The field of moving preservation noticed buildings is a process with a great lack of knowledge.The amount of public work and research is limited, and the procedure is unknown by many. The relocation of Kiruna and Malmberget is in progress and the number of preservations noticed buildings being moved is large. The company LKAB is responsible for the relocation of these buildings. This study is in collaboration with LKAB, and the purpose is to investigate the relocation of the preservation noticed buildings.The purpose of the study is to investigate how building design affect the degree of difficulty when moving and relocating a preservation noticed building, and the economical aspect of the project. Another purpose is to spread knowledge among LKAB:s co-workers and other stakeholders tocreate a foundation for future studies on the subject. The goal is to identify the building components of greatest impact in terms of transportation and the lift of the building. The thesis is meant to act as guidance in future projects revolving the relocation of preservation noticed buildings and furthermore as a baseline for continued studies. The methods used in the study are a literature study, analysis of provided material from LKAB and other contractors, analysis of economical documentation and a qualitative interview study. The literature study was conducted to investigate the amount and quality of published information within the subject. As the literature study was finished it acted as a baseline for the study. The qualitative interview study was performed to verify the practical procedure of the project. Material from LKAB and the contractors involved gave a better picture of the theoretical work needed for the study. Economic analysis was performed to study the aspect of greatest impact in the relocating of buildings as a whole and to put them in proportion to each other. The guidelines were producedas a compilation of the result in the study.The graduating thesis resulted in the conclusion that every project needs to be investigated individually. All the different variables involved in relocating a building is too vast to summarize with a single answer. The costliest aspect of relocating a building is the transportation costs and the refurbishment of the building. Body stabilization and lifting method determines how the relocating will proceed. The foundation of the building affects these two aspects the most out of all components of the building. The number of points in need of support before the lift will determine how thorough the preliminary investigation needs to be and the required number of steel girders needed for the lift. The general guide was successfully produced and displays how the relocation of a preservation noticed building takes place.

This investigation applies architectural ideas of mass-customised difference and repetition, and tests them within the engineering paradigm of very tall timber buildings – taller than have ever been erected in the history of architecture. According to Edward Glaeser’s book, Triumph of the City, the cheapest way to deliver new housing (at least in the USA) is in theform of mass-produced two-storey homes, which typically cost only about $84 per square foot to erect. While building up is more costly, many of the costs – such as hiring a fancy, big-name architect – are fixed and won’t increase with the height of the building. In fact, once you’ve reached a height of about seven floors, building up has its own economic logic, since those fixed costs can be spread over more living units, writes Glaeser, before continuing: “The actual marginal cost of adding an extra square foot of living space at the topof a skyscraper in New York is typically less than $400”. If to this we add all the financial advantages of using stacked structures made from engineered timber – lower construction costs due to the simple geometry, and the speed oferection (four men built the nine stories of our primary precedent, the Stadthaus building in London, in nine weeks, reducing the entire building process from 72 weeks to 49); larger savings on the entire building (again, the Stadthaus came in at 15 percent less expensive than a concrete equivalent); and lower costs for transportation and foundations due to the lighterweight of the material – it soon becomes clear that timber developments make financial sense. Timber can also be precisely incorporated into different proprietary building systems: throughout this project, the systems of three Swedish manufacturers (Martinsons, Moelven, and Byggma) are used as structural frameworks. The trio of multi-storey timber buildings isbased on conceptual notions of stacking, cutting, and slotting, respectively. These simple formal ideas (a variation on Deleuze’s thoughts on difference and repetition) are interpreted to align with the fundamental material logic of wood, as well as with the specific ramifications of these existing timber building systems. Methodologically, these buildings utilise a primary organisational principle to inform its volumetric massing, circulatory planning, arrangement of living units, fenestration configuration, and so on, while allowing for other principles to guide further aspects so as to avoid what Reiser + Umemoto call The Abuse of the Diagram: “Any one organizational model has limits. The ambition to carry a diagram through all levels of a single architecturalproject is exhaustive and reductive. To have one model determine all aspects of design is to simplify what is in reality a richer, more heterogeneous complexity. A true multiplicity requires that many different models be coordinated. A single model relentlessly deployed at all scales emerges as merely formal.”Having said that, an initial investigation into simple formal moves at the outset of a project often yields a plethora of potential trajectories created by the self-imposed constraints that are carried through by the limiting conceptual framework we choose to adopt. There appears to be a certain psychology of limitation that are highly beneficial for devising new ideas, be theyformal, spatial, or haptically driven. As neuroscience journalist Jonah Lehrer puts it in his book Imagine: How Creativity Works: “...the imagination is unleashed by constraints. You break out of the box by stepping into shackles”. The following is a study of such a break-out attempt.

