The goal of this thesis is to provide reader with insight on historical development, current status and possible future development of budgetary allocation of taxes, which are allocated to budgets of municipalities, what consequences can changes in budgetary allocation of taxes have on whole country, or in another cases on single municipality. To fulfil this goal, there is at the beginning situated necessary introduction to budget and tax law. There are principles of budget law and construction of taxes described primarily. Thereinafter, there is defined municipality, rules of municipality management and described budget procedure, on which have taxes, which are income of municipal budgets according of law number 243/2000 Sb., o rozpočtovém určení daní, major impact. In next chapters are analysed taxes individually, mainly is analysed development of theirs allocation to municipal budgets from year 1993. One of those taxes is land value tax, which is because of its exclusive allocation to municipalities analysed from different angle, it is descripted, how municipalities can influence the income from this tax, which is difference from the others, because income from other taxes can not be modified by municipalities. Other taxes are income taxes and added value tax. In case of these taxes the development of...

El presente trabajo de suficiencia profesional es una investigación cualitativa que tiene como propósito analizar el impacto financiero producido por la aplicación de los beneficios tributarios, en específico de la exoneración del Impuesto General a las Ventas. La perspectiva de análisis que se pretende asumir es la del empresario de la Región Amazónica. Para la obtención de la información se formularon entrevistas a expertos en temas contables y tributarios para conocer sus opiniones y posturas respecto a la aplicación de los beneficios tributarios. Además, se aplicaron entrevistas a Contadores Público Colegiados de la Región Amazónica, la cual se encuentra exonerada del Impuesto General a las Ventas, para conocer el tratamiento utilizado para el reconocimiento de las adquisiciones gravadas con el mencionado impuesto. Adicionalmente, se revisaron artículos de revistas especializadas en contabilidad, la Ley de Impuesto General a las Ventas y su reglamento, la Ley de Promoción de Inversión en la Amazonía entre otros documentos. Los datos recolectados fueron tabulados y analizados, y se generó un modelo teórico que describe los efectos financieros de la aplicación de la exoneración del Impuesto General a las Ventas en las empresas de la región amazónica. / This present work about professional knowledge has a main objective, which is to analyze the application of tax avoidance and their impact, which means sale tax exoneration. We pretend to take prospect of businessman analysis up from The Amazon Region, Which is why we use accountancy management as a main tool in order to figure out that impact. In order to get real information, we made some surveys to people who know about accountancy and tax topics and figure out what their opinions or points of view they have about the application of taxes profit. Besides, we took surveys to The Amazon Region accountants, to know the treatment which are used by themselves in order to recognize recorded acquisition indirect taxation. Meanwhile, we talked to these people about the information they give to the state-owned or private company where they work for and the impact they have. Otherwise, we checked different magazines articles about accountancy, the law of indirect taxation and its rules, the law of investment promotion in The Amazon among other documents. The data we have picked up were analyzed and put in order, so we get a theorist model which describes the application of free indirect taxation and its effects on the main economy activities which grew up in The Amazon Region.

The concept of a fat tax is a heavily debated topic around the world (given increasing levels of obesity and overweight) as a measure to be used by legislators to control the consumption of food items that are seen to cause obesity and overweight. The purpose of a fat tax can be likened to that of a sin tax (used to control consumption of products seen as vices to society). Little research has been carried out on fat tax in South Africa as the debate surrounding the levels of obesity has only been initiated on a national level in recent years. However, given the significant threat which high levels of obesity and overweight pose to South Africans (the fourth fattest nation in the world), the viability of any measure that would curb the consumption of unhealthy foods by South Africans should be investigated. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the introduction of a fat tax would affect consumer consumption habits by deterring consumers from purchasing unhealthy foods and in this way begin to lower the levels of obesity observed in the country. This study consists of a review of various literature in favour of, and against the implementation of sin and fat taxes, a detailed investigation into the effect of the levying of sin taxes by the South African Minister of Finance on tobacco and alcohol consumption and a survey researching the possible impact that an implemented fat tax would have on consumer consumption patterns in South Africa. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Taxation / MCom / Unrestricted

We contribute to the empirical literature on the debt bias of corporate income taxation through a firm-level evaluation of the European Commission's recent proposal of an Allowance for Growth and Investment (AGI). We use the introduction, the application and the repeal of a similar allowance in Austria during the early 2000s to evaluate the effects of the AGI on corporate equity and profit distribution. Our analysis provides evidence that such an allowance could increase corporate equity ratios by 5.5 percentage points and reduce profit distributions by 7.6 percentage points. These effects are stronger than those the previous literature for traditional Allowance for Corporate Equity (ACE) tax systems has identified. Additionally, we contribute to the recently expanding literature on the influence of ownership on tax planning as we find significant differences in the utilization of the AGI depending on individual specifics of the majority shareholder as well as depending on the number of shareholders of the respective firms. / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

The thesis deals with the accounting and tax specifics receivables, in particular by ensuring receivables and the management of overdue debts. In the case of overdue debts focuses on allowances and depreciation with different impact on accounting profit and tax base. The main objective is to identify differences in accounting and tax receivable, ways of securing and their display in accounting. Conclusion The work consists Interpretation of the National Accounting Council dealing with receivables, receivables management research in eight selected companies and the aggregate accounting an example of a real company.

