly framed in apocalyptic and dystopian terms, serving as a warning of the dangers of overurbanization while being criticized for their lack of urban development. This contradictory framing poses the question of how a city and the people who live there actually survive. Building on emerging work in critical urban studies, this research examines how narrow definitions of what counts as urban hinder the understanding of cities in different regional contexts and limit our imaginations of how people survive and thrive in the face of the challenges that cities provide. To examine the idea of what is urban in the context of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, I use the lens of urban open space farms, large lots of land in the built-up environment of the city used for farming, to explore what makes farming urban, how the practice of farming contributes to and is embedded within urban systems, and how farms and farmers can illuminate the material practices and ephemeral experiences that constitute the reality of people's daily life in cities. I employ a methodology based on interviews, photo voice, mental mapping, and observation over time to explore the dynamics of farms as spaces and farmers as agents in constructing these spaces over time. The purpose is to contribute to a definition of the urban that moves past associations with capitalism and industrialization as the defining processes of the city towards one more inclusive of the way people experience these spaces, how they remake them to fit the city, and what this means for interventions that focus on the marginalization of people and the ways that cities fail, rather than how they actually work.

The aim of the study was to investigate the current management of educational change in Tanzania, with specific reference to the Primary Educational Development Plan (PEDP) and relate it to the roles of different stakeholders in education reform in order to determine factors that underlie its success or failure. The problem was investigated by means of a literature survey and an empirical inquiry. The literature survey revealed that educational change management is a social phenomenon whose process is considered overlapping. Implementation of educational change requires knowledge and understanding of the change objectives and the roles necessary to sustain the change. This process requires a shared vision among the educational stakeholders. A qualitative inquiry using in-depth individual and focus group interviews was conducted to explore the experiences of people affected by the implementation of the PEDP in Tanzania. The sample was purposefully chosen and reflected a number of stakeholders on various levels. The empirical study revealed factors outside the country that influence the management of educational change. These include a change in global focus and donors’ influence. The implementation of educational change in Tanzania has also depended largely on an understanding of directives and guidelines provided by the headquarters. The achievements that have been made are mainly quantitative and unlikely to be sustained. A lack of motivation among teachers has resulted in their passive participation in the reform. The top-down management of the reform has also adversely affected the sustainability of the reform. The PEDP was intended to have grassroots participation with broad involvement of stakeholders in outcomes. However, PEDP has been top-down, removed from local context. The study concluded that the implementation of reform was done without clear direction and scope. Thus, the sustainability of the reform is uncertain. Following the findings, the study recommends a constant dialogue using interpersonal communication with stakeholders on the purposes, strategies and practical working environment of the reform. The study also recommends change agents operating at district and school levels and the provision of clear roles and functions to specific stakeholders. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

The aim of this research is of limited scope; it intended to examine how secondary school teachers experience the implementation of the competency-based curriculum in Tanzania. The study employed a descriptive case study design where eight participants provided in-depth data through face-to-face interviews, non-participant observation and document analysis. The in-depth data was gathered in natural school settings, an aspect which enhanced the study’s validity. After transcribing the interviews, an open coding process was undertaken and a theme comparison approach applied. The findings indicated that the participants had a limited understanding of the curriculum: they were happy in their teaching profession regardless of competence-based curriculum challenges; they were experiencing multiple challenges, the key ones being lack of participation in curriculum design and implementation; lack of quality text books and lastly, they were not motivated to implement the competency- based curriculum. The study concludes by providing relevant recommendations to various stakeholders including the teachers themselves, the Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE), the Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government (MORALG). / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

African agriculture has attracted increased global policy attention over the last 10 years due to concerns over both food security and economic growth. In this context, social impact investing (SII)—where investors use financial models to achieve positive social impacts as well as financial returns—is presented as a viable means of financing agricultural development in the context of reduced public funding This thesis is concerned with how SII (and its understandings, assumptions, and models of agricultural development) interact with smallholder farming in Tanzania. I unpack how the concept of SII takes shape, how it is translated into the Tanzanian context, and how it interacts with farmer livelihoods through a case study of Cheetah Development in Lower Kilolo District. I take a political ecology approach drawing mainly on qualitative methods. The concept of assemblages is employed to investigate how diverse actors enter into relationships, how those relationships hold together, and how they fall apart. I focus on three key analytical themes: power (discursive, disciplinary, and institutional), moral economies, and the role of socio-material entities. My findings show that SII is being driven by the pursuit for new profit frontiers and concerns over business risks, and also by a belief that a more ethical capitalist economy can be built. This has resulted in a narrative of ‘Africa rising’. How exactly ‘social impact’ is being defined and the motivations for pursuing it, however, differ widely within SII. To investigate how agricultural SII is translated in Tanzania I focus on Cheetah Development, an American social impact investor that provides agricultural inputs on credit to smallholder farmers and attempts to involve them in new maize value chains. Cheetah’s model identifies existing maize value chains centred around middlemen as features of an immoral capitalism. It also views smallholders as not only lacking market access and inputs, but also lacking in business-orientated mindsets. The Cheetah model builds various mechanisms to discipline farmers and render them bankable. Through examining farmer livelihoods, I find that farmers conduct diverse livelihood activities, and maize plays a variety of roles in village life. Farmer livelihoods are underpinned by a moral economy involving flexible relations of borrowing and lending. I conclude that assumptions of ethical capitalism embedded in the Cheetah model clash with farmer livelihoods and their conceptions of just socio-economic relationships.

