Thesis--M.D., University of Hong Kong, 1983.

Thesis (M.D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1983. / Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Doctor of Medicine

No / An isocratic oil-in-water microemulsion High Performance Liquid Chromatography (MELC) was developed and validated for the determination of terbutaline in urine samples. A solid phase extraction (SPE) method which used Oasis HLB cartridges was optimised to isolate terbutaline from a urine matrix followed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The urinary assay was performed in accordance with FDA and ICH regulations for the validation of bioanalytical samples. The method uses the isocratic oil-in-water micro emulsion to separate the terbutaline from the endogenous urine components. The chromatographic separation was carried out on C18-Spherisorb (250mm×4.6mm) analytical column maintained at 30 °C. The mobile phase was 94.4% aqueous orthophosphate buffer (adjusted to pH 3 with orthophosphoric acid), 0.5% ethyl acetate, 1.5% Brij35, 2.5% 1-butanol and 1.1% Octanesulfonic acid (OSA), all w/w. The terbutaline peak was detected by fluorescence detection, using excitation and emission wavelengths of 267 and 313 nm, respectively. The linearity of response was demonstrated at six different concentrations of terbutaline which were extracted from spiked urine, ranging from 60 to 1000ng/ml. The terbutaline was extracted from urine by a solid phase extraction clean-up procedure on Oasis HLB cartridges, and the relative recovery was >87.64% (n = 5). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) in urine were 20.21 and 61.24ng/ml, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (in term of % coefficient of variation) were <3.56% and <2.87%, respectively. In the method development the influence of the composition of the microemulsion system was also studied and the method was found to be robust with respect to changes of the microemulsion components.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-62).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Enantiômeros podem interagir de maneira diferenciada no organismo, ocasionando efeitos farmacológicos variados. Dessa forma, metodologias para a obtenção de fármacos enantiomericamente puros são importantes para a indústria farmacêutica. Modelos sintéticos empregando reagentes quirais, como complexos de salen e modelos biológicos utilizando fungos estão sendo muito estudados neste contexto. O uso de fungos apresenta como principais vantagens o crescimento rápido, baixo custo e fácil operação, além da produção de metabólitos em grande quantidade. Complexos de salen são eficientes e estáveis, possuindo ampla aplicabilidade e possibilidade de produzir reações enantiosseletivas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar fungos e complexo de salen como alternativas na produção enantiosseletiva de terbutalina, o metabólito quiral e ativo de seu pró-fármaco, o bmbuterol. A separação enantiosseletiva dos analitos foi realizada empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector UV-Vis (LC/UV). A validação da metodologia analítica e os estudos de biotransformação foram executados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS). A resolução do bambuterol e da terbutalina por LC/UV foi realizada utilizando como fase estacionária a coluna Chirobiotic T e como fase móvel acetonitrila:metanol (80:20, v/v) + 0,3% de ácido fórmico e 0,1% de trietilamina, numa vazão de 1,5 mL min-1 e por LC-MS utilizando a mesma fase estacionária e a fase móvel composta por 96% de metanol em água + 0,2% de ácido acético e 0,1% de acetato de amônio na vazão de 1 mL min-1. A extração dos analitos em meio de cultura líquido (Czapek, 2 mL) foi feita empregando a microextração liquido-liquido dispersiva (DLLME), nas condições: solvente dispersor,isopropanol (600 µL); solvente extrator, diclorometano (50 µL); reagente par iônico, di(2-etil-hexil)fosfato (100µL); e solução tampão fosfato de sódio (2 mL, pH 7,6). A recuperação do bambuterol foi de 92% e a da terbutalina foi estimada em 55%. O método foi validado para a análise do bambuterol no meio de cultura e se mostrou linear na faixa de concentração 500 17500 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero (r > 0.998).O limite de quantificação foi igual a 500 ng mL-1. Dentre os fungos avaliados neste trabalho, nenhum foi capaz de realizar a biotransformação do bambuterol em terbutalina nas condições empregadas. Nos estudos feitos utilizando catálise