Issued also as inaugural dissertation, Bonn. / "Literatur und Quellen": p. [150]-153.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 290-317).

The purpose of this thesis is to theoretically and empirically investigate the effects of institutional inefficiencies on markets and on non-elite groups, and to better understand the factors that prevent efficient institutions from evolving through the process of institutional change. It commences by reviewing the literature relating to institutions and institutional change and presenting a theoretical framework. It then presents three empirical chapters that aim to address the key questions and hypotheses relating to how inefficient institutions affect markets and why inefficient institutions persist. The first two empirical case studies of are of institutionally driven market failures that currently exist in Tanzania’s coffee and maize markets (coffee grading and maize farm gate buying). These chapters demonstrate how these failures contribute to market inefficiency and how they lower the incomes of some of the poorest groups participating in these market chains. The findings demonstrate that there is no automatic welfare maximising process in the functioning or the evolutionary path of institutions because even though these institutions are inefficient, they remain constant and largely unchallenged in the market. In other words, inefficient market institutions do not spontaneously disappear even though they disadvantage large groups. The findings also raise questions about how these inefficient institutions evolved and why they persist. The third case study of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms addresses these questions. It describes shifting alliances and local level resistance and shows how competition between groups around the reform period has changed their respective abilities to influence institutional change over time. Initially, elite power was characterised by the capture of local and village governments by big agricultural cooperatives during the liberalisation reform period. Subsequent to the reforms, private sector traders and processors have become powerful and influential even though they were the market underdogs for many years. This is because they have invested in reducing their influence costs by establishing strong business associations and by building strong relationships with local and village government authorities. It is argued that groups with low influence costs are more powerful and can build the links that are necessary for influencing institutional change more easily. The analysis of Tanzania’s agricultural market reforms also shows that these relative positions of power and influence evolved through a long process of distributional conflict at the micro level. The complexities, contradictions, delays and reversals of Tanzania’s agricultural market liberalisation reforms were largely determined at the most disaggregated level. Massive institutional change was taking place, but its path was steered by a drawn-out process of distributional conflict in rural villages that is still ongoing today. The findings of the coffee and maize chapters are directly linked to this above described process of distributional conflict, relative power and institutional change since the inefficient institutions analysed in the coffee and maize markets emerged as outcomes of the liberalisation reforms. What this thesis shows is that institutional change depends, to a large extent, on the preferences and responses of the most influential interest groups. The historical perspective is also important in that it acts as a clarifying lens for what may otherwise seem to be an opaque set of groups, structures and incentives. This is what this thesis has sought to achieve. By combining quantitative institutional impact investigations with interest group-based political economy and historical analyses, this research has been able to reveal the thread that links current economic outcomes with long-standing group conflict dynamics.

