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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Was It Worth It? : A quantitative study on the abolishment of mandatory audit and its consequences on income tax payments from small limited firms

Zeremichael, Fnan, Felth, Andrea January 2018 (has links)
No description available.
2

Restituição do indébito tributário: legitimidade ativa nas incidências indiretas

Darzé, Andréa Medrado 02 June 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Medrado Darze.pdf: 1438059 bytes, checksum: 132ed7f7da3e9ae3b0ae8dc1ed863e99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-02 / The purpose of this study is essentially analyze the article 166 of the National Tax Code. We began our research by identifying what is the real basis of validity of the right to refund the undue tax payment. In this stage of research, all effort was directed to synthesize the contours that were established by the Federal Constitution in the delineating of this prerogative. Then, we intend to answer the following questions: When is effectively possible to talk about undue tax payment? What is it legal nature? What are the requirements, factual and legal, for its configuration? What is the view of the courts case law, in particular the Supreme Court and Superior Court of Justice concerning article 166 of the National Tax Code? After intense reflection, we concluded that the right to refund the undue tax payment has direct basis on the Constitution, although is not adequate to conclude, indistinctly, the unconstitutionality of article 166 of the National Tax Code. This is because shifting the legitimacy of the general law rule of the right to a refund in cases of tax repercussion or even to require proof of the absence of repercussion in situations in which there is a legal presumption of its existence does not necessarily implies limitation or restriction on the right to refund. On the contrary, properly applied, is essential measure to avoid spreading new pathologies in the legal system, this time arising from the refund of the undue tax payment itself, which certainly would occur before the grant of uniform treatment for cases in which taxation involves legal repercussion of their onus and those in which this phenomenon does not occur. But to so conclude, it is necessary to interpret this statement without the remnants of financial law and without interference from other sciences. In a second stage we fixed the content and scope of the main signs and compositional phrases of article 166 of the National Tax Code. All with the goal of identifying an interpretation of this legal statement in accordance to the Constitution and general rules themselves on the matter. Held the analytical decomposition of the right to a refund of the undue tax payment set by article 166 of the National Tax Code, we define denotatively that taxes which, by its nature, have repercussions and, as such, have its refund requests submitted to this special rule / Tributário Nacional. Iniciamos nossa pesquisa identificando qual o verdadeiro fundamento validade do direito à restituição do indébito tributário. Nesta fase da investigação, todo o esforço se dirigiu a sintetizar os contornos traçados já na Constituição Federal na delimitação dessa prerrogativa. Em seguida, buscamos responder às seguintes questões: Quando efetivamente é possível falar em indébito tributário? Qual a sua natureza jurídica? Quais são os requisitos, fáticos e jurídicos, para a sua configuração? Qual a posição da jurisprudência judicial, especialmente a do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça, a respeito do artigo 166 do Código Tributário Nacional? Após intensa reflexão, verificamos que o direito à repetição do tributo indevidamente pago tem fundamento direto na Constituição da República, mas que isso não é suficiente para concluir, indistintamente, pela inconstitucionalidade do artigo 166 do CTN. Isso porque deslocar a legitimidade ativa da regra geral do direito à restituição nos casos de tributos repercutidos ou mesmo exigir prova da ausência de repercussão nas hipóteses em que há presunção legal da sua existência não implica, necessariamente, limitação ou restrição do direito à restituição. Pelo contrário, bem aplicada, é medida indispensável para evitar que se propaguem novas patologias no sistema, desta vez derivadas da própria devolução do indébito, o que, certamente, ocorreria diante da outorga de tratamento uniforme para os casos em que a tributação envolve a repercussão jurídica do seu ônus e para aqueles em que este fenômeno não ocorre. Mas, para assim concluir, é necessário interpretar este enunciado sem os resquícios do direito financeiro, sem interferências de outras ciências. Num segundo momento, fixamos o conteúdo e alcance dos principais signos e locuções compositivas do artigo 166 do CTN. Tudo com o objetivo de identificar uma interpretação deste enunciado legal conforme à Constituição da República e às próprias normas gerais sobre a matéria. Realizada a decomposição analítica do direito à restituição do indébito tributário positivado no artigo 166 do CTN, definimos denotativamente os tributos que, por sua natureza, repercutem e, como tais, têm seus pedidos de restituição submetidos a este especial regramento
3

Är tioårsregeln i 3 kap. 19 § Inkomstskattelagen förenlig med EG-rätten? : Vad blir konsekvenserna av den nya lydelsen? / Is the ten-year-rule in chapter 3 section 19 of the Income Tax Law in compliance with EC-Law? : What are the consequences of the new wording?