assimétrica também não foi possível observar esse metabólito. Dada a complexidade do metabolismo do bambuterol (reações de hidrólise e/ou oxidação) e da formação de vários intermediários anterior a etapa de formação da terbutalina, as condições avaliadas nesse estudo não foi capaz de produzir o metabólito ativo do bambuterol, terbutalina. / Enantiomers may interact differently in the organism causing pharmacological sundry effects. For these reason, enantiomeric pure drugs are very important for the pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic models employing chiral reagents, like salen complexes, and biological models using fungi are been very studied in this context. Fungi present as main advantage the fast growing up, low costs and easily application, moreover, their metabolites are produced in huge quantities. Salen complexes are efficient and stable. They have a wide application and the possibility of production of high enantiomeric excess. The aim of this work was to evaluate fungi and salen complex as alternatives to the enantioselective production of terbutaline, the chiral and active metabolite of your prodrug, bambuterol. The analytes enantioselective separation was done employing high performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detector (LC/UV). The method validation and the studies of biotransformation were done using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The resolution of bambuterol and terbutaline by LC/UV was accomplished using the Chirobiotic T column and acetonitrile: methanol (80:20, v/v) + 0.3% formic acid and 0.1% triethylamine as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 and by LC-MS employing the same column and the mobile phase was composed by 96% of methanol in water + 0,2% acetic acid and 0,1% ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.1 mL min-1. The analytes extraction of the culture medium (Czapek, 2 mL) was done using the dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME), in the following conditions: dispersive solvent, isopropanol (600 µL); extractor solvent, dichloromethane (50 µL); ionic-pair reagent; di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (100 µL); and sodium phosphate buffer (2 mL, pH 7.6). The recoveries were 92% for the bambuterol and estimated in 55% for terbutaline. The method was validated for the analysis of bambuterol in the culture medium and was linear over the concentration range of 500 17500 ng mL-1 for each enantiomer (r > 0.998). The quantification limit was 500 ng mL-1. Among the evaluated fungi, none was able to do the biotransformation process of bambuterol at terbutaline in the employed conditions and so do the studies employing asymmetric catalyses. Because the complexity of bambuterols metabolism for producing terbutaline (hydrolysis and/or oxidation reactions) and the formation of several intermediates before the terbulalines formation step, the evaluated conditions in this study were not able to produce the chiral active metabolite, terbutaline.

Exercise Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB) is common amongst elite athletes. Short-acting β2-agonists represent the first-line treatment of EIB, however; limited data currently exists examining the ergogenic and pharmacokinetic impact of chronic short-acting β2-agonist administration. Furthermore, the ergogenic impact of acute and chronic administration of short-acting β2-agonists in asthmatic individuals is unknown. Whilst the short-acting β2-agonist salbutamol is permitted in and out of competition due to a known pharmacokinetic response, no urinary threshold has been established for the use of the alternative short-acting β2-agonist terbutaline. The purpose of study 1 was to investigate the ergogenic potential of the WADA upper daily limit of 1600 μg·day-1 salbutamol every day for 6 weeks versus placebo, alongside combined resistance and endurance training. Findings highlighted improvements in; 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press (Baseline: 65.6 ± 5.4 kg vs. 64.3 ± 4.9 kg – 6 weeks: 70.3 ± 4.9 vs. 72.5 ± 5.4 kg) and leg press (Baseline: 250 ± 26.9 vs. 217.9 ± 19 kg – 6 weeks: 282.5 ± 22.5 vs. 282.8 ± 18.3 kg); vertical jump test (Baseline: 53.5 ± 4.1 vs. 50.4 ± 2.1 cm – 6 weeks: 55 ± 3.5 vs. 52.4 ± 1.7 cm); 3 km running time-trial performance (Baseline: 988.7 ± 68.7 vs. 1040.5 ± 66.3 s – 6 weeks: 947.5 ± 54.9 vs. 1004.3 ± 70.5 s); isokinetic dynamometry (Baseline: 196.1 ± 47.3 vs. 184.6 ± 35.0 n.m. – 6 weeks: 179.5 ± 48.9 vs. 195.2 ± 