In January 1995, the architect John Frazer’s groundbreaking study, An Evolutionary Architecture, was published to coincide with an exhibition of the same name at the Architectural Association in London. The book proposed a new methodology for the architectural design process, based on a radical repositioning of the role of the architect. Its fundamental premise was that an abundance of possible future design trajectories could be predicted, explored, evaluated, and accelerated through generative and evolutionary computing techniques, making for the possible advancement of a more sustainable future built environment based on form-generating processes that use the scripting of code as a representation of genetic characteristics that allow architectural structures to be treated as a form of artificial life. As the design iterations (study models, or sketches) begin to operate like organisms, developmental and evolutionary processes can be made to act upon the resulting structures in response to a specific site and context with unique environmental and weather data, programmatic concerns, and functional performance criteria. As Gordon Pask writes in his foreword to the book, Frazer’s ideas point toward a far-reaching change in practice: “The role of the architect here, I think, is not so much to design a building or city as to catalyse them: to act that they may evolve”. Frazer was at least a few decades ahead of his time: around 2009-2010, David Rutten (a developer with Robert McNeel & Associates), released Galapagos, an evolutionary solver that works with Rutten’s Grasshopper graphical algorithm editor, which in turn has been pivotal to the recent transformation of parametric design practices. Arguably, Galapagos brought evolutionary solvers to the (digital design-interested) masses. The plug in made it relatively simple to create a wide spectrum of design iterations based on evolutionary logics. Architecture is a conditional field of constantly varying parameters. Architects design compromises between these parameters. Perhaps it follows logically that the most successful architects are those that manage the art of compromising the best. One possible way of using compromise as a constructive tool is to investigate the concept of ‘fitness’ through evolutionary computation. If we allow several competing objectives (genes) to participate in the creation of successful compromised positions (genomes), we might find interesting and novel material and spatial organisations between the controlled and the serendipitous. We might allow gradients of objectives to inform different (or indeed the same) parts of our buildings, pit material properties against circulatory efficiency, structural considerations against financial implications. It might well be that the most interesting works to come out of such a paradigm will arise from the most unexpected combinations of objectives: what is the outcome of a balancing act between atomic structure and programmatic diversification? Energy generation and speed of construction? Cost and happiness? The present study seeks to investigate how such an evolutionary framework might be set up for the design of multi-storey timber buildings. It uses as examples several architectural projects that were designed as part of a wider study into the future of such buildings, and which all employ evolutionary computation to optimise the structures and their potential performances.

Digitization has changed society a lot in recent years. To digitize a company and implementing digital tools means a change in working methods. How successful a company is with an implementation depends on another person's willingness to change. Willingness to change is a concept closely linked to attitudes and motivation. Attitudes are based on an individual's real experiences. Motivation can be seen as an individual's driving engine in change. However, an individual's motivation cannot be influenced but what can be influenced are factors that affect an individual's motivation.   The knowledge of using digital tools can be seen as a "digital language". Being born into a digital world means learning the language from an early age. If you learn the language at a later stage in life, the language skills are put in another part of the memory, which does not provide the same basis for learning the language equally well.   The purpose of this work is to investigate which digital tools are used today and how well the use of digital tools works. The survey also aims to investigate the advantages / disadvantages experienced by professional workers with the digital tool. As well as examine the attitudes of professional workers today and for the future use of digital tools. The study is carried out with the help of a case study / observation to form a true perception. Attitudes are studied with the help of a Likert survey. The Likert survey is the survey that ten professional workers have participated in. The advantages and disadvantages experienced as well as the professionals' future belief in digital tools are studied in two interview surveys, in total fifteen interviews have been conducted. The result and the conclusion of the work shows that the disadvantage that most professional workers experience with digital tools is technical difficulties with the digital tools. The advantage most professional workers experience is the flexibility. The study also showed that age was related to attitudes. Although many older people have participated, there is for the most part a positive attitude to the use of digital tools today and in the future.

