This study focuses on exploring the possibilities and challenges associated with remote operation andremote driving of vehicles for the transition to autonomous passenger transportation. It adopts a user-centered design perspective, emphasizing the importance of effective communication between theoperator and the vehicle in remote driving and remote operating systems. Semi-structured interviews wereconducted with drivers from an autonomous bus project and an expert in remote technology to gatherinsights into the situations for remote driving and the information exchange between the vehicle and theoperator. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the interview data, identifying themes related to thesituations for remote driving as well as the information exchange between the operator and the vehicle.The research findings emphasize the necessity of integrating remote driving into remote operationsystems and highlight important strategies for operator-vehicle communication such as scanning thevehicle's surroundings and using sensor maps. The findings from the analysis were used to produce adesign specification through a process that incorporated User Experience design, Usability design, andSituational awareness design methods. The final specification includes recommendations andrequirements for the interface design, focusing on enhancing situational awareness, usability, andeffective communication. Overall, this design specification serves as a valuable resource for guiding thefuture development of interfaces for remote operation and remote driving in autonomous passengertransportation

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The viscoelastic behavior of a delignified birch and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composite was investigated, in an effort to learn more about the mechanical properties of transparent wood-polymer biocomposites. Tensile creep tests with constant load were performed for native wood, non-delignified, and delignified wood-polymer composites. Both longitudinal (fibre direction) and transverse (perpendicular to fibre direction) loading directions were tested. Full-field strain analysis was performed using a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The time-dependence of transverse strain, longitudinal strain, elastic modulus, and Poisson ratio was reported. The creep strain in the transverse fibre direction increased more than two times the longitudinal creep strain. The polymer phase in the wood-polymer biocomposites reduces the relative creep strain compared to native wood. A Kelvin model was used to determine the creep properties of the nominal strain data. Model parameters were obtained for the materials and the model shows a good fit for most materials. However, the Kelvin model parameters were not validated against other tests and are only used here for material comparison. / Det viskoelastiska beteendet hos en delignifierad björk och poly(metylmetakrylat) (PMMA) komposit undersöktes i ett försök att lära sig mer om de mekaniska egenskaperna hos transparenta träpolymerkompositer. Dragkryptester med konstant belastning utfördes för rent trä, icke-delignifierat och delignifierat träpolymerkompositer. Belastning längsgående och tvärgående fiberriktning testades. Töjningsfältsanalyser utfördes med användning av en digital bildkorrelationsteknik (DIC). Tidsberoendet av transversell töjning, longitudinell töjning, elasticitetsmodul och tvärkontraktion rapporterades. Kryptöjningen i den tvärgående fiberriktningen ökade mer än två gånger den längsgående kryptöjningen. Polymerfasen i träpolymerbiokompositerna minskar den relativa kryptöjningen jämfört med rent trä. En Kelvin-modell användes för att bestämma krypegenskaperna för nominell töjningsdata. Modellparametrar erhölls för materialen och modellen visar en god anpassning till de flesta material. Kelvin-modellens parametrar validerades dock inte mot andra tester och används endast här för materialjämförelse.

Right now, the world is facing a challenge of reducing carbon emissions. Existing buildings account for one-third of the world's carbon emissions. The construction and real estate sector in Sweden is facing the challenge of combining a high rate of construction with demands on reduced climate emissions. Energy use in the construction and real estate sector corresponded to about 40 percent of Sweden's total energy use in 2020, where heating in the construction and real estate sector accounts for the largest share. To build more energy-efficient buildings, it is important to insulate them well. In the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's building regulations Chapter 9, it is specified that buildings should be designed so that energy use is limited by efficient use of electricity, low heat loss, and low cooling needs. The Swedish building regulations also specifies values for the primary energy factor, average heat transfer coefficient, and installed electrical power for heating. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the climate impact that follows from choosing a larger window area than the minimum requirements in the Swedish building regulations. This will be achieved through calculations of the climate impact of energy use and materials which are affected by the window area. The method consists of calculations of energy use, daylight simulations, and climate calculations, where four examples of exterior wall designs were compared with each other. Calculations were made on the following exterior wall options: the object's original design, where energy and material use were established. Varying window areas where VIP-Energy was used to simulate energy use. Varied window area with the same amount of concrete even though wall area increases, and an option when a new thickness was calculated for thermal insulation depending on the wall's average heat transfer coefficient. VIP-Energy was used to determine energy use in the object studied, as well as with variations in window and wall area. The climate calculation formed the basis for determining the climate impact of variations in material use depending on the window area. The results show that varying the window and wall areas leads to an increase in climate impact A1-5, which has been determined to have a maximum increase of 8.5 percent, mainly due to the increasing amount concrete which is a result of the window area decreases by 37.3 percent. In the scenario with reduced insulation, the results show that when the window area varies, the thickness of PIR insulation can be reduced by 64 percent. When varying the window and wall areas and assuming the same amount of concrete, the results show a lower climate impact of 8,500 kg CO2-eq per floor, corresponding to 18 percent. In the two cases where material, operation, and insulation vary, it is shown that varying insulation initially results in lower impact with a 25 percent reduction in area. The conclusion is drawn that the material and dimensions of windows affect the building's carbon footprint, although in this case, concrete has the greatest impact.

A large part of the environmental impact of society today comes from the construction and real estate sector. With the new law on climate declarations for buildings, the interest in building materials with a low climate impact has increased. The only building material, that is considered to be fully renewable and climate neutral, is wood which is widely available in Sweden. However, there are several challenges when wood is used as a construction material, where one has proven to be for the case of structuraltimber in tall buildings. When prefabricated modules are assembled into multi-storey houses, there are challenges to avoid buckling in the strong direction.In this thesis, rotational stiffness in bottom rails of Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) and structural timber is studied for eccentric load. The aim is to investigate possible advantages in terms of rotational stiffness if a CLT bottom rail is used instead of one made from structural timber. The idea is that a bottom rail with greater rotational stiffness contributes to higher buckling loads. The rotational stiffness is examined through experiments in which four different sets of bottom rails and wooden studs are loaded with six different eccentricities in a hydraulic press. The displacement and deformations of the wooden samples are documented through a digital image correlation system and are then analyzed. The results show that a CLT bottom rail has a higher rotational stiffness than a structural timber bottom rail, which is visible in a studied range based on a calculated theoretical angle-change according to a comparable load case from beam theory. In load case 2 with an initial eccentricity of 20 mm, the bottom rail of CLT in size 40 x 95 mm had a rotational stiffness that was almost three times as high as that of structural timber.The measured rotational stiffness was applied in an approximate calculation model to estimate the contribution of the bottom rail in stabilizing a structural timber stud. By interpreting the results of the calculations according to the second order theory, a relationship was established in which the factor β for effective buckling length was calculated for the different load cases. The calculated factor β shows that the CLTbottom rails contribute to the reduction of the effective buckling length in the order of 28 % for bottom rails with a width of 95 mm and 18 % for the bottom rails of width 170 mm.

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Adopting energy efficiency strategies in residential buildings are beneficial as these not only improve the energy performance but also improves the indoor thermal climate and minimizes the greenhouse gas emissions. There exist numerous studies on energy efficiency strategies and their influence on indoor thermal climate in residential buildings in cold climates. However, there is a lack of documented and systematic studies that explicitly investigated the selection of appropriate energy efficiency strategies and their impact on the indoor thermal climate in residential buildings in a subarctic climate. Moreover, the impact of such energy efficiency strategies on the life cycle energy use of buildings has not been given appropriate attention in the existing literature. Due to the extreme climate conditions in a subarctic climate – severe cold and dark winter with heavy snow and mild short summer – buildings require a considerable amount of heating energy to maintain a comfortable temperature indoors. Therefore, it is important to adopt energy efficiency strategies that can help obtain operational and life cycle energy savings along with a better indoor thermal climate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different energy efficiency strategies on energy use and thermal indoor climate of three selected case study residential buildings in a subarctic climate. Three research questions were formulated: (1) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the operational energy use?, (2) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the life‐cycle energy use?, and (3) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the thermal indoor climate? To address research questions 1 and 3, implemented energy‐efficiency strategies in two low‐energy buildings were evaluated using measured energy data and dynamic building energy and indoor climate simulations. To address research question 2, different combinations of energy efficiency strategies were explored using a multiobjective optimization method to identify optimal retrofitting solutions in terms of life cycle energy savings for a 1980s building. Results show that besides an airtight and highly insulated building envelope, a well‐functioning heating system is important to achieve low operational energy use. Findings highlight that the role of occupants is vital both in regard to the proper functioning of the heating system and to reduce the need for active heating in an airtight and highly insulated building. The occupants are also important in terms of maintaining a comfortable indoor thermal climate, especially during summer since manual airing and shading can help moderate temperatures indoors. Furthermore, findings show that applying glazed balconies is not necessarily a favorable strategy in terms of operational energy use and indoor thermal climate for a building in a subarctic climate. In comparison, using double instead of single pane balcony glazing and lowering the window to wall ratio improved the operational energy and indoor thermal climate performance. A combination of energy efficiency strategies including the addition of insulation on walls and roofs, there placement of windows from double pane to triple pane ones and the installation of heat recovery ventilation were found optimal to achieve considerable savings in both operational and life cycle energy use. In many cases, the fundamental aim of adopting energy efficiency strategies is to reduce operational energy use, while impacts on life cycle energy use and indoor thermal climate are less prioritized. The findings illustrate the importance of considering impacts on operational energy use, life cycle energy use and indoor thermal climate simultaneously to select energy efficiency strategies that ensure a better and more sustainable built environment.

Embankment pumps are used to pump superfluous water from fields to mitigate the risk of damaging the crops. These are manually, in person, overseen to make sure they function properly. A monitoring system that lets the farmer oversee the pumps on, for example, their phone, is a potential solution to ease the management of the pumps. This work seeks to answer in what way the pumps should be monitored, and what are the challenges with developing such a system. Based on interviews with farmers, this work developed a monitoring system capable of monitoring the water level in a well where the embankment pump is located. Several challenges and lessons learned are presented and discussed. The interviews concluded that environmental factors are important to take into account when developing a monitoring system for agriculture. After the development, the lessons learned could, in large, be concluded to originate from limitations caused by the scope of a bachelor thesis, in relation to the project’s scale.