Orientador: Flávio Dutra de Resende / Banca: Flavio Augusto Portela Santos / Banca: Marco Antonio Alvares Balsalobre / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Roberta Carrilho Canesin / Resumo: O experimento foi desenvolvido na APTA, Colina - SP, com objetivo de estudar o desempenho de tourinhos da raça Nelore durante a recria em pastagens e terminação em confinamento. Foram utilizados 84 animais com peso inicial de 205 kg e 8 meses de idade. Durante a seca os animais foram mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, sob lotação contínua, submetidos a dois suplementos (proteico ou proteico e energético). No verão os animais foram submetidos a dois suplementos (mineral ou proteico). No outono os animais foram submetidos a três suplementos (mineral, proteico ou proteico e energético). No verão e outono foram utilizados módulos de pastagens de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, sob lotação intermitente. Cada subgrupo, totalizando doze tratamentos, foi confinado com dieta única na terminação sendo abatidos com 500 kg. Na recria as características das forragens foram mantidas semelhantes, sendo as diferenças atribuídas ao tipo de suplementação. Durante a seca o suplemento proteico e energético resultou em maior ganho em peso (0,501 kg/dia) comparado com proteico (0,368 kg/dia). Animais que receberam suplemento proteico no verão apresentaram maior peso no inicio do outono (343 kg) comparado com suplemento mineral (326 kg). O peso inicial no confinamento foi influenciado pelas estratégias de suplementação na recria sendo maior nos animais que consumiram suplemento proteico e energético no outono (404 kg) seguidos por suplemento proteico (393 kg) e suplemento mineral (370 kg), o que refletiu no tempo de confinamento, sem alterar desempenho (0,910 kg/dia) e mantendo semelhantes as características de carcaça / Abstract: The experiment was conducted at APTA, Colina - SP, to study the performance of Nellore bulls rearing stages on pasture and feedlot finishing. 84 Nellore cattle, with initial body weight of 205 kg and 8 months old were used. In dry season the animals were kept on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu in continue stoking and submitted to two supplements (protein or protein and energy). In the second phase (summer) the animals were submitted to two supplements (mineral or protein). In the third phase (fall) the animals were submitted to three supplements (mineral, protein or protein and energy). In phases II and III modules pastures of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania in discontinue stoking were used. Each subgroup, totalizing twelve treatments, was later confined to single diet for finishing with 500 kg. During the growing stages the characteristics of pasture, were kept similar, being the differences attributed to the type of supplementation. During the dry season the animals that consumed energy and protein supplement showed greater weight gain (0,501 kg/day) compared to protein (0,368 kg/day). The protein supplementation in the summer increased body weight (343 kg) compared to mineral (326 kg). The initial body weight in confinement was influenced by the rearing strategies, when animals fed with protein and energetic supplement in the fall season presented higher weight (404 kg) then the animals fed with protein supplement (393 kg) and mineral (370 kg). This caused difference in confinement time but not in the weight gain (0,910 kg/day) and carcass characteristics / Doutor

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M.A. (Politics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / There has recently been an increased pressure in all-healthcare disciplines to provide interventions that are scientific, safe, efficient and cost-effective. Evidence-based practice is said to be the current best approach to address these attributes. All healthcare professionals including physiotherapists need to adopt it. Numerous physiotherapy studies have been carried out to ascertain the attitudes towards, knowledge of, engagement in as well as the barriers of evidence-based practice. These studies were mostly carried out in the developed countries and almost none in the devloping African countries. By means of an exploratory cross-sectional study, deploying both quantitative and qualitative methods, this study investigated the Tanzanian physiotherapists attitudes towards the concept of evidence-absed practice. The study also examined the knowledge that they possess, that could enable them engage in evidence-based related activities. In addition, this study explored the barriers they experience while practicing evidence-based practice. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / Despite a highly centralised system of government, Tanzania, has attempted several measures aimed at achieving decentralisation of its immense powers to allow people to have a say on matters affecting their respective areas of jurisdiction. By discussing the autonomy of local government in Tanzania, this research will highlight whether or not local government in Tanzania has the autonomy to exercise its functions without undue interference from the central government. There is not much literature on the local government laws of Tanzania .Therefore, this research will contribute to the concept of decentralisation in Tanzania in particular and Africa in general. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM