This dissertation is a survey and analysis of the ideal of severe asceticism conveyed in early religious Daoist texts. “Severe asceticism” in this study refers to religious practices that entail hardship, suffering and the rejection of basic human needs, along with the beliefs and attitudes that serve as justification and motivation for such practices. The period dealt with in the study is roughly the first six centuries of the common era. The study addresses three basic questions: 1) What specific severe ascetic training methods and ways of behavior were being carried out by Daoists? 2) What attitudes and beliefs served as motivation for such practices? 3) How and to what degree did the severe ascetic practices and the beliefs and attitudes dictating them evolve during the period in question? The study finds that throughout the period discussed, severe asceticism was always an important ideal for Daoists, especially for advanced adepts. The prominent severe ascetic practices included fasting, celibacy, sleep-avoidance, wilderness seclusion and selfimposed poverty. Highly uncommon and generally disapproved of were austeries which harmed and weakened the body with no purpose of ultimately strengthening it. In general, the motives for severe asceticism were (1) the strengthening and transformation of the body, (2) contact and participation in what is sacred and transcendent and (3) disdain and fear of the world and society. However, it is also discussed how during the latter part of the period examined, the emergence of new, partly Buddhist-influenced, soteriological and cosmological beliefs intensified the inherent tension between the two primary sotenological objectives, longevity and transcendence, and may have given justification to austenties which harmed the body and contradicted the archaic ideal of bodily immortality. In order to be able to analyze the phenomenon of severe asceticism in its full integrity, an approach has been taken that emphasizes comprehensiveness. This is because the phenomenon was much too widespread and diverse to be accurately assessed on the basis of one authoritative text. Thus a wide variety of sources have been utilized so that severe asceticism in early Daoist religion can be viewed to its fullest and understood properly based on a broad base of information. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