The report is a degree project in the program Construction Technology with a focus onhouses. It is about errors, changes and additional work regarding construction of smallhouses. The developer is usually a novice in the field and does not have experience inmaking decisions in the design stage. Changes and additions will then occur in varyingdegrees during the construction phase instead. This leads to unnecessary time-wasteand a higher cost. Therefore, further examination in the area is valuable to identify themost frequent change and supplementary work. This knowledge can then be used toprevent these changes from happening through purposeful planning.The methods of the survey were surveys for core stakeholders, search of archives witha review of the controller's (KA)-documentation to final consultation protocols and areview of requirement analysis through house suppliers with links to literature. Therequirement analysis with the literature review was done by contacting various housesuppliers. The house suppliers also answered questions and returned various documentssuch as quote templates.The core stakeholders who were investigated in this work include architects, builders,contractors, inspectors, control managers according to plan and the Building Act (PBL2101: 900) and house suppliers. The contractors have professions such as carpenters,excavators and project managers.The result showed both in the surveys and in the protocols (KA) that the most commonconstruction fault, changes and additions apply to installations and specificallyimplementations of various kinds. The reviews are for example pipes that go throughthe base plate or fire -rated wall.Surveys and final council protocols (KA) were analysed by being read several times.First, they were read through in order to create an overview and then in search foranswers to a specific question. Collected data was divided into different categories andcompiled. Categories are land and foundation, frame, installations, facade and ceiling,and other.The interviews with the requirement analysis as well as the documents from the housesuppliers were read through and an analysis was carried and compiled.The respondents believed that an area contained the most commonly occurring errorsand additions, but the survey and protocols (KA) showed something different. Oneinterpretation is that since an unconsciousness exists about the fact that sealing aroundimplementation is common work that has been missed, it therefore is precisely thereason why it has been missed. Number of errors with penetrations could be dependenton that there are several different contractors who need to cooperate with transitionsbetween different materials.The process between a salesperson working for house suppliers and the customer has abig impact for the occurrence of future changes or additional work.Keywords: Housing, construction failure, builder, inexperienced builder, additionalwork, changes. / Rapporten är ett examensarbete i programmet byggnadsteknik med inriktning mot hus.Den handlar om fel, ändringar och tilläggsarbeten vid byggnation av småhus.Byggherren är då vanligen en novis inom området och har inte erfarenhet av att fattabeslut i projekteringsskedet. Ändringar och tillägg kommer istället i varierande gradbehöva utföras under byggtiden. Det leder till onödigt tidsspill och en högre kostnad.Därför är det värdefullt med vidare undersökning inom området för att identifiera demest frekvent förekommande fel, ändrings- och tilläggsarbetena. Den kunskapen kansedan användas till att förebygga dessa genom en målmedveten planering.Metoderna för undersökningen var enkäter till kärnintressenter, dokumentsökning iarkiv med genomgång av kontrollansvariges (KA) underlag till slutsamrådsprotokolloch intervjuer med genomgång av behovsanalys via husleverantörer och koppling tilllitteraturen. Behovsanalysen med litteraturgenomgången utfördes genom att olikahusleverantörer kontaktades och intervjuer genomfördes. Husleverantörerna svarade påfrågor och skickade även över dokument som t.ex. offertmallar.Kärnintressenterna som undersöktes i det här arbetet inkluderar arkitekt, byggherrar,entreprenörer, inspektörer, kontrollansvariga enligt Plan och Bygglagen (PBL2101:900) och husleverantörer. Entreprenörerna har yrken såsom snickare, grävare ochprojektledare.Resultatet visade både i enkäterna och i protokollen (KA) att de vanligaste byggfelen,ändringarna och tilläggen gäller installationer och specifikt genomföringar av olikaslag. Genomföringarna kan vara rör som går genom grundplatta eller brandklassadvägg.Enkäter och protokoll (KA) analyserades genom att de lästes igenom ett flertal gånger.Först lästes de igenom i syfte att skapa en överblick och sedan i sökande efter svar påen specifik frågeställning. Data som samlades in delades upp i olika kategorier ochsammanställdes. Områden är mark och grund, stomme, installationer, fasad och taksamt övrigt.Intervjuerna med behovsanalysen samt dokumenten från husleverantörerna lästesigenom och en analys utfördes som samanställdes.Respondenterna förväntade att ett område innehöll flest förekommande fel, ändringaroch tillägg, men resultatet från enkäten och protokollen (KA) visade något annat. Entolkning är att en omedvetenhet finns kring att tätningar kring genomföringar är envanlig arbetsinsats som missats, och därav är just anledningen till att det missats.Andelen fel med genomföringar skulle kunna bero på att det är olika entreprenörer sombehöver samarbeta med övergången mellan material.Processen mellan säljaren hos husleverantören och kunden har stor betydelse förförekomsten av framtida ändringar eller tilläggsarbeten.Nyckelord: bostad, byggfel, byggherre, oerfaren byggherre, tilläggsarbeten, ändringar.