As part of environmental fiscal reform initiatives the South African government proposed, inter alia, increases in vehicle customs and excise duties (ad valorem) and the licensing fees of fuel-inefficient vehicles. Consequently it is proposed that the existing ad valorem excise duties on motor vehicles be adjusted to incorporate carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as an environmental criterion from 1 March 2010. The purpose of these proposed vehicle green taxes is to discourage the acquisition and use of vehicles with higher carbon dioxide emissions and fuel-inefficient vehicles. The prospects of it achieving the aforementioned purpose could however be affected by the design of the proposed vehicle green taxes and the provisions of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. An extended literature review (non-empirical study) was performed. Literature on studies in Japan, European Union countries and fiscal reform instruments implemented in United States were reviewed. Certain weaknesses in, and alternatives for, the proposed vehicle green taxes were noted. The focus on consumers is probably the most important weakness which could be addressed by the implementation of a “feebate” policy (with the focus on vehicle manufacturers and “fuel economy technology”). Based on the findings of this study it is also apparent that certain provisions of the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 do allow for a tax deduction if the proposed vehicle green taxes are incurred (depending on the category of the taxpayer). The possible tax deduction could impair the ability of the proposed vehicle green taxes affecting purchasing and usage behaviour. As section 23(d), of Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, currently does not prohibit these deductions possible amendments thereto should also be considered. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / unrestricted

The South African Government, in the Budget Review of 2008, proposed to impose a 2c/kWh tax on the sale of electricity generated from non-renewable sources, to be collected at source by the producers/generators of electricity. This tax will create distortions in the South African economy. The research study aims to identify measures that can be taken to negate the negative competitiveness impact of the tax. In the first part of the study, we applied the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, which is coordinated by the Centre for Global Trade Analysis at Purdue University. The GTAP model is the pre-eminent modelling framework for the analysis of trade and environmental issues across countries. GTAP is a multi-region CGE model designed for comparative-static analysis of trade policy issues. Various versions were constructed and the closure was changed to reflect the South African reality more accurately. After the national as well as international economic and environmental impacts were analysed, we considered Border Tax Adjustments (BTAs) as a possible remedy to negate the negative competitiveness impact of the tax. Utilising theoretical Heckscher-Ohlin methodology, as well as the GTAP model, we showed that BTAs will not negate the adverse economic impact of an environmental tax. Instead, reversed BTAs, through gains of trade, could reverse the negative economic impact of an electricity generation tax, while enabling an economy to retain most of the environmental benefits of the tax. We also considered the impact of an integrated approach, consisting of an electricity generation tax and a demand side policy, on the welfare of households. To analyse this, we used the University of Pretoria General Equilibrium Model (UPGEM). The model was extended to reflect Equivalent Variation values and we updated the database to include import tariffs. It was then shown that reversed BTAs could be used to offset the regressiveness of the electricity generation tax. Policy implications from the study will be useful for macroeconomic policies, international trade negotiations and environmental policies to increase the welfare of society. / Thesis (DCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Economics / unrestricted

Venture capital finances high-risk, high-return projects. In addition to financing, venture capitalists provide advice and expertise in management, commercialization, and development that enhance the value, success, and marketability of projects. Venture capitalists also have skills in selecting projects with potentially high returns. The first chapter investigates the contracting relationship between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs in a setting where the venture capitalist and entrepreneur contribute intangible assets (advice and effort) to a project that are non-contractible and non-verifiable. In general, in the private market equilibrium, advice provided by the venture capitalist and the number of projects funded are lower than the social optimum. Government tax and investment policies may alleviate these market failures. The impact of a capital gains tax, a tax on entrepreneur’s revenue, an investment subsidy to venture capitalists, and government run project enhancing programs are evaluated. Finally, we analyze the effects of a government venture capital firm competing with private venture capital. The second chapter focuses on competition in venture capital markets. We model a three-stage game of fund raising, investment in innovative projects and input of advice and effort, where fund raising is used as an entry deterrence mechanism. We examine the impacts of taxes and subsidies on venture capital market structure. We find that a tax on venture capitalist revenue and a tax on entrepreneur revenue increase the likelihood of entry deterrence and reduce the number of projects funded in equilibrium. A subsidy on investment reduces the likelihood of entry deterrence and increases the number of projects funded. The third chapter examines the venture capitalist's choice of investment in project selection skills and investment in managerial advice. We model, separately, a private venture capitalist and a labour-sponsored venture capitalist (LSVCC) with different objectives. A LSVCC is a special type of venture capitalist fund that is sponsored by a labour union. The private venture capitalist maximizes its expected profits, while the LSVCC maximizes a weighted function of expected profits and returns to labour. Consistent with empirical evidence, the quality of projects, determined by project selection skills and managerial advice, is higher for the private venture capitalist.

This diploma thesis aims to investigate an administrative costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic between 2013 and 2015. A value of administrative cost has been monitored for individual customs authorities. By using an indicator of the relative administrative cost thesis also assesses an overall effectiveness of Environmental taxes from perspective of tax entity and tax administrator. The main finding from this analysis shows that administration costs of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were lower and administration of these taxes was more effective than administration of Environmental Taxes in Slovakia. However in comparison with Excise Taxes in the Czech Republic the administration cost of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic were higher and administration of these taxes was less effective. Overall the administration of Environmental Taxes in the Czech Republic could have been considered as effective in reviewed period.

This thesis focus on the analysis of the status of the municipal tax for spa or recreational stay and the municapal tax for accommodation in the revenue of selected municipalities in the Czech Republic, including their use in promoting tourism. The first part focuses on theoretical knowledge in the field of public revenues and is dedicated to the concept of local tax and its legal regulations. The analytical part contains a comparison of the position of these local taxes in terms of quantitative indicators, such as income from these local taxes or their share of tax revenue and results of a survey between mayors of selected municipalities divided for the purpose of this work into three categories - spa towns and municipalities , mountain resorts and popular tourist destinations. The results of the survey in the Czech Republic are compared with these local taxes in selected European cities. In conlusion, the results of the survey are discussed and furthermore, current legislation solutions are suggested which would streamline the use of municipal taxes for spa or recreational stay and accommodation.