Tanzania is one of those countries which carries the label of "underdeveloped or undeveloped". The central theme of this study is to examine what Tanzania should do in order to get started on the road to development. But before doing so, it is essential to illustrate what development means to Tanzania. Everybody in the country knows that there are three enemies to be fought, poverty, disease and ignorance. In other words the country needs high agricultural productivity; industries which will lead to a high per capita income; provision of hospitals and health centres; building more and better houses for a healthy living in order to conquer diseases and thirdly, providing schools, colleges, universities, community centres, transportation and other news media for circulation of knowledge and ideas in order to get rid of ignorance. Economists have always regarded capital natural resources as the basis of economic growth. This is all true but, among these, one element takes priority over the others. This is labour, which is termed in this study as manpower. For development purposes, no matter how rich the country may be in capital and natural resources, if they are not developed or mobilized they will not be of any benefit to the people. One of the world's handicaps is, up to this time in its history, that man has been the sole agent in mobilizing capital and natural resources for development. In the final analysis then, the development of a country depends on the ability of her people to put capital and natural resources into production. On this basis, manpower planning is essential for any country in the process of developing. However, there is need to specify the type of manpower that is needed for developmental tasks. In this case it is the quality more than the quantity of manpower that a country needs. It takes skilled men to discover and exploit natural resources, to mobilize capital to develop technology, to produce goods and to carry on trade. If a country is unable to develop its human resources it cannot build anything, whether it be a modern political system, a sense of national unity or a prosperous economy. The development of a country then is based upon its power to develop and effectively utilize the innate capacities of its people. The next question to ask is, how can this be done? There is only one means of equipping people with the skills and that is through education and training. This involves many elements but they are all inter-related. Education includes formal education at all levels. In addition, it covers on-the-job training, individual self-development through correspondence courses, informal as well as formal adult education. Basic education equips people with the ability to read, write and count which is essential in communication. New ideas are being formulated and the people should be able to read and understand them. They should be able to write and keep accounts, for example on farms, of the products of their farms. Most important, education trains people to think and reason so that they can make the right decisions whether it be on the farms, in factories or in administration. While every aspect of education and training is essential in the developing countries, because of their poverty they cannot afford to provide all at the same time so there is need to make selection on what aspect of education to put most emphasis while not ignoring other aspects completely. It is the hypothesis of this thesis that technical education should be given the emphasis if a country desires to develop. First, most of these countries are dependent on agriculture, 85 percent of Tanzanians live directly off the land, therefore, agricultural production has to be increased, which can only be done through the use of better implements such as shovels, load carriers, straddle carriers and bulldozers. Increase in agricultural production also includes use of fertilizers and improved seeds. Livestock keeping is an important part of agriculture in Tanzania. In order to improve the quality of livestock, livestock feeds have to be processed, dams have to be constructed to make water available for the animals. Dipping and innoculation is essential to protect the animals against various diseases. Second, there is need to industrialize so that the farm products can be processed within the country. All these tasks will require technically capable people. One aspect of today's life that has to be borne in mind is that man is living in a technological age which at the same time is not static. To cope with this change, a country has to provide technicians who are at the same time educated to be able to adjust to the technological innovations as well as the results that technological advancement brings. For the purposes of development other people also must understand this need of technicians. The term "technician" is a collective rather than an individual description. In engineering, where perhaps greatest clarity has so far been achieved, it embraces a wide range of duties, linking those of a scientist and technologist on the one hand and the operative on the other. The technician carries out duties which demand a higher level of scientific and technical knowledge than is needed by the craftsman and operative, but a less comprehensive and more specialized understanding than that of the scientist and technologist. In this study, however, "technician" will include the scientists and technologists. Technical engineers engage on some aspects of development and design, on the supervision of manufacture, erection and commissioning, drafting, inspection and testing, and on the operation, maintenance and repair of engineering plant and equipment. These are duties which are steadily extending in range, and increasing in complexity and importance with the impact of technological progress on the form and equipment and on the process involved in the industrial production. In this thesis, it is intended to draw heavily on the experience of other countries, particularly the Soviet Union, United States and Britain as well as other countries from the developed and underdeveloped world. These are taken as guidelines to suggestions which will be made as to what Tanzania can do in order to provide the technicians which she needs. It is considered that if Tanzania is to provide these technicians with the limited financial resources available, she will have to utilize all the means of providing the skills - formal technical education in secondary schools, technical colleges, universities; one-the-job training, as well as through correspondence courses. In order to do this, the government will have to encourage public as well as private industries and other establishments to provide technical training for their employees. Finally to implement the manpower plans, each country needs a central manpower planning body which will direct and supervise the training programs of all the organizations and ministries. If these are left to train people as they wish, the national manpower objectives of providing people for developmental purposes will not be achieved and this is likely to lead to a failure of the development plans. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The systematic status and geographic distribution of spiny mice of the genus Acomys I. Geoffroy, 1838 in northern Tanzania is uncertain. This study assesses the systematic and geographic distribution of Acomys from northern Tanzania using a multidisciplinary approach that includes molecular, cytogenetic, traditional and geometric morphometric analyses, and classical morphology of the same individuals. The molecular analysis was based on 1140 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and 1297 bp of the nuclear interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) gene sequences. These data were subjected to phylogenetic analyses using Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, Maximum parsimony, and Minimum evolution analyses. The cytogenetic analysis included G-banding of metaphase chromosomes. The morphometric analyses included univariate and multivariate analyses of traditional morphometric measurements of the cranium and mandible, and of geometric morphometric two-dimensional landmarks of the dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium, and lateral view of mandible that included thin-plate spline (TPS) analysis. The classical morphology included examination of external, cranial and mandibular morphology. Results of all these multidisciplinary analyses were congruent and provide evidence for the occurrence of two sympatric species of Acomys in northern Tanzania, namely, the previously recorded A. wilsoni (2n = 62) and a newly recorded A. cf. percivali (2n = 58). These results that also represent the first reported mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear IRBP gene sequences and karyotype for A. cf. percivali, increases the number of species known to occur in Tanzania from four to five. However, the mitochondrial cytochrome b data that included GenBank sequences from the type locality in Kenya suggest that A. wilsoni may not be monophyletic. Ecologically, the two species seem to partition their niches with A. cf. percivali being found in well-covered habitats with thorn bushes, rocky and mountainous areas, and A. wilsoni being found in open semi-arid grasslands as well as in rice fields. The two species appear to be isolated by complex natural barriers formed by the Great East African Rift Valley whose geological features have generally been associated with active rodent speciation. However, the present results need further multidisciplinary investigation involving extensive sampling and examination of topotypical material. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Includes bibliographical references. / This research examines the problem of child labour in Tanzania. It seeks to explore the magnitude, scope, causes and consequences of child labour, and the worst forms of child labour. Children are defined as persons less than 18 years and child labour refers to specific categories of children between 5 years and 18 years who are economically active. Children may be involved in paid as well as unpaid work within the formal and informal sectors, or in urban and rural areas. The Worst Forms of Child Labour include slavery, prostitution or pornography, illicit activities and hazardous work. As in many African societies, Tanzania's children are expected to carry out several tasks as they progress to adulthood under the principle of preparing them to be adults; this is generally referred to as 'socialization'. These tasks often place children in danger or expose them to unhealthy, dirty, strenuous, moral and exploitative conditions and constitute the type of child labour that the Tanzanian government is concerned about.