This study seeks firstly to understand the types of ePortfolios that the learners are expected to develop as per the rubric, secondly to understand the various types of knowledge that learners demonstrate during the process of creating ePortfolios, thirdly to determine the ePortfolio activity systems of second year learners and fourthly to determine the effectiveness of the rubric in assessing the various types of knowledge demonstrated by the learners while creating their ePortfolio.

A review of the literature confirms that Open Educational Resources (OER) initiatives have created free, openly licenced and high quality educational resources for anyone to use. However, these free, openly licensed and high quality educational resources appear to remain largely unused by Africa University academics in the educationally resource-impoverished Zimbabwe. The objectives of this research study are to explore the challenges and enablers experienced by Africa University educators who may potentially adopt OER, and ascertain barriers preventing them from adopting OER in mainstream teaching. The sample consists of 45 full time educators from Africa University. Data was gathered by means of a survey questionnaire administered by the researcher. A modified version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model developed by Venkatesh et al. (2003) was used. The UTAUT model was created from a fusion of eight diffusion of innovation models, and this gave it conceptual superiority over other candidate models. Key findings indicate that the extent to which educators believe that using OER will help them to enhance their teaching performance (Performance Expectancy),the extent of perceived easiness associated with finding, customising, and using OER (Effort Expectancy) and the extent to which educators perceive how important the opinion of their peer educators if they adopt OER or not (Social Influence)have a statistically significant positive influence on the educators' Behavioural Intention to adopt and use OER. The extent to which an individual is satisfied with the institutional framework, policies and technical infrastructure to support the use of the innovation (Facilitating Conditions) did not yield a statistically significant influence on the Behavioural Intention and this was interpreted to mean Africa University educators are satisfied with the current resources and infrastructure in place. However educators felt Institutional Support in the form of institutional OER supportive policies, official OER project enactment, and OER related incentives needed attention. Also, significant differences were found in the barriers which potential users of OER identified as either limiting to potential use of OER, or negatively affecting their intention to use OER. These barriers include open licensing knowledge; institutional support; follow up training sessions; relevance, reliability and adaptability of OER. Addressing these factors could lead to a more widespread adoption of OER, at Africa University and help address the prevalent educational resource challenge.

It is difficult to learn professional courses such as Computer Science without hands-on activities with appropriate technical support. Computer Science programming courses are the core of a Computer Science qualification and some of the learning outcomes of a Computer Science programming course are writing program code, program testing and debugging. Inadequate computers in the computer laboratory and policies that restrict the concept of 'Bring Your Own Technology' (BYOT) inside the computer laboratory posed a challenge to hands-on programming activities. However, students in the Computer Science department at the University of Jos learn computer-coding theory, but unable to have hands-on experience due to several reasons. This research investigates how use of virtual lab on Moodle Learning Management System (LMS) could enhance students' acquisition of Java programming skills. The virtual lab provides a lab environment for students to practice programming and experiment concepts learned. Activity Theory was used as a theoretical framework to analyse the activity of Java programming on the virtual lab. Seven participants including the lecturer were enrolled on the Java Programming Language virtual lab practical sessions for this research work. The research activity system focuses on Java hands-on programming tasks for a period of three weeks and after that data was collected using interview and content generated from the virtual lab activities' chats and forum. Interview questions were developed and administered to students, while a semistructured interview with the lecturer was conducted. The data collected from the interviews and the contents collated from chats and forum activities were coded using ICT data analysis tool Nvivo, based on thematic analysis. The data was thoroughly reviewed, explained, interpreted, and analysed using the theoretical framework, activity theory. The results show that the virtual lab helped students perform practical programming activities, where students accessed and used the virtual lab concurrently at any time and place. The participants used their private computers, mobile devices in the hostels, at home, or at hotspots to access the virtual lab. However, accessing the virtual lab required adequate Internet connection. The virtual lab programming activity system promoted student-centred learning, self-paced practice, and enabled students to repeat or revisit incorrect assignments multiple times. The activity system's subject (lecturer, students) interacts with the mediating tools (mobile devices, virtual lab) to perform the object (Java programming), which enhanced the achievement of the outcome (programming skills). Therefore, it can be said that the virtual lab mediated hands-on programming activities.