28.9 n.m.); and body composition (Baseline: 32.1 ± 13.9 vs. 34.9 ± 10.4 mm – 6 weeks: 32.4 ± 14.5 vs. 34.5 ± 10 mm) for both the salbutamol group and the placebo group, respectively, over the 6 week period, with no difference observed between groups, indicating long-term therapeutic use of salbutamol at the WADA upper daily limit has no ergogenic effect. Of note, one participant exceeded the urinary threshold, presenting with an adverse 3 | P a g e analytical finding (AAF) showing that the upper daily limit can lead to AAF’s in susceptible individuals. Athletes who respond poorly to salbutamol treatment are able to apply for the use of the short-acting β2-agonist terbutaline via a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) certificate. Urinary upper limits are unknown for terbutaline and as such it is prohibited at all times without the presentation of a TUE. The purpose of study 2 was to investigate the urinary excretion of terbutaline following single and repeated use of inhaled or oral terbutaline. The aim of the study was to establish a differential distinction between routes of administration which could assist the WADA with regard to anti-doping policy and procedure. Results demonstrated a significant difference in urine concentration of terbutaline between inhaled and oral administration for female Caucasian (670.1 ± 128.3 vs. 361.8 ± 43.8 ng·ml-1; P=0.019; 680.8 ± 91 vs. 369.9 ± 41.9 ng·ml-1; P=0.006), male Afro-Caribbean (343.18 ± 45 vs. 231.3 ± 32.95 ng·ml-1; P=0.044; 389.73 ± 67.4 vs. 212.4 ± 50.3 ng·ml-1; P=0.008) and male Asian (266.4 ± 23.7 vs. 143.3 ± 22 ng·ml-1; P=0.004; 379.5 ± 50.4 vs. 197.5 ± 38.6 ng·ml-1; P=0.000) groups for single (5 mg oral vs. 2 mg inhaled) and repeated (4 x 5 mg oral vs. 8 x 1 mg inhaled) administration trials, respectively. No difference was observed in male Caucasians. High intra- and inter-individual variability between samples meant that a clear distinction between routes of administration could not be established. The study was able to identify an upper urinary threshold following inhaled administration of 1284.3 ng·ml-1 and an upper urinary threshold following oral use of 2376.3 ng·ml-1 which may inform the process of distinguishing between inhaled and oral use. Athletes are permitted to use inhaled terbutaline therapeutically through the TUE process. The purpose of study 3 was to investigate the ergogenic effect of terbutaline at high (2 mg and 4 mg) therapeutic inhaled doses on 3 km running time-trial performance in males and females. The 4 | P a g e study found that inhaled terbutaline, when used at the highest therapeutic dose, has no impact upon 3 km time-trial performance in males (956.3 s vs. 982 s) and females (1249 s vs. 1214.7 s) for placebo vs. 4 mg inhaled terbutaline, respectively. The majority of studies investigating the ergogenic potential of salbutamol have been in healthy individuals. It is not yet understood whether the exercise response differs in asthmatic individuals. The purpose of study 4 was to investigate the use of inhaled salbutamol (400 μg) during a 3 km running time-trial in eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea positive (EVH+ve) and negative (EVH-ve) individuals, in a low humidity environment. Results demonstrated increased FEV1 in both groups following salbutamol inhalation, which did not translate to improved performance. No performance differences were found between salbutamol and placebo (Sal: 1012.7 ± 50 vs. 962.1 ± 37.5 s – Pla: 1002.4 ± 46.5 vs. 962 ± 28.8 s) in the EVH+ve group vs. the EVH-ve group, respectively. This thesis is the first to investigate the effects of long-term use of salbutamol at the WADA upper daily limit on exercise performance. It is also the first study to establish upper urinary thresholds for terbutaline use, and the effects of therapeutic inhaled terbutaline on exercise performance. The effect of salbutamol on exercise performance at low humidity in asthmatic individuals has also never previously been investigated. Overall, the findings from this thesis support previous research that inhaled β2-agonist use does not provide any ergogenic potential. With β2-agonists being an essential therapy for the treatment of EIB their current position on the WADA List of Prohibited Substances and Methods is appropriate. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the upper urinary threshold for terbutaline to inform WADA and support the re-introduction of terbutaline as a therapeutic tool in the treatment of EIB in athletes.