Buhre, Anna, Mörck, Elisabeth January 2009 (has links)
Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida tioårsregeln i 3 kap. 19 § IL strider mot EG-rätten. Vidare undersöks konsekvenserna utav den utvidgade regeln i förhållande till den internationella skatteavtalsrätten. Avsaknad av total harmonisering inom skatteområdet i EU resulterar i att praxis från EGD är vägledande och av stor vikt för medlemsstaterna. Skatteregler i intern rätt får inte utformas på ett sätt att de strider mot någon av de grundläggande rörelsefriheterna i EG-fördraget. Tioårsregeln innebär i grova drag att kapitalvinster som uppstår vid avyttring av tillgångar, skall beskattas i Sverige under de tio nästföljande åren efter utflyttning från Sverige. Tioårsregeln i dess tidigare lydelse har inte fungerat ändamålsenligt. Numera omfattar tioårsregeln utländska andelar och delägarrätter om dessa förvärvades under tiden den skattskyldige var obegränsat skattskyldig i Sverige. Tioårsregelns syfte är att hindra skattskyldiga att undandraga den svenska staten skatteintäkter vid utflyttning. Exitbeskattning är en synonym till utflyttningsbeskattning. Exitskatt avseende kapital innebär att beskattning sker på en orealiserad latent vinst på grund av att den skattskyldige flyttar ut från staten. Tioårsregeln kan sägas vara en typ av exitskatteregel eftersom den grundas på en utsträckt hemvistprincip. Bestämmelser om exitskatter avseende kapitalvinster är generellt sett svåra att rättfärdiga eftersom en mängd krav ställs för att sådana regler skall betraktas förenliga med EG-rätten. EGD har genom praxis stadgat vissa krav avseende utformning av exitskatteregler. Exitskatter i sig har inte ansetts strida mot EG-rätten, vilket kan utläsas från Lasteyrie-domen. I det senare avgjorda N-målet konstaterades att regler om exitskatt i form av uppskovsbeskattning måste anses godkända av EGD, i alla fall då de inte är förenade med alltför hårda krav för den skattskyldige. För att inte strida mot EG-rätten bör värdenedgångar efter utflyttning beaktas samtidigt som krav på säkerhet och dylikt inte får ställas på den skattskyldige. Artikel 13 i OECD:s modellavtal gällande kapitalvinster reglerar inte problematiken kring olika staters bestämmelser om kapitalskatt skall tas ut eller på vilket sätt kapitalvinst skall beskattas. Artikeln reglerar i stället hur skatteanspråket avseende kapitalvinst skall fördelas mellan staterna. Det är inte alltför ovanligt att de svenska skatteavtalen skiljer sig från OECD:s modellavtal i vissa avseenden.  Begränsningarna i Sveriges beskattningsrätt innebär ofta en inskränkning i de antal år som Sverige har rätt att beskatta kapitalvinster och/eller att svenska delägarrätter samt andelar endast omfattas av den svenska beskattningsrätten. Utvidgningen av tioårsregeln är verkningslös eftersom de svenska skatteavtalen är formulerade på ett sätt som leder till att Sverige förhindras att utöva sin beskattningsrätt enligt tioårsregeln, som avtalen föreskriver. Tioårsregeln har inte effektiviserats med hjälp av utvidgningen till att även omfatta utländska andelar på grund av skatteavtalens neutraliserande effekt. Skatteavtalen leder till att tioårsregeln är verkningslös och för att syftet med den utvidgade tioårsregeln skall uppnås måste Sverige omförhandla sina skatteavtal. Om en skattskyldig person vid utflyttning behandlas negativt av tioårsregeln i jämförelse med en skattskyldig person som fortsätter vara bosatt i Sverige, kan regeln fungera hindrande. Eftersom beskattning av kapitalvinst enligt tioårsregeln sker på samma sätt för den utflyttade personen som för den i Sverige kvarvarande personen föreligger ingen negativ särbehandling, vilket innebär att regeln är förenlig med EG-rätten. Tioårsregeln bör ersättas av ett system bestående av exitbeskattning med möjlighet till uppskov, vilket vi betraktar som en mer ändamålsenlig lösning. Vår utredning påvisar att förslaget uppnår samma syfte som tioårsregeln strävar efter samtidigt som det framstår förenligt med EG-rätten. Problematiken avseende skatteflykt och skatteundandragande som tioårsregeln kan medföra är dock inte löst i sin helhet i och med det framställda förslaget. Problematiken med skatteflykt och skatteundandragande vid utflyttningssituationer kvarstår så länge Sveriges skatteavtal inte omförhandlas. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the ten-year-rule in chapter 3 section 19 of the Income Tax Law is contrary to EC-law. The consequences of the extended rule in connection with international contract law regarding taxation agreement are furthermore investigated. The lack of complete harmonization within tax law in the EU brings case law from the European Court of Justice into a position of great importance since it serves as guidance for the member states. Tax rules in national law may not be constructed in a way that is contrary to the right of free movement in the EC-treaty. A general explanation of the ten-year-rule is that capital gains which arise from disposal of assets shall be subject to Swedish tax during a ten-year period following emigration from Sweden. The former wording of the ten-year-rule has not been working appropriately. The present outline of the ten-year-rule also comprises foreign shares if they were acquired during a period when the taxpayer was liable to unlimited taxation in Sweden. The aim of the ten-year-rule is to hinder taxpayers avoiding paying governmental taxes after emigration. Exit tax is a synonym for emigration tax. Exit tax regarding capital leads to taxation of gains that has not yet been subject to realization due to the taxpayer’s emigration. The ten-year-rule can be regarded as an exit tax since it is based on an extended domicile principle. Rules regarding exit tax of capital gains are generally difficult to justify because of the various requirements to be fulfilled in order to comply with EC-law. ECJ has through case law enacted certain requirements regarding construction of exit tax rules in national law. From the judgment of the Lasteyrie-case it can be understood that exit taxes per se is not contrary to EC-law. The later ruled N-case established that exit tax rules supplemented with a possibility of tax deferral has to be considered approved by ECJ, at least when not combined with far too strict requirements for the taxpayer. In order for exit tax rules in national law not to be contrary to EC-law shall rate decrease be considered after emigration and security requirements cannot be demanded. Article 13 of the OECD's Model Tax Convention regarding capital gains does not regulate if capital gains shall be taxed or in what way capital gains shall be taxed. Instead the article regulates how the tax claim regarding capital gains shall be divided between the contractual parties. It is not uncommon that the Swedish taxation agreements are in some aspects different from the Model Tax Convention. Limitations of the Swedish tax claim often leads to restriction in the time period in which Sweden has the right to confer taxation of capital gains and/or that Swedish shares only are included in the Swedish tax claim. The extension of the ten-year-rule is ineffective since the Swedish taxation agreements are constructed in a way that leads to Sweden being prevented from practicing the tax claim according to the ten-year-rule which the agreement prescribes. The extension to also include foreign shares in the ten-year-rule has not made the rule more efficient due to the neutralizing effect of the taxation agreements. The Swedish taxation agreements affect the ten-year-rule to become inoperative and in order for the extended rule to be effective, Sweden has to renegotiate the agreements.    If an emigrating taxpayer is treated in a less favorable manner in comparison with a taxpayer keeping its residence in Sweden due to the ten-year-rule, the rule can be considered as a hindrance. Since taxation of capital gains in accordance with the ten-year-rule is conducted in the same manner for the emigrating person as for the person remaining in Sweden, no derogatory treatment exists which means that the rule is compatible with EC-law. The ten-year-rule should be replaced by a system consistent of exit tax rules combined with an opportunity for tax deferral, which we consider to be an appropriate solution. Our investigation demonstrates that this solution achieves the same purpose as the ten-year-rule is striving for at the same time as it seems to be in compliance with EC-law. The difficulty regarding tax avoidance and tax evasion that the ten-year-rule might contribute to is however not completely solved by this presented solution. The problem regarding tax avoidance and tax evasion remains as long as Swedish taxation agreements are not renegotiated.
4

Är tioårsregeln i 3 kap. 19 § Inkomstskattelagen förenlig med EG-rätten? : Vad blir konsekvenserna av den nya lydelsen? / Is the ten-year-rule in chapter 3 section 19 of the Income Tax Law in compliance with EC-Law? : What are the consequences of the new wording?