Background The World Health Organisation currently recommends the use of artemisinin-based combination drugs for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in high malaria endemic regions. However, comprehensive understanding of factors affecting treatment of malaria with antimalarials is lacking in many rural communities in Africa. This study seeks to test the following hypothesise: 1. That socio-economic and demographic factors at the household level affect treatment of self reported malaria/fever with antimalarials in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania 2. Distance of a household to a health facility affects treatment of malaria/fever with antimalarials in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania. Methods: Secondary data analysis of a cross- sectional household survey on antimalarials carried out in 2005 in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania. Georeferenced health facilities and households’ datasets from the Rufiji and Ifakara demographic surveillance systems sites were also used to estimate distance variables. Results: Out of a total of 1433 participants who reported malaria/fever, 32% (95% CI: 29.29, 34.89) obtained treatment with antimalarials. Among them, 36% obtained treatment with Sulfadoxine Pyreminthamine (SP) as a monotherapy and 44% treated malaria/fever with SP and Artesunate as a combination therapy.8% used quinine while 11 % used Amodiaquine and Artesunate. The remaining 1% used chloroquine. After adjusting for all confounding variables in a multivariate survey logistic regression model, age group, education level of the household head and district of residence were found, with statistical evidence, to be associated with treatment of reported malaria/fever with antimalarials. Background The World Health Organisation currently recommends the use of artemisinin-based combination drugs for treatment of uncomplicated malaria in high malaria endemic regions. However, comprehensive understanding of factors affecting treatment of malaria with antimalarials is lacking in many rural communities in Africa. This study seeks to test the following hypothesise: 1. That socio-economic and demographic factors at the household level affect treatment of self reported malaria/fever with antimalarials in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania 2. Distance of a household to a health facility affects treatment of malaria/fever with antimalarials in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania. Methods: Secondary data analysis of a cross- sectional household survey on antimalarials carried out in 2005 in the Kilombero/Ulanga and Rufiji valleys in Tanzania. Georeferenced health facilities and households’ datasets from the Rufiji and Ifakara demographic surveillance systems sites were also used to estimate distance variables. Results: Out of a total of 1433 participants who reported malaria/fever, 32% (95% CI: 29.29, 34.89) obtained treatment with antimalarials. Among them, 36% obtained treatment with Sulfadoxine Pyreminthamine (SP) as a monotherapy and 44% treated malaria/fever with SP and Artesunate as a combination therapy.8% used quinine while 11 % used Amodiaquine and Artesunate. The remaining 1% used chloroquine. After adjusting for all confounding variables in a multivariate survey logistic regression model, age group, education level of the household head and district of residence were found, with statistical evidence, to be associated with treatment of reported malaria/fever with antimalarials. Conclusion: The results suggest that participant’s age, education level of household head and location of district are important predictors of treatment of malaria with antimalarials in rural Tanzania. The implementation of any antimalarials policy in Tanzania would therefore, require a careful consideration of these factors.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities School of Social Sciences Department of Anthropology, University of the Witwatersrand, August 2017 / This study engages with recent works on entrepreneurship and microfinance in the developing world as it seeks to understand youths’ interactions with microfinance initiatives in a specific African context. Using the case of urban Dar es Salaam in Tanzania, I apply the theory of value to question the notion that ‘entrepreneurship’ can be separated from other aspects of cultural and social lives in the community. By providing business grants and entrepreneurship training, microfinance institutions assume that youth from poor backgrounds will also be able to start their own business, sustain it and succeed financially. However, this relationship is not well established and need to be further explored empirically and ethnographically. Through ethnographic observation of three material sites, namely family, market, and the project that provided a business grant to 52 secondary school graduates, I look at how youth, as potential entrepreneurs in the context of limited access to formal education and employment in urban areas, make choices on the use of money in relation to entrepreneurship investments, daily livelihoods, and future plans. The general framework that informs youth entrepreneurship programs posits that the lack of capital, skills, business knowledge and poor policy framework explains, to a larger extent, why business ventures are not successful among youth living in poverty. However, this research indicates that family dynamics, youth aspirations, belief systems, and nature of interventions programs are factors that influence youth engagements with entrepreneurship and the outcome of their business ventures. / XL2018

No description available.

No description available.