Enantiômeros podem interagir de maneira diferenciada no organismo, ocasionando efeitos farmacológicos variados. Dessa forma, metodologias para a obtenção de fármacos enantiomericamente puros são importantes para a indústria farmacêutica. Modelos sintéticos empregando reagentes quirais, como complexos de salen e modelos biológicos utilizando fungos estão sendo muito estudados neste contexto. O uso de fungos apresenta como principais vantagens o crescimento rápido, baixo custo e fácil operação, além da produção de metabólitos em grande quantidade. Complexos de salen são eficientes e estáveis, possuindo ampla aplicabilidade e possibilidade de produzir reações enantiosseletivas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar fungos e complexo de salen como alternativas na produção enantiosseletiva de terbutalina, o metabólito quiral e ativo de seu pró-fármaco, o bmbuterol. A separação enantiosseletiva dos analitos foi realizada empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector UV-Vis (LC/UV). A validação da metodologia analítica e os estudos de biotransformação foram executados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS). A resolução do bambuterol e da terbutalina por LC/UV foi realizada utilizando como fase estacionária a coluna Chirobiotic T e como fase móvel acetonitrila:metanol (80:20, v/v) + 0,3% de ácido fórmico e 0,1% de trietilamina, numa vazão de 1,5 mL min-1 e por LC-MS utilizando a mesma fase estacionária e a fase móvel composta por 96% de metanol em água + 0,2% de ácido acético e 0,1% de acetato de amônio na vazão de 1 mL min-1. A extração dos analitos em meio de cultura líquido (Czapek, 2 mL) foi feita empregando a microextração liquido-liquido dispersiva (DLLME), nas condições: solvente dispersor,isopropanol (600 µL); solvente extrator, diclorometano (50 µL); reagente par iônico, di(2-etil-hexil)fosfato (100µL); e solução tampão fosfato de sódio (2 mL, pH 7,6). A recuperação do bambuterol foi de 92% e a da terbutalina foi estimada em 55%. O método foi validado para a análise do bambuterol no meio de cultura e se mostrou linear na faixa de concentração 500 17500 ng mL-1 para cada enantiômero (r > 0.998).O limite de quantificação foi igual a 500 ng mL-1. Dentre os fungos avaliados neste trabalho, nenhum foi capaz de realizar a biotransformação do bambuterol em terbutalina nas condições empregadas. Nos estudos feitos utilizando catálise assimétrica também não foi possível observar esse metabólito. Dada a complexidade do metabolismo do bambuterol (reações de hidrólise e/ou oxidação) e da formação de vários intermediários anterior a etapa de formação da terbutalina, as condições avaliadas nesse estudo não foi capaz de produzir o metabólito ativo do bambuterol, terbutalina. / Enantiomers may interact differently in the organism causing pharmacological sundry effects. For these reason, enantiomeric pure drugs are very important for the pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic models employing chiral reagents, like salen complexes, and biological models using fungi are been very studied in this context. Fungi present as main advantage the fast growing up, low costs and easily application, moreover, their metabolites are produced in huge quantities. Salen complexes are efficient and stable. They have a wide application and the possibility of production of high enantiomeric excess. The aim of this work was to evaluate fungi and salen complex as alternatives to the enantioselective production of terbutaline, the chiral and active metabolite of your prodrug, bambuterol. The analytes enantioselective separation was done employing high performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detector (LC/UV). The method validation and the studies of biotransformation were done using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The resolution of bambuterol and terbutaline by LC/UV was accomplished using the Chirobiotic T column and acetonitrile: methanol (80:20, v/v) + 0.3% formic acid and 0.1% triethylamine as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1 and by LC-MS employing the same column and the mobile phase was composed by 96% of methanol in water + 0,2% acetic acid and 0,1% ammonium acetate at a flow rate of 0.1 mL min-1. The analytes extraction of the culture medium (Czapek, 2 mL) was done using the dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME), in the following conditions: dispersive solvent, isopropanol (600 µL); extractor solvent, dichloromethane (50 µL); ionic-pair reagent; di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate (100 µL); and sodium phosphate buffer (2 mL, pH 7.6). The recoveries were 92% for the bambuterol and estimated in 55% for terbutaline. The method was validated for the analysis of bambuterol in the culture medium and was linear over the concentration range of 500 17500 ng mL-1 for each enantiomer (r > 0.998). The quantification limit was 500 ng mL-1. Among the evaluated fungi, none was able to do the biotransformation process of bambuterol at terbutaline in the employed conditions and so do the studies employing asymmetric catalyses. Because the complexity of bambuterols metabolism for producing terbutaline (hydrolysis and/or oxidation reactions) and the formation of several intermediates before the terbulalines formation step, the evaluated conditions in this study were not able to produce the chiral active metabolite, terbutaline.