Buhre, Anna, Mörck, Elisabeth January 2009 (has links)
<p>Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida tioårsregeln i 3 kap. 19 § IL strider mot EG-rätten. Vidare undersöks konsekvenserna utav den utvidgade regeln i förhållande till den internationella skatteavtalsrätten.</p><p>Avsaknad av total harmonisering inom skatteområdet i EU resulterar i att praxis från EGD är vägledande och av stor vikt för medlemsstaterna. Skatteregler i intern rätt får inte utformas på ett sätt att de strider mot någon av de grundläggande rörelsefriheterna i EG-fördraget.</p><p>Tioårsregeln innebär i grova drag att kapitalvinster som uppstår vid avyttring av tillgångar, skall beskattas i Sverige under de tio nästföljande åren efter utflyttning från Sverige. Tioårsregeln i dess tidigare lydelse har inte fungerat ändamålsenligt. Numera omfattar tioårsregeln utländska andelar och delägarrätter om dessa förvärvades under tiden den skattskyldige var obegränsat skattskyldig i Sverige. Tioårsregelns syfte är att hindra skattskyldiga att undandraga den svenska staten skatteintäkter vid utflyttning.</p><p><em>Exitbeskattning</em> är en synonym till <em>utflyttningsbeskattning</em>. Exitskatt avseende kapital innebär att beskattning sker på en orealiserad latent vinst på grund av att den skattskyldige flyttar ut från staten. Tioårsregeln kan sägas vara en typ av exitskatteregel eftersom den grundas på en utsträckt hemvistprincip.</p><p>Bestämmelser om exitskatter avseende kapitalvinster är generellt sett svåra att rättfärdiga eftersom en mängd krav ställs för att sådana regler skall betraktas förenliga med EG-rätten. EGD har genom praxis stadgat vissa krav avseende utformning av exitskatteregler. Exitskatter i sig har inte ansetts strida mot EG-rätten, vilket kan utläsas från <em>Lasteyrie</em>-domen. I det senare avgjorda <em>N</em>-målet konstaterades att regler om exitskatt i form av uppskovsbeskattning måste anses godkända av EGD, i alla fall då de inte är förenade med alltför hårda krav för den skattskyldige. För att inte strida mot EG-rätten bör värdenedgångar efter utflyttning beaktas samtidigt som krav på säkerhet och dylikt inte får ställas på den skattskyldige.</p><p>Artikel 13 i OECD:s modellavtal gällande kapitalvinster reglerar inte problematiken kring olika staters bestämmelser <em>om </em>kapitalskatt skall tas ut eller på vilket <em>sätt</em> kapitalvinst skall beskattas. Artikeln reglerar i stället <em>hur</em> skatteanspråket avseende kapitalvinst skall fördelas mellan staterna. Det är inte alltför ovanligt att de svenska skatteavtalen skiljer sig från OECD:s modellavtal i vissa avseenden.  Begränsningarna i Sveriges beskattningsrätt innebär ofta en inskränkning i de antal år som Sverige har rätt att beskatta kapitalvinster och/eller att svenska delägarrätter samt andelar endast omfattas av den svenska beskattningsrätten.</p><p>Utvidgningen av tioårsregeln är verkningslös eftersom de svenska skatteavtalen är formulerade på ett sätt som leder till att Sverige förhindras att utöva sin beskattningsrätt enligt tioårsregeln, som avtalen föreskriver. Tioårsregeln har inte effektiviserats med hjälp av utvidgningen till att även omfatta utländska andelar på grund av skatteavtalens neutraliserande effekt. Skatteavtalen leder till att tioårsregeln är verkningslös och för att syftet med den utvidgade tioårsregeln skall uppnås måste Sverige omförhandla sina skatteavtal.</p><p>Om en skattskyldig person vid utflyttning behandlas negativt av tioårsregeln i jämförelse med en skattskyldig person som fortsätter vara bosatt i Sverige, kan regeln fungera hindrande. Eftersom beskattning av kapitalvinst enligt tioårsregeln sker på samma sätt för den utflyttade personen som för den i Sverige kvarvarande personen föreligger ingen negativ särbehandling, vilket innebär att regeln är förenlig med EG-rätten.</p><p>Tioårsregeln bör ersättas av ett system bestående av exitbeskattning med möjlighet till uppskov, vilket vi betraktar som en mer ändamålsenlig lösning. Vår utredning påvisar att förslaget uppnår samma syfte som tioårsregeln strävar efter samtidigt som det framstår förenligt med EG-rätten. Problematiken avseende skatteflykt och skatteundandragande som tioårsregeln kan medföra är dock inte löst i sin helhet i och med det framställda förslaget. Problematiken med skatteflykt och skatteundandragande vid utflyttningssituationer kvarstår så länge Sveriges skatteavtal inte omförhandlas.