本文採取道教文獻研究方法，以蔣叔輿（1162-1223）所撰的《無上黃籙大齋立成儀》為例子，探討南宋道教黃籙齋儀的發展與變革。 / 黃籙齋儀是具有久遠歷史發展之道教科儀，其儀式傳統可接源六朝道教科範。蔣叔輿承其師留用光（？-1206）的啟導，從六朝靈寶經典中編修齋儀，其中《金籙簡文》和《黃籙簡文》的科範更是蔣氏整理「古法」黃籙齋儀時最重要的參考；而內容則以懺謝為中心。 / 另一方面，在一個新科儀、新法術傳統出現之變革時代，南宋黃籙齋也不可避免地出現了一些新變革，其中最明顯是文書系統和薦拔度亡儀式的加入。 / 黃籙齋之文書系統，是一個涉及「文書」、「天上官署」、「印篆」、「法」、「籙」的龐大系統；這是吸收了世俗行政文書之應用，亦是道教科儀能區別於一般民間祭祀的重要特點。另各法派之文書系統、印篆運用、對行儀者法籙要求也各成一系，這亦是讓我們判別不同法派齋儀的重要依據。 / 此外，南宋黃籙齋晚上新增的度亡儀式，包括了破獄、召魂、沐浴、設斛、鍊度、傳戒環節，並會分正薦亡魂、普薦幽魂兩線並行，而且兩種薦度的重點也不一樣。對比「古法」黃籙齋儀，這些新儀式更著重採用行符、存想、唸呪的法術來薦拔度亡。然而通過對這些法術行持的分析，又會發展其源與六朝道教經科有不少聯繫。 / 南宋黃籙齋儀一方面延續了六朝靈寶黃籙齋儀懺謝的傳統，另一方面又能確保齋儀能從新法術中吸取養份，以更有效而全面地拔度亡魂。《無上黃籙大齋立成儀》的黃籙齋儀同時存在著新、古兩類儀式；這種試圖於新法術和舊傳統中以爭取平衡，只怕亦是南宋黃籙齋在儀式變革的一種體現。 / This thesis adopts the study of Daoist liturgical texts, based on Standardized Rituals of the Supreme Yellow Register Retreat (WushangHuanglu dazhai licheng yi 無上黃籙大齋立成儀) written by Jiang Shuyu 蔣叔輿 (1162-1223), to investigate the development and transformation of rituals of the Yellow Register Retreat (Huanglu zhai 黃籙齋). / The thesis attempts to demonstrate that rituals of the Huanglu zhai had a long historical Daoist ritual background. The rituals could be tracked back to the liturgies of Six Dynasties. Jiang Shuyu was inspired by his teacher Liu Yongguang 留用光 (?-1206) to compile the rituals of Retreat (zhai 齋) from Lingbao 靈寶 scriptures. Among the scriptures, Jinlu jinwen 金籙簡文 and Huanglu jinwen 黃籙簡文 were the most important references for Jiang to compile "old ways"(gufa 古法). The central idea of them is confession and apology (chanxie 懺謝). / It was an era with the transformation of new rites, the Huanglu zhai in Southern Song unavoidably brought in some reforms. The most obvious two examples were the application of the system of written-documents (wenshu 文書) and the ritual of salvation of souls (duwang 度亡). / The system of written-documents in the Huanglu zhai is enormous and it involved written-documents, supernal offices (guanshu 官署), stamps (yin 印), rites (fa 法) and register (lu 籙). It absorbed the administrative documents system. And it was a crucial differentiation between Daoist ritual and folk sacrifice. Different rites adopted different systems of written-documents, different use of seals and different requirements on the ritual master. These are important evidences for us to differentiate various traditions of the rituals of zhai. / Besides that, the Huanglu zhai of Southern Song introduced the ritual of salvation of souls at night, including breaking the hell, summoning the souls, bathing, feeding, refining and teaching the precepts. They were divided into two parallel lines, the salvation of the ancestors and the universal salvation of orphan souls, and their focus were different. Comparing to Lingbao "old ways", these new salvation of souls rituals valued more on sending talismans (fu 符), visualization (cunxiang 存想), and chanting incantations (nianzhou 唸呪). And through analyzing these practices, we discovered that the origin has many connections with the scriptures and liturgies of Six Dynasties. / The ritual of Huanglu zhai, on the one hand continued the practice of confession and apology of LingbaoHuanglu zhai ritual in Six Dynasties, on the other hand it ensured the ritual could absorb new elements from the new rites in order to save the souls effectively and thoroughly. The ritual of Huanglu zhai in WushangHuanglu dazhai licheng yi included both old and new rituals. It tried to strike a balance between the new practice and the old tradition. That also demonstrated the transformation of Huanglu zhai in the Southern Song Dynasties. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 梁斯韻. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 235-263). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Liang Siyun.

Liu, Jingyu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 97-101). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter One --- The Prominence of Daoist Warrior Gods --- p.12 / Chapter 1 --- Black Killer --- p.12 / Chapter 2 --- Zhenwu --- p.19 / Chapter 3 --- Marshal Deng Bowen --- p.29 / Chapter 4 --- Marshal Wen Qiong --- p.32 / Concluding Remarks --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter Two --- The Cult of Marshal Wen in the Daoist Canon --- p.37 / Chapter 1 --- Authorial Background --- p.37 / Chapter 2 --- The Rites of Earth Spirits --- p.38 / Chapter 3 --- "Hagiography of Grand Guardian Wen, Supreme Commander of the Earth Spirits" --- p.45 / Chapter 4 --- The participation of Heavenly Master Daoism --- p.63 / Concluding Remarks --- p.66 / Conclusion --- p.68 / Appendix --- p.72 / "Hagiography of Grand Guardian Wen, Supreme Commander of the Earthly Spirits" --- p.72 / 地祗上將溫太保傳 --- p.84 / "Addendum to the Hagiography of Grand Guardian Wen, Supreme Commander of the Earthly Spirits" --- p.91 / 溫太保傳補遺 --- p.94 / Bibliography --- p.97

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Construction Project Management