Includes bibliographical references. / South African higher education is plagued by student articulation gap, which is often attributed to insufficient knowledge production processes and surface approaches to learning. Unfortunately, supervisor-student model of supervision, one of the direct, personal interventions to address this challenge, is plagued by multiple flaws. The traditional supervisor-student model of knowledge generation may not be adequate in externalizing research processes to students. Yet, a social learning model potentially extends the traditional model by providing a social environment where students collectively generate knowledge through peer-based interactions. Mindful of supervision dilemmas namely, this study explores technology-enhanced social learning environments as complements to traditional supervision models.

Includes bibliographical references. / E-learning is the use of electronic devices and networks to engage in synchronous and asynchronous learning activities. E-learning is being increasingly adopted in higher educational institutions. Research in this area has tended to focus on innovations and implementations and little has been done on adoption of this highly pervasive technology at an institutional level, particularly within Africa. The motivation for this study was to examine how an African University, in this case Makerere University, can enhance the adoption of e-learning in teaching and learning. The research used Rogers’ diffusion of innovations (DoI) theory to explore the initial adoption of e-learning. It was felt that the enormous amount of experiences that early adopters and innovators could share regarding e-learning could assist as e-learning becomes more of a mainstream activity within the university.

Dom senaste åren har ett ökat behov om att fokusera på social hållbarhet vuxit fram inom byggsektorn. Detta för att säkerställa att den bebygga miljön ser till människans olika behov. Nationellt sett är detta dels med anledning av att Sverige har ökat sin befolkning och diversitet av kulturer dom senaste åren. Denna befolkningsökning har dessutom skett under förhållanden av en svensk bostadsbrist kombinerat med en ökad urbanisering och förtätning inom städerna.  Denna studie syftar till att bidra med ökad kunskap kring hur byggsektorns aktörer ser till slutanvändares sociala hållbarhetsbehov vid bostadsprojekt.  Målet med examensarbetet är att studera (i) hur byggsektorns aktörer idag arbetar med social hållbarhet inom bostadsprojekt och (ii) hur sektorn i framtiden kan arbeta för att beakta slutanvändares sociala hållbarhetsbehov. Kopplat till (ii) innefattar litteraturstudien verktyg samt resurser som idag finns att tillgå och deras användning. För att uppnå studiens syfte och målsättning har en litteraturstudie samt en emperiinsamling genomförts. Empiriinsamlingen har utgjorts av tre olika intervjuade perspektivfaser. Första perspektivet bestod av en fokusgrupp med fyra yrkesverksamma arkitekter i Luleå. Det andra perspektivet utgjordes av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem yrkesverksamma byggaktörer från Luleå inom byggprocessens olika faser samt en socialantropolog inom samhällsutveckling och arkitektur. Det tredje perspektivet utgjordes av en fokusgrupp med fem kommunrepresentanter från Luleå kommuns samhälls- och stadsplaneringsavdelningar samt tre representanter från Luleås näringsliv: en arkitekt, en projekteringsledare och en fastighetskonsult. Empiriinsamlingens samtliga intervjuperspektiv menade på att det idag saknades konkreta arbetsrutiner för den sociala hållbarheten. Flertalet intervjuade menade även på att det i dagens bostadsprojekt fokuseras på - av beställaren - utvalda sociala aspekter istället för att beakta ett helhetsperspektiv. Från perspektiv ett och tre framkom det även att sociala aspekter ofta bortprioriteras i bostadsprojekten. Någonting som även litteraturstudien visade på.  Vid arbete med den sociala hållbarhetsdimensionen visade studien på att arbetet bör ses som en föränderlig process som utvecklas i takt med samhället. För bostadsprojekt kan detta tolkas som att arbetet inte är färdigt bara för att byggnaden med dess inbyggda sociala värden och förutsättningar står färdigbyggt. Det bör istället ses som ett kontinuerligt arbete som sträcker sig under hela byggnadens livslängd och bör vara flexibelt att anpassas efter samhällets stundande behov.  Att beställare och/eller kommun ställer sociala upphandlingskrav framkom under studien som viktigt för att lyckas med ett framtida socialt hållbarhetsarbete i bostadsprojekt. En åsikt som samtliga intervjuade perspektivfaser var enade om. Slutsatsen kring detta är att om det finns krav på att social hållbarhet ska beaktas under ett projekt kommer detta naturligt att filtreras ner i samtliga byggaktörers arbetsrutiner. För formulering av dessa sociala upphandlingskrav ses det viktigt att ta hänsyn till platsens och dess nyttjandes specifika förutsättningar. Här är en kommuns socialnämnd lämpliga att involvera, som också enligt socialtjänstlagen (3 kap. 2§) ska bevaka sociala värden vid nybyggnation.  