</p> / <p>The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether the ten-year-rule in chapter 3 section 19 of the Income Tax Law is contrary to EC-law. The consequences of the extended rule in connection with international contract law regarding taxation agreement are furthermore investigated.</p><p>The lack of complete harmonization within tax law in the EU brings case law from the European Court of Justice into a position of great importance since it serves as guidance for the member states. Tax rules in national law may not be constructed in a way that is contrary to the right of free movement in the EC-treaty.</p><p>A general explanation of the ten-year-rule is that capital gains which arise from disposal of assets shall be subject to Swedish tax during a ten-year period following emigration from Sweden. The former wording of the ten-year-rule has not been working appropriately. The present outline of the ten-year-rule also comprises foreign shares if they were acquired during a period when the taxpayer was liable to unlimited taxation in Sweden. The aim of the ten-year-rule is to hinder taxpayers avoiding paying governmental taxes after emigration.</p><p>Exit tax is a synonym for emigration tax. Exit tax regarding capital leads to taxation of gains that has not yet been subject to realization due to the taxpayer’s emigration. The ten-year-rule can be regarded as an exit tax since it is based on an extended domicile principle.</p><p>Rules regarding exit tax of capital gains are generally difficult to justify because of the various requirements to be fulfilled in order to comply with EC-law. ECJ has through case law enacted certain requirements regarding construction of exit tax rules in national law. From the judgment of the <em>Lasteyrie</em>-case it can be understood that exit taxes per se is not contrary to EC-law. The later ruled <em>N</em>-case established that exit tax rules supplemented with a possibility of tax deferral has to be considered approved by ECJ, at least when not combined with far too strict requirements for the taxpayer. In order for exit tax rules in national law not to be contrary to EC-law shall rate decrease be considered after emigration and security requirements cannot be demanded.</p><p>Article 13 of the OECD's Model Tax Convention regarding capital gains does not regulate <em>if</em> capital gains shall be taxed or in <em>what way</em> capital gains shall be taxed. Instead the article regulates <em>how</em> the tax claim regarding capital gains shall be divided between the contractual parties. It is not uncommon that the Swedish taxation agreements are in some aspects different from the Model Tax Convention. Limitations of the Swedish tax claim often leads to restriction in the time period in which Sweden has the right to confer taxation of capital gains and/or that Swedish shares only are included in the Swedish tax claim.</p><p>The extension of the ten-year-rule is ineffective since the Swedish taxation agreements are constructed in a way that leads to Sweden being prevented from practicing the tax claim according to the ten-year-rule which the agreement prescribes. The extension to also include foreign shares in the ten-year-rule has not made the rule more efficient due to the neutralizing effect of the taxation agreements. The Swedish taxation agreements affect the ten-year-rule to become inoperative and in order for the extended rule to be effective, Sweden has to renegotiate the agreements.   </p><p>If an emigrating taxpayer is treated in a less favorable manner in comparison with a taxpayer keeping its residence in Sweden due to the ten-year-rule, the rule can be considered as a hindrance. Since taxation of capital gains in accordance with the ten-year-rule is conducted in the same manner for the emigrating person as for the person remaining in Sweden, no derogatory treatment exists which means that the rule is compatible with EC-law.</p><p>The ten-year-rule should be replaced by a system consistent of exit tax rules combined with an opportunity for tax deferral, which we consider to be an appropriate solution. Our investigation demonstrates that this solution achieves the same purpose as the ten-year-rule is striving for at the same time as it seems to be in compliance with EC-law. The difficulty regarding tax avoidance and tax evasion that the ten-year-rule might contribute to is however not completely solved by this presented solution. The problem regarding tax avoidance and tax evasion remains as long as Swedish taxation agreements are not renegotiated.</p>

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