Le mouvement taoïste de l’époque Wei-Jin représente un tournant dans l’histoire de la philosophie chinoise. L’osmose entre le confucianisme et le taoïsme y revêt une signification historique. Les penseurs chinois ont toujours déduit la Voie du Ciel pour clarifier les conduites humaines. Cette forme philosophique a tiré leçon du modèle de la pensée taoïste. C’est aussi l’origine de l’appellation du néo-taoïsme de l’étude du Mystère de l’époque Wei-Jin. L’étude du Mystère de l’époque Wei-Jin a assumé les fondements philosophiques du taoïsme en créant la théorie de l’étude du Mystère en vue d’étudier la possibilité de l’osmose entre le confucianisme et le taoïsme pour dépasser l’opposition historique entre ces deux courants principaux de la philosophie chinoise. L’étude du Mystère a poursuivi le discours sur la cosmologie et l’ontologie jusqu’à la philosophie de la vie de Laozi, seulement le néo-taoïsme à la période Wei-Jin n’a pas puisé le concept de la totalité et le fondement sur l’univers et la vie du taoïsme. En effet, Laozi a pris conscience sur les principes de la vie, il a pour ainsi dire développé tout le système de philosophie du taoïsme, tandis que, en prenant l’étude du mystère comme forme d’expression, le néo-taoïsme serait une dérive du Taoïsme. / Xuanxue has been the product of the Taoist Movement for the period of Wei-Jin. On the decline of the Han dynasty, a kind of taoistic Confucianism was formed, that is to say, some scholars exhibited a certain independent quality in refusing the Confucian doctrine of the periodic appearance of sage, they did no more than repeat Taoism, except for combining it with Confucian ethics. Then the Taoist Movement appeared and gathered great strength in the Wei-Jin period (220-420). Neo-Taoism is the production of times which came along with the emergence of the Taoist Movement, an intellectual movement following the current of history throughout the development of Chinese philosophy: pre-Ch’in, then Confucianism, Neo-Taoism, Buddhist Idealism, Neo- Confucianism (Rationalism), as well as today’s philosophical trends. Primitive Taoism was revitalized after the profound political and intellectual crisis in the Han dynasty, that is to say, the breakdown of Confucian ritualism once borrowed by scholars as an official orthodox religious, philosophical and ethical practice used to explain it to the people and to silence opposition. During the period of Wei Jin, the study of the thought of Lao-Zhouang tended towards Naturalism and became embedded in the Chinese cultural mainstream, thus providing a background for intellectual renewal, a stepping stone for Neo-Taoism.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hua zhong shi fan da xue, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 361-374).

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The religions in Taiwan are diverse. Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity are the major religions in Taiwan. These religions are also close with Taiwan society and people life. Since the training and education of religion manpower is the critical effect to religions development, this study uses document analysis to investigate the development of major religions and the training and education of religion manpower (including missionary, professional, academic, and general knowledge) in Taiwan for the purpose of understanding existing conditions and problems. In addition, this study uses in-depth interviews and questionnaires to investigate the training and education of Dzongsar Institute. This study tries to give reference to Taiwan via comparing the training and education between Taiwan religions and Dzongsar Institute. The results indicate that since the difference of environments and development between Taiwan religions and Dzongsar Institute, the orientation between Taiwan religions and Dzongsar Institute is also different. The religions in Taiwan are diverse and the religions in Taiwan should tie with the development of Taiwan for improving the development of religions. In the other hand, Dzongsar Institute sets at a single religion environment and has no visible competition so Dzongsar Institute could to its best to develop Tibetan Buddhism and foster the manpower. Moreover, there are different training and education of missionary, profession, academy, and general knowledge between Taiwan religions and Dzongsar Institute. Summary, Taiwan religions are developed in training and education of missionary, academy, and general knowledge but should improve in professional training and education. On the other hand, Dzongsar Institute is not developed in training and education of missionary, academy, and general knowledge but is developed in professional training and education. Therefore, this study suggests enhancing the depth of professional training and education and improving the courses and contents of professional training and education in Taiwan religions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves.

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