Studien visade även på att det idag finns lämpliga verktyg att använda sig utav i sitt sociala hållbarhetsarbete, där Sweden Green Buildings verktygslåda Citylab ansågs mest pålitlig att säkerställa beaktandet av den sociala hållbarheten för slutanvändare i bostadsprojekt. Utöver Citylab nämns också social konsekvensanalys, även svenska samt internationella standarder att nyttja i sitt sociala hållbarhetsarbete.  Avslutningsvis visade studien på att det kan vara av nytta att man som bostadsbyggare sätter sig in i, och även pratar mer, social- samt bostadspolitik. Det visar sig dessutom att det är viktigt med gränsöverskridande samverkan mellan aktörer för att utvecklas inom området och tillgodose social hållbarhet för ett projekts olika delar. Vidare saknas det idag en enad definition och hållbarhetsaspekter att beakta för den sociala hållbarhetsdimensionen inom bostadsprojekt. I rapporten presenteras från studien framkomna sociala aspekter att beakta vid bostadsprojekt som ett bidrag till en begreppsutveckling av social hållbarhet. / In recent years, an increased need to focus on social sustainability has emerged in the construction sector. Nationally, this is partly due to the fact that Sweden has increased its population and diversity of cultures in recent years. This population increase has also taken place under conditions of a Swedish housing shortage combined with increased urbanization and densification within the cities.  The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge about the construction sectors social sustainability work. With respect to the end users of the building. Furthermore, the studies objective is to (i) clarify what today’s social sustainability work looks like for the building actors - in respect to the end users. Also (ii) how the construction sector can work in the future within the area. In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study, a literature study and an empire collection have been carried out. The collection of empirical data has consisted of three different interview phases. The first perspective consisted of a focus group with four architects in Luleå. The second perspective consisted of six semi-structured interviews with five construction actors from Luleå in the various phases of the construction process and a social anthropologist. The third perspective consisted partly of a focus group with five municipal representatives from Luleå municipality’s community and town planning departments, together with three construction actors: an architect, a project manager and a real estate consultant.  The study shows that the construction sectors actors in Luleå lack work routines regarding social sustainability. It was also shown that in today’s housing project the focus is on selective social aspects instead of considering a holistic perspective. Also, the social aspects are often de-prioritized in housing projects. When working with the social sustainability dimension, the study showed that work should be seen as a changing process that develops in step with society. For housing projects, this can be interpreted as meaning that the work is not completed just because the building with its built-in social values and conditions is completed. It should instead be seen as a continuous work that extends throughout the life of the building and should be flexible to adapt to society’s urgent needs. For future social sustainability work, the study shows that the client and/or municipality should set social procurement requirements for the project. If there is a social requirement that must be taken into account during a project, this will naturally be filtered down in the work routines of all construction actors. For the formulation of these social procurement requirements, it is seen as important to take into account the specific conditions of the site and its use. Here, a municipality’s social committee is suitable to involve, which also according to the Social Services Act (Chapter 3, Section 2) must monitor social values in new construction.  The study also takes into account suitable tools to use in future social sustainability work. Where Sweden Green Building’s toolbox Citylab was considered most reliable in ensuring the consideration of social sustainability. In addition to Citylab, social impact assessment (SIA) is also mentioned, as well as Swedish and international standards. Last, the study showed that it can be useful for the construction actors to familiarize themselves with social and housing policy.